www.BookSpar.

com | Website for Students | VTU -NOTES -Question apers

Class: III SEM CSE Total Hours: 42
Hours/ week: 3 Exam Marks: 50
IA Marks: 25 Exam hours: 3
PART A
! a. To stud" t#e workin$ of ositi%e &'ipper( )oub'e * ended &'ipper and ositi%e &'amper
usin$ )iodes
b. To bui'd and simu'ate t#e abo%e circuits usin$ a simu'ation packa$e.
+ a. To determine t#e ,re-uenc" .esponse( /nput /mpedance( Output /mpedance and
Bandwidt# of a &E 0mp'ifier.
b. To bui'd t#e &E 0mp'ifier usin$ a simu'ation packa$e and determine t#e Vo'ta$e 1ain
for two different %a'ues of supp'" %o'ta$e and for two different %a'ues of Emitter
resistance.
2 a. To determine drain c#aracteristics and transconductance c#aracteristics of an
en#ancement mode 3OS,ET.
b. To imp'ement a &3OS in%erter usin$ a simu'ation packa$e and %erif" its Trut# Tab'e.
4 a. To desi$n and imp'ement a Sc#mitt Tri$$er usin$ Op-0mp for a $i%en UT and 5T
%a'ues
b. To imp'ement a Sc#mitt Tri$$er usin$ O * 0mp usin$ a simu'ation packa$e for two
sets of UT and 5T %a'ues.
6 a. To desi$n and imp'ement a .ectan$u'ar Wa%eform 1enerator 7O * 0mp .e'a8ation
Osci''ator9 for $i%en fre-uenc".
b. To imp'ement a .ectan$u'ar Wa%eform 1enerator 7O * 0mp .e'a8ation Osci''ator9
usin$ a simu'ation and obser%e t#e c#an$e in fre-uenc" w#en a'' resistor %a'ues are
doub'ed.
:. To desi$n and imp'ement an 0stab'e 3u'ti%ibrator circuit usin$ 666 timer for a $i%en
fre-uenc" and dut" c"c'e.
;. To imp'ement a <6% re$u'ated power supp'" usin$ fu'' * wa%e rectifier and ;=>6 /&
re$u'ator in simu'ation packa$e. ,ind t#e output ripp'e for different %a'ues of 'oad
current.
www.bookspar.com
www.BookSpar.com | Website for Students | VTU -NOTES -Question apers
PART
!.a. 1i%en an" 4-%ariab'e 'o$ic e8pression( simp'if" usin$ Entered Variab'e 3ap and rea'i?e
t#e simp'ified 'o$ic e8pression usin$ =@! mu'tip'e8er /&.
b. Write t#e Veri'o$A VB)5 code for an =@! 3u'tip'e8er. Simu'ate and %erif" its workin$.
+ a. .ea'ise a fu'' adder usin$ 2@= )ecoder /& and 4 input N0N) 1ates.
b. Write a Veri'o$AVB)5 code for a fu'' adder. Simu'ate and %erif" its workin$.
2 a. .ea'i?e a C * D 3asterAS'a%e ,'ip * ,'op usin$ N0N) $ates and %erif" its trut# tab'e.
b. Write t#e Veri'o$A VB)5 code for ) ,'ip * ,'op wit# positi%e * ed$e tri$$erin$.
Simu'ate and %erif" its workin$.
4 a. )esi$n and imp'ement a mod-n 7nE=9 s"nc#ronous Up &ounter usin$ C * D ,'ip ,'op /&s
b. Write t#e Veri'o$AVB)5 code for mod-= Up &ounter. Simu'ate and %erif" its workin$.
6 a. )esi$n and imp'ement a .in$ &ounter usin$ 4 * bit S#ift .e$ister.
b. Write t#e Veri'o$A VB)5 code for Switc#ed Tai' &ounter. Simu'ate and %erif" it
workin$.
:. )esi$n and imp'ement an 0s"nc#ronous &ounter usin$ )ecade &ounter /& to count up
from > to F 7nEF9.
;. )esi$n a 4 * bit . * +. 5adder )A0 &on%erter usin$ O * 0mp. )etermine its 0ccurac"
and .eso'ution.
NOTE@ !. 0n" Simu'ation acka$e 'ike 3U5T/S/3AS/&E etc.( ma" be used.
+. /n t#e ractica' E8amination a'' students in batc# wi'' pick up one -uestion from
t#e diminis#in$ 'ot t#at initia''" contained a'' t#e !4 -uestions.

