Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Jan Kybic
January 4, 2006
Overview
Fundamentals of X-rays
Generation of X-rays
Detection of X-rays
thermoionic emission
Beam focusing
geometric unsharpness
large distance
X-ray tube
X-ray parameters
Intensity: [W/m
2
]: U
2
I
Spectrum: (150 kV)
Bremsstrahlung
Characteristic radiation
Coherent scattering
Photoelectric eect
Compton scattering
(Pair production)
(Photodisintegration)
Coherent (Rayleigh) scattering
Photon photon
Low-energy radiation
Probability Z
8/3
e
/E
2
.
Z
e
- eective atomic number
muscle Z
e
7.4, bone Z
e
20
High-energy radiation
ionization
K-edge
Probability Z
3
e
/E
3
(above K-edge)
1 cos
50 sensitivity increase
Gd green, La blue
eciency 20 %
Film
contrast =
OD
2
OD
1
log
10
E
2
log
10
E
1
, slope of the linear region
SNR
TI
Spatial resolution
Contrast-to-noise ratio
X-ray image characteristics
Spatial resolution
geometric unsharpness
Contrast-to-noise ratio
X-ray image characteristics
Spatial resolution
Contrast-to-noise ratio
CNR =
|S
A
S
B
|
N
= |SNR
A
SNR
B
|
X-ray contrast agents
Time series
Registration needed
Time series
Registration needed
Two exposures
Two detectors
Beam hardening
Mamography
Advantages
Experts available
High-spatial resolution
Disadvantages
Radiation exposure
dynamic imaging