Transformer models in

EMTP/ATP
Okt 29, 2012, Bp
Single phase Transformer
+
-
+
-

i
1
Ac
V
1
i
2
V
2
N
1
N
2
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Core design of 3-phase transformers
Triplex core (3 x single phase trf)
3-legged stacked core 5-legged stacked core
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Transformer models in ATPDraw
Saturable Transformer
BCTRAN
Hybrid Transformer
Ideal
SAT
Y
Z
BCT
Y
XFMR
Y
P S
: n
1
Y Y
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Transformer models in ATPDraw
Selection Object name ATP card Description
Ideal 1 phase TRAFO_I SOURCE
type 18
Single-phase ideal transformer.
Ideal 3 phase TRAFO_I3 SOURCE
type 18
3-phase ideal transformer.
Saturable
1 phase
TRAFO_S BRANCH
TRANSFORMER
Single-phase saturable transformer.
Saturable
3 phase
SATTRAFO
v. 4.0
BRANCH
TRANSFORMER
General saturable transformer.
3-phase. 2 or 3 windings. All phase-
shifts, zigzag- and Auto-couplings. High
and low reluctance models.
# Sat. Y/Y
3-leg
TRAYYH_3 BRANCH
TRANSFORMER
THREE PHASE
3-phase saturable transformer. High
homopolar reluct. (3-leg). 3-ph node.
Preprocessing of manufacturer data.
BCTRAN BCTRAN BRANCH
Type 1...9
Direct support of Bctran transformer
matrix modeling.
Hybrid model XFRM BRANCH
Type 1...9
Advanced model based on: Design, test
report or typical values. Direct calculation
of the A-matrix. Sophisticated core
model.
Saturable Transformer
Wye - Delta Transformer
Rmag
R1 R2 X1 X2
H1
H2
H3
H0
X1
X2
X3
Xmag
Saturable Transformer Model
Uses a star-circuit representation
User could include saturation data
Good for single-phase transformers
Should not be used for 3-phase high
reluctance transformers (if no delta winding
present)
The model requires the following data:
The voltage rating of each winding (winding!)
The leakage impedance of each winding
The transformer connectivity information
Admittance matrix model
Represents a linear relationship between the primary
and secondary voltages and currents
[R] and [L]
-1
must be separated
BCTRAN supporting routine generates 3-phase
coupled R-L {Type 1,2,3,... .PCH file}
Data Required
MVA rating
Nominal L-L voltage (terminal and not! winding)
Winding connections
Short circuit impedances, losses
No-load current and loss
BCTRAN
Magnetizing core modeling
Must be considered in the following studies
Transformer energization studies
Load rejection studies
Switching of transformer terminated lines
Ferroresonance studies
CT saturation
CCVT modeling
No-load losses include:
Eddy current loss and
Hysteresis loss
Could be represented with a resistance Rm in parallel with the
nonlinear magnetizing inductance, or
As external, nonlinear (hysteretic) inductance connected to a
low voltage winding
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Hybrid model - XFMR
The user can construct the transformer model on
three sources of data:
Design parameter: specify geometry and material
parameters of the core and windings.
Test report: standard transformer tests.
Typical values: typical values based on the voltage and
power ratings.
The model includes:
an inverse inductance matrix for the leakage description,
frequency dependent winding resistance,
capacitive coupling,
and a topologically correct core model with individual
saturation and losses in legs and yokes.
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Hybrid transformer model
BCTRAN
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Hybrid transformer model
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Winding resistance R(f)
Their dependence on the frequency is due to
- Skin effects
- Proximity effects
- Eddy currents
The frequency-dependency of R is represented using
Foster equivalent circuit (two cells)
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Capacitive effects
Capacitances between high and low voltage windings
and core
Capacitance between high voltage phases, outer legs,
and grounded elements
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Core representation
Attached to the fictitious N+1th winding
Topologically correct core model, with
nonlinear inductances representing
each leg and limb
Triplex
3- and 5-legged core
Flux linkage-current relation by Frolich
equation and relative lengths and
areas.
Fitting to Test Report
| | ' ' i b a
i
+
=

i
L
l
R
l
L
l
L
l
R
l
L
y
R
y
L
y
R
y
L
o
R
o
L
o
R
o
R
l
Transformer modeling at high
frequency
Transformer models in EMTP are valid for
frequencies up to 2 kHz
To study phenomena with characteristic frequency in
range of 2 - 30 kHz, capacitive coupling among
windings and to ground must be added
Above 30 kHz a more detailed representation of
internal winding arrangement is required
Interwinding and interturn/disks capacitances must be taken
into account
Above 100 kHz the presence of ferromagnetic
material has just secondary importance.
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Transformer modeling guidelines
PARAMETER/
EFFECT
Low Frequency
Transients
Slow Front
Transients
Fast Front
Transients
Very Fast Front
Transients
Short-circuit
impedance
Very important Very important Important Negligible
Saturation Very important
Very
Important (1)
Negligible Negligible
Iron losses Important (2) Important Negligible Negligible
Eddy currents Very important Important Negligible Negligible
Capacitive
coupling
Negligible Important
Very
important
Very important
(1) Only for transformer energization phenomena, otherwise important
(2) Only for resonance phenomena
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ip Rp Lp Ls Rs
is Es
im
imr imx
Lm Rm
Rl
Application: CT modeling
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SDT
LC
C
C
PLC
HV Bus Bar
1
2
d
L
FSC
LP ZB
Application: CCVT modeling