www.bookspar.com
www.BookSpar.com | Website for Students | VTU -NOTES -Question apers
! a" To stu#$ the work%&' o( Pos%t%)e Cl%**er+ ,ou-le . e&#e# Cl%**er a&# Pos%t%)e
Clam*er us%&' ,%o#es
/-0e1t%)e: To stud" t#e workin$ of positi%e c'ipper( doub'e ended c'ipper and positi%e
c'amper usin$ diodes.
C/MP/2E2TS RE34IRE, @
)iode 7BG-!+; A /N4>>;9 - +
.esistors-!> D ( 2.2k - ! eac#
.e$u'ated power supp'" for V
ref
7>-2>V9 - !
Si$na' $enerator 7for V
i
9( &.O connectin$ wires.
CIRC4IT ,IA5RAM /6 P/SITI7E C8IPPER
,i$.! a ositi%e c'ipper &ircuit b. Transfer &#aracteristics
&'ippers c'ip off a portion of t#e input si$na' wit#out distortin$ t#e remainin$ part of t#e
wa%eform. /n t#e positi%e c'ipper s#own abo%e t#e input wa%eform abo%e V
ref
is c'ipped off. /f
V
ref
H >V( t#e entire positi%e #a'f of t#e input wa%eform is c'ipped off.
'ot of input Vi 7a'on$ I-a8is9 %ersus output Vo 7a'on$ G-a8is9 ca''ed transfer
c#aracteristics of t#e circuit can a'so be used to stud" t#e workin$ of t#e c'ippers.
&#oose . %a'ue suc# t#at r f
R R R =
w#ere .
f
H !>> and .
r
H !>>k are t#e
resistances of t#e forward and re%erse diode respecti%e'". Bence . H 2.2k.
5et t#e output resistance .
5
H !>k. T#e simu'ations can be done e%en wit#out .
5
.
Ste*s to *er(orm ex*er%me&t
!. Before makin$ t#e connections c#eck a'' components usin$ mu'timeter.
+. 3ake t#e connections as s#own in circuit dia$ram.
2. Usin$ a si$na' $enerator 7V
i
9 app'" a sine wa%e of !DB? fre-uenc" and a peak-to-peak
amp'itude of !>V to t#e circuit. 7S-uare wa%e can a'so be app'ied.9
4. Deep t#e &.O in dua' mode( connect t#e input 7V
i
9 si$na' to c#anne' ! and output
wa%eform 7Vo9 to c#anne' +. Obser%e t#e c'ipped output wa%eform w#ic# is as s#own in
fi$. +. 0'so record t#e amp'itude and time data from t#e wa%eforms.
6. Now keep t#e &.O in I-G mode and obser%e t#e transfer c#aracteristic wa%eform.
Sam*le %&*ut/ out*ut
I&*ut : !> V( !DB? sine wa%e
/ut*ut: c'ipped sine wa%e wit# same fre-uenc" as input.
Note@ !. Var" V
ref
and obser%e t#e %ariation in c'ippin$ 'e%e'. ,or t#is use %ariab'e )&
www.bookspar.com
www.BookSpar.com | Website for Students | VTU -NOTES -Question apers
power supp'" for Vref.
+. &#an$e t#e direction of diode and Vref to rea'i?e a ne$ati%e c'ipper.
2. ,or doub'e-ended c'ippin$ circuit( make t#e circuit connections as s#own in fi$.2
and t#e output wa%eform obser%ed is as s#own in fi$ure 6.
4. 0dJust t#e $round 'e%e' of t#e &.O on bot# c#anne's proper'" and %iew t#e output
in )& mode 7not in 0& mode9 for bot# c'ippers and c'ampers.
9A7E6/RMS
,i$. +. /nput and output wa%eform for positi%e &'ipper
,/48E E2,E, C8IPPER
,i$.2 )oub'e ended c'ipper &ircuit ,i$ 4. Transfer &#aracteristics
,i$. 6. /nput and output wa%eform for doub'e-ended c'ippin$ circuit
www.bookspar.com
www.BookSpar.com | Website for Students | VTU -NOTES -Question apers
Note@ T#e abo%e c'ipper circuits are rea'i?ed usin$ t#e diodes in para''e' wit# t#e 'oad 7at t#e
output9( #ence t#e" are ca''ed s#unt c'ippers. T#e positi%e 7and ne$ati%e9 c'ippers can a'so be
rea'i?ed in t#e series confi$uration w#erein t#e diode is in series wit# t#e 'oad. T#ese circuits are
ca''ed series c'ippers.
P/SITI7E C8AMPER
C/MP/2E2TS RE34IRE,@
)iode 7BG-!+;9 -----!(
.esistor of +>> D --- +(
&apacitor >.! ,( ------!
)& re$u'ated power supp'"( Si$na' $enerator( connectin$ wires( &.O
,i$. 6 ositi%e &'amper
T#e c'ampin$ network is one t#at wi'' Kc'ampL a si$na' to a different )& 'e%e'. T#e network
must #a%e a capacitor( a diode and a resisti%e e'ement( but it can a'so emp'o" an independent )&
supp'" 7V
ref
9 to introduce an additiona' s#ift. T#e ma$nitude of . and & must be c#osen suc# t#at
time constant M H.& is 'ar$e enou$# to ensure t#e %o'ta$e across capacitor does not disc#ar$e
si$nificant'" durin$ t#e inter%a' of t#e diode is non-conductin$.
,ESI52:
Sa" for M H +>msec 7correspondin$ to a fre-uenc" of 6> B?9( t#en for .& NN M( 'et
&H>.!O,( t#en . P +>>DQ.
Ste*s to -e (ollowe#:
!. Before makin$ t#e connections c#eck a'' components usin$ mu'timeter.
+. 3ake t#e connections as s#own in circuit dia$ram 7fi$. 69.
2. Usin$ a si$na' $enerator app'" a s-uare wa%e input 7Vi9 of peak-to-peak amp'itude of
!>V 7and fre-uenc" $reater t#an 6>B?9 to t#e circuit. 7Sine wa%e can a'so be app'ied9
4. Obser%e t#e c'amped output wa%eform on &.O w#ic# is as s#own in ,i$. :.
Note@
!. ,or c'ampin$ circuit wit# reference %o'ta$e V
ref
( t#e output wa%eform is obser%ed as
s#own in ,i$. ;. ,or wit#out reference %o'ta$e( Deep V
ref
H >V.
+. &.O in )U05 mode and )& mode. 0'so t#e $rounds of bot# t#e c#anne's can be
made to #a%e t#e same 'e%e' so t#at t#e s#ift in )& 'e%e' of t#e output can be obser%ed.
www.bookspar.com
www.BookSpar.com | Website for Students | VTU -NOTES -Question apers
2. ,or ne$ati%e c'ampers re%erse t#e directions of bot# diode and reference %o'ta$e.
,i$. : /nput and output wa%eform for positi%e c'amper wit#out reference %o'ta$e.
,i$. ; /nput and output wa%eform for positi%e c'amper circuit wit# reference %o'ta$e H +V
.esu't and conc'usion@
www.bookspar.com
www.BookSpar.com | Website for Students | VTU -NOTES -Question apers
2a" CE AMP8I6IER
,eterm%&e the 6re:ue&1$ Res*o&se+ I&*ut Im*e#a&1e+ /ut*ut Im*e#a&1e a&#
a&#w%#th o( a CE Am*l%(%er.
/-0e1t%)e:
Students wi'' 'earn to determine t#e fre-uenc" response( input impedance( output
impedance and bandwidt# of a &E amp'ifier.
C/MP/2E2TS RE34IRE,@
Transistor S5-!>>( -----------------------------!
.esistors -!: D( 2.F D( =+>( ++> -- ! eac#
&apacitors - >.4; ,( !>> , ------------------! eac#
)& re$u'ated power supp'"( Si$na' $enerator( connectin$ wires( &.O
THE/R;:
T#e fre-uenc" response of an amp'ifier is t#e $rap# of its $ain %ersus t#e fre-uenc". ,i$.
2 s#ows t#e fre-uenc" response of an ac amp'ifier. /n t#e midd'e ran$e of fre-uencies( t#e
%o'ta$e $ain is ma8imum. T#e amp'ifier is norma''" operated in t#is ran$e of fre-uencies. 0t 'ow
fre-uencies( t#e %o'ta$e $ain decreases because t#e coup'in$ capacitors 7&
&
in ,i$.!9 and b"pass
7&
E
9 capacitors no 'on$er act 'ike s#ort circuitsR instead some of t#e ac si$na' %o'ta$e is
attenuated. T#e resu't is a decrease of %o'ta$e $ain as we approac# ?ero #ert?. 0t #i$#
fre-uencies( %o'ta$e $ain decreases because( t#e interna' 7parasitic9 capacitances across t#e
transistor Junctions pro%ide b"pass pat#s for ac si$na'. So as fre-uenc" increases( t#e capaciti%e
reactance becomes 'ow enou$# to pre%ent norma' transistor action. T#e resu't is a 'oss of %o'ta$e
$ain.
&utoff fre-uencies 7f
!
S f
+
in ,i$. 29 are t#e fre-uencies at w#ic# t#e %o'ta$e $ain e-ua's
>.;>; of its ma8imum %a'ue. /t is a'so referred to as t#e #a'f power fre-uencies because t#e 'oad
power is #a'f of its ma8imum %a'ue at t#ese fre-uencies.
,ESI52:
1i%en@
!>> S 6 ( !> = = = mA I V V
C CC
To find .
E
( 'et
V V R I V
CC E E RE
!
!>
!
= = =
( and
C E
I I
Bence
= = = = +>>
6
!
m I
V
I
V
R
C
RE
E
RE
E
. &#oose .
E
H ++>Q.
To find .
&
( .
&
determines t#e Q-point. &#oose .
&
suc# t#at V
&E
H V
&&
A+ H 6V
0pp'"in$ DV5 to t#e &E 'oop 7in ,i$. !9(
> =
RE CE C C CC
V V R I V
.
Substitutin$ a'' t#e %a'ues we $et .
&
H =>>Q. &#oose .
&
H =+>Q7standard resistor %a'ue9
To find .
!
@ We #a%e
V V V V
RE BE B
; . ! ! ; . > = + = + =
and
A
m I
I
C
B

6>
!>>
6
= = =
0ssumin$ t#at t#e biasin$ network 7.
!
S .
+
9 is desi$ned suc# t#at !>I
B
f'ows t#rou$# .
!
( we
#a%e
B CC B R
V V R I V = =
!
!>
!
. Substitutin$ t#e %a'ues of Vcc( V
B
S /
B
( .
!
H !:.:k Q.
Ne8t to find .
+
( we #a%e V
.+
H F/
B
.
+
HV
B
. Bence
=

= = K
A I
V
R
B
B
; . 2
6> F
; . !
F
+

. &#oose .
!
H
!=kQ and c#oose .
+
H2.FkQ
www.bookspar.com
www.BookSpar.com | Website for Students | VTU -NOTES -Question apers
To find t#e b"pass capacitor &
E
@ 5et I
&E
H .
E
A!> at f H !>> B? 7remember &
E
S .
E
are in
para''e'9. Bence
!> +
!
E
E
CE
R
fC
X = =

. Substitutin$ a'' t#e %a'ues( &

E
H ;+.2 T,.
&#oose &
E
H!>> T, and t#e coup'in$ capacitors &
&!
H &
&+
H >.4; T,.
Ste*s to 1o&#u1t the ex*er%me&t@
!. Before makin$ t#e connections c#eck a'' components usin$ mu'timeter.
+. 3ake t#e connections as s#own in circuit dia$ram.
2. Usin$ a si$na' $enerator app'" a sinusoida' input wa%eform of peak-to-peak amp'itude +>mV
7H V
in
9 to t#e circuit and obser%e t#e output si$na' on t#e &.O.
4. Var" t#e fre-uenc" of input from 6>B? to !3B? ran$e and note down correspondin$ output
%o'ta$e V
O
in t#e tabu'ar co'umn.
2ote@ W#en t#e input fre-uenc" is bein$ c#an$ed t#e input amp'itude 7i.e.( around +>mV9
s#ou'd remain constant.

0dJust t#e amp'itude of V
in
7in mV9 suc# t#at t#e output Vo does not $et c'ipped 7i.e.( saturated9
w#en t#e fre-uenc" is in t#e mid ran$e sa" !kB?.
6. 0fter t#e fre-uenc" #as been c#an$ed from 6> B? to !3B? and t#e readin$s are tabu'ated in
a tabu'ar co'umn( ca'cu'ate $ain of t#e amp'ifier 7in dB9 usin$ t#e formu'a(
1ain in dB H +> 'o$
!>
7V
o
AV
in
9
:. 'ot t#e $rap# of $ain %ersus fre-uenc" on a semi 'o$ s#eet and #ence determine t#e
bandwidt# as s#own in ,i$. 2. Bandwidt# H B H f
+
-f
!

I&*ut %m*e#a&1e: Set t#e input ).B
/
to a minimum %a'ue and ).B
O
to a ma8imum %a'ue 7sa"(
!>k9 as s#own in fi$ure +. Now app'" an input si$na' usin$ si$na' $enerator( sa" a sine wa%e
w#ose peak-to-peak amp'itude is 6>mV wit# a fre-uenc" of !> DB?. Obser%e t#e output on
&.O. Note t#is %a'ue of output wit# ).B
/
H > as V
8
.
Now increase t#e input ).B
/
%a'ue ti'' t#e output %o'ta$e V
o
H 7!A+9 V
8
. T#e correspondin$
).B/ %a'ue $i%es input impedance.
/ut*ut %m*e#a&1e: Set ).B
O
w#ic# is connected across t#e output to a ma8imum %a'ue as
s#own in fi$ure +( wit# t#e correspondin$ ).B
/
at t#e minimum position. 0pp'" t#e input si$na'
usin$ si$na' $enerator( sa" a sine wa%e w#ose peak-to-peak amp'itude is 6>mV wit# a fre-uenc"
of !> DB?. Obser%e t#e output on &.O. Note t#is %a'ue of output wit# ).B/ H > as V
8
. Now
decrease t#e ).BO %a'ue ti'' t#e output %o'ta$e V
o
H 7!A+9 V8. T#e correspondin$ ).BO %a'ue
$i%es output impedance.
2ote:
).B/ is connected between t#e si$na' $enerator and t#e input coup'in$ capacitor. ).BO is
connected across t#e output 7across t#e &.O termina's9.T#e $round s"mbo' in t#e circuit
dia$ram imp'ies a common point. /n some of t#e power supp'ies( t#ere wi'' be t#ree termina's - <
7p'us9( -7minus9 and 1N) 7$round9. Ne%er connect t#is 1N) termina' to t#e circuit.
Sam*le %&*ut/out*ut:
To #eterm%&e (re:ue&1$ res*o&se
,eed +>mV pp sine wa%e wit# %er" sma'' fre-uenc"( note down output %o'ta$e. Now increase
fre-uenc" in re$u'ar steps ti'' t#e ma8imum and not down correspondin$ output
www.bookspar.com
www.BookSpar.com | Website for Students | VTU -NOTES -Question apers
To #eterm%&e %&*ut out*ut %m*e#a&1es:
Sine wa%e of fre-uenc" in t#e mid-band ran$e sa" 7+DB?9 wit# +>m% pp.
TA48AR C/84M2
V
i
H 6> mV 7-9
f
in B?
V
>

-
%o'ts
0
V
H
i
V
V
>
ower 1ain H +> 'o$
!>
0
%
in dB
6> B?
--
--
! 3B?
,i$. !@ Transistor as a &E amp'ifier circuit dia$ram and actua' connections7does not s#ow .
5
9
,i$. +@ &E 0mp'ifier wit# ).Bs connected at bot# input and output
www.bookspar.com
7alues
.
!
H !=kQ
.
+
H 2.FkQ
.
&
H =+>Q
.
E
H ++>Q
.
5
H !>k Q
&
&!
H &
&+
H>.4;O,
&
E
H!>>O,
www.BookSpar.com | Website for Students | VTU -NOTES -Question apers
9A7E6/RMS:
6RE34E2C; RESP/2SE:
,i$. 2 ,re-uenc" response p'otted on semi'o$ $rap# 7I-a8is is 'o$ sca'e9
RES48T:
!. B0N)W/)TB H B?
+. /NUT /3E)0N&E H Q
2. OUTUT /3E)0N&E H Q
Note@ 3a8imum $ain occurs in mid fre-uenc" re$ion. T#is is a'so ca''ed mid band $ain.
1ain-bandwidt# product H 3idband $ain 8 Bandwidt#
www.bookspar.com
www.BookSpar.com | Website for Students | VTU -NOTES -Question apers
3a" To #eterm%&e the #ra%& 1hara1ter%st%1s a&# tra&s1o&#u1ta&1e
1hara1ter%st%1s o( a& e&ha&1eme&t mo#e M/S6ET
/-0e1t%)e:
Students wi'' be ab'e to determine t#e drain c#aracteristics and transconductance c#aracteristics
of an en#ancement mode 3OS,ET.
C/MP/2E2TS RE34IRE,@
3OS,ET 7!., ;4>9---- !(
.esistor 7!kQ9----------------!(
Vo'tmeters 7>-2>V ran$e and >-!>V ran$e9---- ! eac#(
0mmeter 7>- +6m0 ran$e9 -!
.e$u'ated power supp'" ----- +
&onnectin$ wires
CIRC4IT ,IA5RAM:
,i$.!. En#ancement mode 7positi%e $ate %o'ta$e9
Sam*le Chara1ter%st%1s to -e o-ta%&e#
,i$. +.a. )rain &#aracteristics b. Transconductance 7or mutua'Atransfer9
c#aracteristics
Ste*s to 1o&#u1t the ex*er%me&t @
!. 3ake t#e connections as s#own in t#e correspondin$ circuit dia$ram. Specia' care to be
taken in connectin$ t#e %o'tmeters and ammeters accordin$ to t#e po'arit" s#own in circuit
dia$ram fi$ures.
+. .epeat t#e procedure for findin$ drain and transconductance c#aracteristics for bot# modes(
t#at is for bot# dep'etion and en#ancement modes.
www.bookspar.com
www.BookSpar.com | Website for Students | VTU -NOTES -Question apers
2. Tabu'ate t#e readin$s in separate tabu'ar co'umns as s#own be'ow.
4. 'ot t#e drain c#aracteristics 7/
)
%ersus V
)S
for different %a'ues of $ate %o'ta$es V
1S
9 of bot#
modes 7t#at is( dep'etion and en#ancement9 in one p'ot as s#own be'ow. 7Take /
)
a'on$ t#e G-
a8is and V
)S
a'on$ t#e I-a8is in t#e p'ot9
6. ,rom t#is p'ot of drain c#aracteristics find t#e drain resistance
D
DS
d
I
V
r

=
( w#ic# is s#own
in ,i$. +a.
:. Simi'ar'" p'ot t#e transconductance c#aracteristics of bot# modes in one p'ot( wit# /
)
a'on$
t#e G-a8is and V
1S
a'on$ t#e I-a8is in t#e $rap# for one %a'ue of V
)S
( sa"
V
)S
H 6V.
;. ,rom t#is p'ot find t#e mutua' conductance or transconductance
GS
D
m
V
I
g

=
7,i$. +b9.
=. 5ast'" find t#e amp'ification factor(
m d
g r =

Pro1e#ure (or (%&#%&' the Tra&s1o&#u1ta&1e Chara1ter%st%1s@
!. Switc# on t#e power supp'ies( wit# bot# V
+
and V
!
at ?ero %o'ta$e.
+. /nitia''" set V
!
HV
1S
H >V. Now set V
+
H V
)S
H 6V 7sa"9. Var" t#e power supp'" V
!
i.e.( V
1S
and note down t#e correspondin$ current /
)
7in m09 7Simu'taneous'" note down t#e V
1S
%a'ue from t#e %o'tmeter connected at t#e $ate termina'9.
2. .epeat t#e abo%e procedure for a different %a'ue of V
)S
( sa" !>V.
2ote@ /n t#e abo%e procedure V
)S
7i.e.( t#e power supp'" V
+
9 is kept constant and t#e power
supp'" V
!
7HV
1S
9 is %aried.
,ra%& Chara1ter%st%1s @
!.
/nitia''" set V
!
H V
1S
H2.6V 7sa"9( s'ow'" %ar" V
+
and note down t#e correspondin$ current
/
)
.
+.
Simu'taneous'" note down in t#e tabu'ar co'umn t#e %o'tmeter readin$ V
1S
. .epeat t#e abo%e
procedure for different %a'ues of V
1S
and note down t#e current /
)
for correspondin$ V
!
H
V
)S.
2.
'ot t#e $rap# of /
)
%ersus V
)S
for different %a'ues of $ate %o'ta$es.
2ote@ /n t#e abo%e procedure V
)S
7i.e.( t#e power supp'" V
+
9 is %aried and t#e power supp'" V
!
7HV
1S
9 is kept constant.
Sam*le %&*ut/out*ut
/nput@ )& %o'ta$es in sma'' steps from t#e re$u'ated power supp'".
Output@ )& %o'ta$es across )rain and Source termina's.
www.bookspar.com
www.BookSpar.com | Website for Students | VTU -NOTES -Question apers
REA,I25S TA48ATE, I2 TA48AR C/84M2
,ra%& Chara1ter%st%1s Tra&s1o&#u1ta&1e Chara1ter%st%1s
Result a&# 1o&1lus%o&:
T#e transconductance of t#e $i%en 3OS,ET is H----m#o
www.bookspar.com
www.BookSpar.com | Website for Students | VTU -NOTES -Question apers
4 a" ,es%'& a&# %m*leme&t a S1hm%tt tr%''er 1%r1u%t us%&' o*<am* (or the
'%)e& 4TP a&# 8TP )alues"
/-0e1t%)e @ Students wi'' 'earn to desi$n and imp'ement a Sc#mitt tri$$er circuit usin$ op-
amp for t#e $i%en UT and 5T %a'ues.
C/MP/2E2TS RE34IRE, @
/& O0 ;4!--------- !(
.esistors 7!>DQ( F>DQ9U! eac#(
)& re$u'ated power supp'"( Si$na' $enerator( connectin$ wires( &.O
THE/R;:
Sc#mitt Tri$$er con%erts an irre$u'ar s#aped wa%eform to a s-uare wa%e or pu'se. Bere(
t#e input %o'ta$e tri$$ers t#e output %o'ta$e e%er" time it e8ceeds certain %o'ta$e 'e%e's ca''ed
t#e upper t#res#o'd %o'ta$e V
UT
and 'ower t#res#o'd %o'ta$e V
5T
. T#e input %o'ta$e is app'ied to
t#e in%ertin$ input. Because t#e feedback %o'ta$e is aidin$ t#e input %o'ta$e( t#e feedback is
positi%e. 0 comparator usin$ positi%e feedback is usua''" ca''ed a Sc#mitt Tri$$er. Sc#mitt
Tri$$er is used as a s-uarin$ circuit( in di$ita' circuitr"( amp'itude comparator( etc.
,ESI52 @
,rom t#eor" of Sc#mitt tri$$er circuit usin$ op-amp( we #a%e t#e trip points(
V
R
R R LTP UTP
V
K R K R
R R V
R R
V R
LTP UTP
R R
V R
LTP UTP
V R R
R R
V R
R R
V R
LTP
V V
R R
V R
R R
V R
UTP
ref
sat
sat
ref
ref
sat
ref
cc sat
sat
ref
22 . 2
+
9 97 7
#a%e we 7!9 e-uation ,rom
F> t#en ( !> 5et
F "ie'ds 7+9 e-uation t#en +V( 5T S 4V UT !>V( 5et
-7+9 - - - - -
+
-7!9 - - - - -
+
used. is desi$n fo''owin$ t#e %a'ues( S ( t#e find to %a'ues UT S 5T $i%en t#e Bence
S
of F>V opamp t#e of saturation positi%e t#e is w#ere
!
+ !
! +
+ !
+ !
!
+ !
!
+ !
+ !
+
+ !
!
+ !
+
+ !
!
=
+ +
=
= =
= = = =
+
=
+
= +
+

+
=
=
+
+
+
=
StSte*s to 1o&#u1t ex*er%me&t@
!. Before doin$ t#e connections( c#eck a'' t#e components usin$ mu'timeter.
+. 3ake t#e connection as s#own in circuit dia$ram.
2. Usin$ a si$na' $enerator app'" t#e sinusoida' input wa%eform of peak-to-peak amp'itude
of !>V( fre-uenc" !DB?.
4. Deep t#e &.O in dua' modeR app'" input 7V
in
9 si$na' to t#e c#anne' ! and obser%e t#e
output 7V
o
9 on c#anne' + w#ic# is as s#own in t#e wa%eform be'ow. Note t#e amp'itude
'e%e's from t#e wa%eforms.
6. Now keep &.O in I-G mode and obser%e t#e #"steresis cur%e.
www.bookspar.com
www.BookSpar.com | Website for Students | VTU -NOTES -Question apers
,i$ !.&ircuit )ia$ram and actua' connections of Sc#mitt Tri$$er &ircuit
9a)e(orms:
,i$ +. Output 7&.O in )U05 mode9
,i$.2. B"steresis &ur%e 7&.O in I-G mode s#owin$ t#e B"steresis cur%e9
Sam*le %&*ut/ /ut*ut
/nput@ !>V peak-to-peak( !DB? sine wa%e from si$na' $enerator.
Output@ .ectan$u'ar wa%eform as s#own in t#e fi$ure + can be seen in t#e &.o
Result a&# 1o&1lus%o&:
Obser%ed %a'ue of UT@
5T@
www.bookspar.com
www.BookSpar.com | Website for Students | VTU -NOTES -Question apers
5a" To #es%'& a&# %m*leme&t a re1ta&'ular wa)e(orm 'e&erator =o*<am*
relaxat%o& os1%llator> (or a '%)e& (re:ue&1$
/-0e1t%)e: Students s#ou'd stud" #ow desi$n and imp'ement a rectan$u'ar wa%eform
$enerator 7op-amp re'a8ation osci''ator9 for a $i%en fre-uenc".
Com*o&e&ts re:u%re#@
Op-amp O0 ;4!( ------ !
.esistors -!DQ( !>DQ( +> kQ --------! eac#
otentiometer -----------!(
&apacitor >.! O,--------!(
.e$u'ated )& power supp'"( &.O( connectin$ wires
Theor$:
Op-0mp .e'a8ation Osci''ator is a simp'e S-uare wa%e $enerator w#ic# is a'so ca''ed as
a ,ree runnin$ osci''ator or 0stab'e mu'ti%ibrator or .e'a8ation osci''ator. /n t#is fi$ure t#e op-
amp operates in t#e saturation re$ion. Bere( a fraction 7.
+
A7.
!
<.
+
99 of output is fed back to t#e
nonin%ertin$ input termina'. T#us reference %o'ta$e is 7.+A7.!<.+99 Vo. 0nd ma" take %a'ues
as <7.
+
A7.
!
<.
+
99 V
sat
or - 7.+A7.!<.+99 Vsat. T#e output is a'so fed back to t#e in%ertin$ input
termina' after inte$ratin$ b" means of a 'ow-pass .& combination. T#us w#ene%er t#e %o'ta$e at
in%ertin$ input termina' Just e8ceeds reference %o'ta$e( switc#in$ takes p'ace resu'tin$ in a
s-uare wa%e output.
,ESI52 :
T#e period of t#e output rectan$u'ar wa%e is $i%en as

+
=

!
!
'n +RC T
-------7!9
W#ere(
+ !
!
R R
R
+
=
is t#e feedback fraction
/f .
!
H .
+
( t#en from e-uation 7!9 we #a%e T H +.& 'n729
0not#er e8amp'e( if .
+
H!.!: .
!
( t#en T H +.& ----------7+9
E8amp'e@ )esi$n for a fre-uenc" of !kB? 7imp'ies
ms
f
T ! !>
!>
! !
2
2
= = = =

9
Use .
+
H!.!: .
!(
for e-uation 7+9 to be app'ied.
5et .
!
H !>kQ( t#en .
+
H !!.:kQ 7use +>kQ potentiometer as s#own in circuit fi$ure9
&#oose ne8t a %a'ue of & and t#en ca'cu'ate %a'ue of . from e-uation 7+9.
5et &H>.!T, 7i.e.( !>
-;
9( t#en =

= =

K
C
T
R 6
!> +
!>
+
;
2
T#e %o'ta$e across t#e capacitor #as a peak %o'ta$e of
sat c
V
R R
R
V
+ !
!
+
=
Ste*s to 1o&#u1t the ex*er%me&t :
!. Before makin$ t#e connections c#eck a'' t#e components usin$ mu'timeter.
+. 3ake t#e connections as s#own in fi$ure and switc# on t#e power supp'".
2. Obser%e t#e %o'ta$e wa%eform across t#e capacitor on &.O.
4. 0'so obser%e t#e output wa%eform on &.O. 3easure its amp'itude and fre-uenc".
www.bookspar.com
www.BookSpar.com | Website for Students | VTU -NOTES -Question apers
,i$.!. &ircuit )ia$ram
,i$+. 0ctua' connection
9A7E6/RMS
RES48T@
T#e fre-uenc" of t#e osci''ations H WWW B?
www.bookspar.com
7alues
&H>.!O,
.
!
H !>kQ( .
+
H !!.: kQ(. H 4.;kA6.!kQ
)S&E 0)E 'ab
?"a" To #es%'& a&# %m*leme&t a& asta-le mult%)%-rator us%&' 555 T%mer
(or a '%)e& (re:ue&1$ a&# #ut$ 1$1le"
/-0e1t%)e:
To desi$n and imp'ement an astab'e mu'ti%ibrator usin$ 666 Timer for a $i%en fre-uenc"
and dut" c"c'e.
C/MP/2E2TS RE34IRE,@
666 Timer /&( .esistors of 2.2DQ( :.=DQ( &apacitors of >.! O,( >.>! O,( .e$u'ated
power supp'"( &.O
THE/R;:
3u'ti%ibrator is a form of osci''ator( w#ic# #as a non-sinusoida' output. T#e output
wa%eform is rectan$u'ar. T#e mu'ti%ibrators are c'assified as@ Asta-le or (ree ru&&%&'
mult%)%-rator@ /t a'ternates automatica''" between two states 7'ow and #i$# for a rectan$u'ar
output9 and remains in eac# state for a time dependent upon t#e circuit constants. /t is Just an
osci''ator as it re-uires no e8terna' pu'se for its operation. Mo&osta-le or o&e shot
mult%)%-rator@ /t #as one stab'e state and one -uasi stab'e. T#e app'ication of an input pu'se
tri$$ers t#e circuit time constants. 0fter a period of time determined b" t#e time constant( t#e
circuit returns to its initia' stab'e state. T#e process is repeated upon t#e app'ication of eac#
tri$$er pu'se. %sta-le Mult%)%-rators@ /t #as bot# stab'e states. /t re-uires t#e app'ication of an
e8terna' tri$$erin$ pu'se to c#an$e t#e output from one state to ot#er. 0fter t#e output #as
c#an$ed its state( it remains in t#at state unti' t#e app'ication of ne8t tri$$er pu'se. ,'ip f'op is an
e8amp'e.
,ESI52 @
1i%en fre-uenc"( f H !DB? and dut" c"c'e H :>V 7H>.:9
T#e time period T H!Af H !ms H tB < t5
W#ere tB is t#e time t#e output is #i$# and t5 is t#e time t#e output is 'ow.
,rom t#e t#eor" of astab'e mu'ti%ibrator usin$ 666 Timer7refer 3a'%ino9( we #a%e
tB H >.:F2 .B & ------7!9
t5 H >.:F2 7.0 < .B9& ------7+9
T H tB < t5 H >.:F2 7.0 <+ .B9 &
)ut" c"c'e H tB A T H >.:. Bence tB H >.:T H >.:ms and t5 H T * tB H >.4ms.
5et &H>.!O, and substitutin$ in t#e abo%e e-uations(
.B H 6.=DQ 7from e-uation !9 and .0 H +.FDQ 7from e-uation + S .B %a'ues9.
T#e Vcc determines t#e upper and 'ower t#res#o'd %o'ta$es 7obser%ed from t#e capacitor %o'ta$e
wa%eform9 as
CC LT CC UT
V V V V
2
!
S
2
+
= =
.
Note@ T#e dut" c"c'e determined b" .0 S .B can %ar" on'" between 6> S !>>V. /f .0 is muc#
sma''er t#an .B( t#e dut" c"c'e approac#es 6>V.
)ept. of &SE
)S&E 0)E 'ab
E8amp'e +@ fre-uenc" H !kB? and dut" c"c'e H;6V( .0 H ;.+kQ S .B H2.:kQ( c#oose .0 H
:.=kQ and .B H 2.2kQ.
&ircuit )ia$ram and actua' connections
9A7E6/RMS
Ste*s to 1o&#u1t ex*er%me&t@
!. Before makin$ t#e connections( c#eck t#e components usin$ mu'timeter.
+. 3ake t#e connections as s#own in fi$ure and switc# on t#e power supp'".
2. Obser%e t#e capacitor %o'ta$e wa%eform at :
t#
pin of 666 timer on &.O.
4. Obser%e t#e output wa%eform at 2
rd
pin of 666 timer on &.O 7s#own be'ow9.
6. Note down t#e amp'itude 'e%e's( time period and #ence ca'cu'ate dut" c"c'e.
RES48T@
T#e fre-uenc" of t#e osci''ations H WWW B?.
)ept. of &SE
)S&E 0)E 'ab
!"-" To -u%lt a&# s%mulate the 1l%**er @ 1lam*er 1%r1u%ts"
D 1
D 1 N 4 0 0 2
V 1
2
R 1
1 0 k
V 3
F R E Q = 1 k
V A M P L = 5
V O F F = 0
V
0
V
S E R I E S C L I P P E R
Output waveform:
T"pe of ana'"sis@ T/3E )O30/N 7T.0NS/ENT9
Run to time: 5msec ste si!e:0"01msec
)ept. of &SE
)S&E 0)E 'ab
D 2
D 1 N 4 0 0 2
V
V 5
1 " 5
S H U N T C L I P P I N G
0
V
V 4
F R E Q = 1 k
V A M P L = 5
V O F F = 0
R 4
1 0 k
Output waveform
T"pe of ana'"sis@ T/3E )O30/N 7T.0NS/ENT9
.un to time@ 6msec step si?e@>.>!msec
)ept. of &SE
)S&E 0)E 'ab
D #
D 1 N 4 0 0 2
V
V 1 2
3
V 1 1
3
R 5
1 0 k
D O U B L E E N D E D C L I P P E R
V 2
F R E Q = 1 $ % &
V A M P L = 5 V
V O F F = 0
D 5
D 1 N 4 0 0 2
V
0
Output wa%eform@

T"pe of ana'"sis@ T/3E )O30/N 7T.0NS/ENT9
Run to time: 5msec ste si!e:0"01msec
)ept. of &SE
)S&E 0)E 'ab
D '
D 1 N 4 0 0 2
V 1
( D = 0 " 0 1 m s
( F = 0 " 0 1 u s
P ) = 0 " 5 m s
P E R = 1 m s
V 1 = 2 " 5 *
( R = 0 " 0 1 u s
V 2 = + 2 " 5 *
V
, 1
0 " 1 u F
R #
2 0 0 $
V
0
W I T H O U T
R E F E R E N C E
V O L T A G E
P/SITI7E C8AMPER
T"pe of ana'"sis@ T/3E )O30/N 7T.0NS/ENT9
.un to time@ 6msec step si?e@>.>!msec
)ept. of &SE
)S&E 0)E 'ab
P/SITI7E C8AMPER 9ITH RE6ERE2CE
0
V
V 2
( D = 0 " 0 1 m s
( F = 0 " 0 1 u s
P ) = 0 " 5 m
P E R = 1 m s
V 1 = 2 " 5 *
( R = 0 " 0 1 u s
V 2 = + 2 " 5 * R '
2 0 0 $
, 2
0 " 1 u F
D -
D 1 N 4 0 0 2
V
W I T H
R E F E R E N C E
V O L T A G E
V 1 '
1 *
Output wa%eform@
T"pe of ana'"sis@ T/3E )O30/N 7T.0NS/ENT9
.un to time@ 6msec step si?e@>.>!msec
)ept. of &SE
)S&E 0)E 'ab
2"-" To -u%l# the CE Am*l%(%er us%&' a s%mulat%o& *a1ka'e a&# #eterm%&e the 7olta'e 5a%&
(or two #%((ere&t )alues o( su**l$ )olta'e a&# (or two #%((ere&t )alues o( Em%tter
res%sta&1e"

R '
2 2 0
0
, '
1 0 0 u F
V
C E A M P L I F I E R
R 2
1 k
, 5
. c * / 0 1
R #
3 " 2 $
R 5
1 # k
R 4
- 2 0
Q 2
Q 2 N 2 2 2 2
0
, #
0 " 4 ' u F
V
V 1
5 0 m *
0 V 3 c
P A R A M E ( E R 4 :
c * / 0 = 1
V 4
1 0 *
Output wa%eform@
)ept. of &SE
)S&E 0)E 'ab
3"-"To %m*leme&t a CM/S %&)erter us%&' a s%mulat%o& *a1ka'e a&# )er%($ %ts truth ta-le"
T"pe of ana'"sis@ 0c Sweep Sweep t"pe@'o$rit#emic
Start fre-uenc"@!>#? End fre-uenc"@!>me$ points per decade@4>
V 1
5 *
C M O S
I N V E R T E R
0
0
V
M 2
M 5 6 e / k N
M 1
M 5 6 e / k P
R 2
1 0 0 k
V
V 2
( D = 0 " 0 1 n s
( F = 1 n s
P ) = 2 0 u s
P E R = 4 0 u s
V 1 = 5 *
( R = 1 n s
V 2 = 0 *
/ut*ut wa)e(orm:
T"pe of ana'"sis@ T/3E )O30/N 7T.0NS/ENT9
.un to time@ !>>usec step si?e@>.!usec
)ept. of &SE
)S&E 0)E 'ab
4"-" To %m*leme&t a s1hm%tt tr%''er us%&' a s%mulat%o& *a1ka'e"
S C H M I T T T R I G G E R
V 1
1 0 *
V 2
1 0 *
V
V 4
3 " 3 *
0
V 3
F R E Q = 5 0 7 !
V A M P L = 1 0 *
V O F F = 0 *
0
V
0
R 2
1 0 k
8 1
u A ' 4 1
3
2
'
4
#
1
5
9
+
V
9
V
+
O 8 (
O 4 1
O 4 2
R 1
2 0 k
0
T"pe of ana'"sis@ T/3E )O30/N 7T.0NS/ENT9
Run to time: 40msec ste si!e:0"1msec
)ept. of &SE
)S&E 0)E 'ab
5-" To %m*leme&t a Re1ta&'ular 9a)e(orm 5e&erator =/P . Am* Relaxat%o& /s1%llator>
us%&' a s%mulat%o& a&# o-ser)e the 1ha&'e %& (re:ue&1$ whe& all res%stor )alues are
#ou-le#
V 1
1 2 *
, 1
" 1 u :
8 1
u A ' 4 1
3
2
'
4
#
1
5
9
+
V
9
V
+
O 8 (
O 4 1
O 4 2
R 3
1 0 k
V
0
V 2
1 2 *
R E L A X A T I O N O S C I L L A T O R
0
R 1
1 k
R 2
1 0 k
0
0
V
TGE O, 0N05GS/S @ T/3E )O30/N
.UN TO T/3E @ 4ms
30I/3U3 STE S/XE @ >.>!ms
)ept. of &SE
)S&E 0)E 'ab
, 2
0 " 0 1 u :
0
; 1
5 5 5 D
1
2
3 4
5
#
'
-
<
N
D
( R = < < E R
O 8 ( P 8 ( R E 4 E (
, O N ( R O L
( % R E 4 % O L D
D = 4 , % A R < E
V
,
,
0
0
, 1
0 " 1 u
R 3
1 0 m e >
V 1
1 0
A S T A B L E M U L T I V I B R A T O R U S I N G 5 5 5 T I M E R
V
R 2
5 " - k
R 1
2 " 2 k
V
0
T"pe of ana'"sis@ T/3E )O30/N 7T.0NS/ENT9
Run to time: 5msec ste si!e:0"01msec
)ept. of &SE
)S&E 0)E 'ab

A" To %m*leme&t a B5) re'ulate# *ower su**l$ us%&' (ull . wa)e re1t%(%er a&# AC05 IC
re'ulator %& s%mulat%o& *a1ka'e" 6%&# the out*ut r%**le (or #%((ere&t )alues o( loa#
1urre&t"
V
R 1
2 2 0
V
D 2
D 1 N 4 0 0 2
, 1
4 ' u :
D 5
D 1 N 4 0 0 2
0
D 4
D 1 N 4 0 0 2
D 1
D 1 N ' 5 0
R 2
1 $
V 1
F R E Q = # 0 % !
V A M P L = 1 0 V
V O F F = 0 V
D 3
D 1 N 4 0 0 2
TGE O, 0N05GS/S @ T/3E )O30/N
.UN TO T/3E @ !>>ms
30I/3U3 STE S/XE @ >.!ms
)ept. of &SE
)S&E 0)E 'ab
8/5IC ,ESI52 8A/RAT/R;

!" a> 5%)e& a (our )ar%a-le ex*ress%o&+ s%m*l%($ us%&' E&tere# 7ar%a-le Ma* =E7M>
A&# real%De the s%m*l%(%e# lo'%1 us%&' C:! M4E"
/-0e1t%)e: Students s#ou'd be ab'e to simp'if" usin$ Entered Variab'e 3ap 7EV39 and
imp'ement a $i%en e8pression usin$ =@! 3UI.
a9 E.$.(
Simp'if" t#e function usin$ 3EV tec#ni-ue
f7a(b(c(d9HYm7+(2(4(6(!2(!69<dc7=(F(!>(!!9
Decimal LSB F MEV ma e!tr"
#$#
%
%$&
'
&$(
)
*$+
,
($-
'
)$%#
%%
+$%&
%*
,$%(
%)
####
###%
##%#
##%%
#%##
#%#%
#%%#
#%%%
%###
%##%
%#%#
%#%%
%%##
%%#%
%%%#
%%%%
#
#
%
%
%
%
#
#
X
X
X
X
#
%
#
%
#......D/
%......D%
%.....D&
#.....D*
X.....D(
X.....D)
d....D+
d....D,
)ept. of &SE
)S&E 0)E 'ab
Theor$:
Ma* E&tere# 7ar%a-le Metho#:
.u'es for enterin$ %a'ues in a 3EV D map@
.u'e
No.
3EV f
Entr" in
3EV 3ap
&omments
!.
> >
! >
>
/f function e-ua's > for bot# %a'ues of 3EV( enter >
in appropriate ce'' of 3EV 3ap
+.
> !
! !
!
/f function e-ua's ! for bot# %a'ues of 3EV( enter !
2
> >
! !
3EV
/f function e-ua's 3EV for bot# %a'ues of 3EV(
enter !
4
> !
! >
--------
3EV
/f function 3EV for bot# %a'ues of 3EV( enter !
6
> -
! -
-
/f function e-ua's donZt care for bot# %a'ues of
3EV( enter -
:.
> -
! >
>
/f fH> for 3EVH> and fH> for 3EVH!( enter >
;.
> >
! -
>
/f fH> for 3EVH> and fH - for 3EVH!( enter >
=.
> -
! !
!
/f fH> for 3EVH> and fH! for 3EVH!( enter !
F.
> !
! -
!
/f fH! for 3EVH> and fH - for 3EVH -( enter -
Ste*s to 1o&#u1t the ex*er%me&t:
!. Verif" a'' components and patc# c#ords w#et#er t#e" are in $ood condition or not.
+. 3ake connection as s#own in t#e circuit dia$ram.
2. 1i%e supp'" to t#e trainer kit.
4. ro%ide input data to circuit %ia switc#es.
6. Verif" trut# tab'e se-uence and obser%e outputs.
)ept. of &SE
)S&E 0)E 'ab
P%& ,%a'ram
ICA4!5! IC A404
Truth ta-le :
a - 1 # (
>
!
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
!
>
>
)>H>
+
2
>
>
>
>
!
!
>
!
!
>
W
)!Hd
4
6
>
>
!
!
>
>
>
!
!
>
W
)+Hd
:
;
>
>
!
!
!
!
>
!
!
>
W
)2Hd
=
F
!
!
>
>
>
>
>
!
!
!

)4H!
!>
!!
!
!
>
>
!
!
>
!
>
>

)6H>
!+
!2
!
!
!
!
>
>
>
!
!
!

):H!
!4
!6
!
!
!
!
!
!
>
!
>
>

);H>
)ept. of &SE
)S&E 0)E 'ab
C A
0 0 0 0
0 0 !
W
)
0 ! 0
W
)
0 ! !
W
)
! 0 0 !
! 0 ! 0
! ! 0 !
! ! ! 0
C%r1u%t ,%a'ram:
Result: The '%)e& lo'%1al ex*ress%o& has -ee& real%De# us%&' C:! M4E IC a&# the truth
ta-le %s )er%(%e#"
)ept. of &SE
)S&E 0)E 'ab
2" A> Real%De a (ull a##er us%&' 3<C #e1o#er IC a&# 4 %&*ut 2A2, "
/-0e1t%)e: Students s#ou'd be ab'e to rea'i?e fu'' adder circuit eit#er usin$ 2@= decoder or
N0N) $ate
ICs 4se#: ;4!2=/& and ;4+>
P%& ,%a'ram o( ICs use#:
IC A4!3C ICA42!

C%r1u%t ,%a'ram
)ept. of &SE
)S&E 0)E 'ab
Truth ta-le
Result: The (ull a##er %s %m*leme&te# us%&' 3:C #e1o#er a&# 4 out*ut 2A2, 'ates a&#
truth ta-le o( the same %s )er%(%e#
)ept. of &SE
)S&E 0)E 'ab
3a> Real%De a F<G Master/Sla)e 66 us%&' 2A2, 'ates a&# )er%($ %ts truth ta-le"
/-0e1t%)e: Students s#ou'd be ab'e to imp'ement CD 3aster S'a%e f'ip-f'op
ICs use#@ ;4>>( ;4!>( ;4+>
P%& ,eta%ls o( the ICs:
PI2 #%a'ram o( A400 PI2 #%a'ram o( A4!0

Theor$:
T#e circuit be'ow s#ows t#e so'ution. To t#e .S f'ip-f'op we #a%e added two new
connections from t#e Q and Q[ outputs back to t#e ori$ina' input $ates. .emember t#at a
N0N) $ate ma" #a%e an" number of inputs( so t#is causes no troub'e. To s#ow t#at we
#a%e done t#is( we c#an$e t#e desi$nations of t#e 'o$ic inputs and of t#e f'ip-f'op itse'f. T#e
inputs are now desi$nated C 7instead of S9 and D 7instead of .9. T#e entire circuit is known
as a 0K fli.fl/.
/n most wa"s( t#e CD f'ip-f'op be#a%es Just 'ike t#e .S f'ip-f'op. T#e Q and Q[ outputs wi''
on'" c#an$e state on t#e fa''in$ ed$e of t#e &5D si$na'( and t#e C and D inputs wi'' contro'
t#e future output state prett" muc# as before. Bowe%er( t#ere are some important
differences.
Since one of t#e two 'o$ic inputs is a'wa"s disab'ed accordin$ to t#e output state of t#e
o%era'' f'ip-f'op( t#e master 'atc# cannot c#an$e state back and fort# w#i'e t#e &5D input is
at 'o$ic !. /nstead( t#e enab'ed input can c#an$e t#e state of t#e master 'atc# /!ce( after
w#ic# t#is 'atc# wi'' not c#an$e a$ain. T#is was not true of t#e .S f'ip-f'op.
/f bot# t#e C and D inputs are #e'd at 'o$ic ! and t#e &5D si$na' continues to c#an$e( t#e Q
and Q[ outputs wi'' simp'" c#an$e state wit# eac# fa''in$ ed$e of t#e &5D si$na'. 7T#e
master 'atc# circuit wi'' c#an$e state wit# eac# risi!g ed$e of &5D.9 We can use t#is
c#aracteristic to ad%anta$e in a number of wa"s. 0 f'ip-f'op bui't specifica''" to operate t#is
)ept. of &SE
)S&E 0)E 'ab
wa" is t"pica''" desi$nated as a T 7for T/ggle9 f'ip-f'op. T#e 'one T input is in fact t#e &5D
input for ot#er t"pes of f'ip-f'ops.
T#e CD f'ip-f'op m1st be ed$e tri$$ered in t#is manner. 0n" 'e%e'-tri$$ered CD 'atc# circuit
wi'' osci''ate rapid'" if a'' t#ree inputs are #e'd at 'o$ic !. T#is is not %er" usefu'. ,or t#e
same reason( t#e T f'ip-f'op must a'so be ed$e tri$$ered. ,or bot# t"pes( t#is is t#e on'" wa"
to ensure t#at t#e f'ip-f'op wi'' c#an$e state on'" once on an" $i%en c'ock pu'se.
Because t#e be#a%ior of t#e CD f'ip-f'op is comp'ete'" predictab'e under a'' conditions( t#is
is t#e preferred t"pe of f'ip-f'op for most 'o$ic circuit desi$ns. T#e .S f'ip-f'op is on'" used
in app'ications w#ere it can be $uaranteed t#at bot# . and S cannot be 'o$ic ! at t#e same
time.
0t t#e same time( t#ere are some additiona' usefu' confi$urations of bot# 'atc#es and f'ip-
f'ops. /n t#e ne8t pa$es( we wi'' 'ook first at t#e maJor confi$urations and note t#eir
properties. T#en we wi'' see #ow mu'tip'e f'ip-f'ops or 'atc#es can be combined to perform
usefu' functions and operations.
Master Sla)e 6l%* 6lo*:
T#e contro' inputs to a c'ocked f'ip f'op wi'' be makin$ a transition at appro8imate'" t#e same
times as tri$$erin$ ed$e of t#e c'ock input occurs. T#is can 'ead to unpredictab'e tri$$erin$.

0 CD master f'ip f'op is positi%e ed$e tri$$ered( w#ere as s'a%e is ne$ati%e ed$e tri$$ered.
T#erefore master first responds to C and D inputs and t#en s'a%e. /f CH> and DH!( master resets
on arri%a' of positi%e c'ock ed$e. Bi$# output of t#e master dri%es t#e D input of t#e s'a%e. ,or
t#e trai'in$ ed$e of t#e c'ock pu'se t#e s'a%e is forced to reset. /f bot# t#e inputs are #i$#( it
c#an$es t#e state or to$$'es on t#e arri%a' of t#e positi%e c'ock ed$e and t#e s'a%e to$$'es on t#e
ne$ati%e c'ock ed$e. T#e s'a%e does e8act'" w#at t#e master does.
Ste*s:
!. Verif" a'' components and patc# c#ords w#et#er t#e" are in $ood condition or not.
+. 3ake connection as s#own in t#e circuit dia$ram.
2. 1i%e supp'" to t#e trainer kit.
4. ro%ide input data to circuit %ia switc#es.
6. Verif" trut# tab'e se-uence and obser%e outputs.
)ept. of &SE
)S&E 0)E 'ab
C%r1u%t ,%a'ram
Truth Ta-le
Clk F G 3 <<<
3
Comme&t
>
>
!
!
>
!
>
!
Q>
>
!
Q>
----
Q>
!
>
Q>
No c#an$e
.eset
Set
to$$'e
Result :
T#e C-D f'ip-f'op #as been rea'i?ed usin$ N0N) $ates and t#e trut# tab'e is %erified.
)ept. of &SE
)S&E 0)E 'ab
4> A> ,es%'& a&# %m*leme&t a mo# & =&HC>s$&1hro&ous u* 1ou&ter us%&' FG (l%*<(lo*"
/-0e1t%)e: Stu#e&ts shoul# -e a-le to #es%'& a&# %m*leme&t a mo# & s$&1hro&ous u*
1ou&ter us%&' FG 66 (or & HC"
ICs use#: A4A?+A40C"
P%& #%a'ram o( A40C P%& #%a'ram o( A4A?

Theor$:
T#e ripp'e counter re-uires a finite amount of time for eac# f'ip f'op to c#an$e state. T#is
prob'em can be so'%ed b" usin$ a s"nc#ronous para''e' counter w#ere e%er" f'ip f'op is tri$$ered
in s"nc#ronism wit# t#e c'ock( and a'' t#e output w#ic# are sc#edu'ed to c#an$e do so
simu'taneous'".
T#e counter pro$resses countin$ upwards in a natura' binar" se-uence from count >>> to count
!>> ad%ancin$ count wit# e%er" ne$ati%e c'ock transition and $et back to >>> after t#is c"c'e.
C%r1u%t ,%a'ram:

)ept. of &SE
)S&E 0)E 'ab
Tra&s%t%o& Ta-le:
Ste*s to 1o&#u1t the ex*er%me&t:
!. Verif" a'' components and patc# c#ords w#et#er t#e" are in $ood condition or not.
+. 3ake connection as s#own in t#e circuit dia$ram.
2. 1i%e supp'" to t#e trainer kit.
4. ro%ide input data to circuit %ia switc#es.
6. Verif" trut# tab'e se-uence and obser%e outputs.
Result: mod n s"nc#ronous 7nE=9 counter is desi$ned and imp'emented usin$ C-D f'ip-f'op
)ept. of &SE
)S&E 0)E 'ab
5" =a> ,es%'& a&# Im*leme&t a R%&' Cou&ter us%&' 4 -%t Sh%(t Re'%ster"
/-0e1t%)e: To stu#$ a&# %m*leme&t a R%&' Cou&ter us%&' Sh%(t Re'%ster"
ICs 4se#: A4I5
P%& ,%a'ram o( ICs:A4I5
Theor$:
.in$ &ounter is a basic re$ister wit# direct feedback suc# t#at contents of t#e re$ister simp'"
circu'ate around t#e re$ister w#en t#e c'ock is runnin$. Bere 'ast output Qd in a s#ift re$ister is
connected back to t#e seria' input.
C%r1u%t ,%a'ram
)ept. of &SE
)S&E 0)E 'ab
6u&1t%o& Ta-le:
WWWW
&'k! Q) Q& QB Q0
> > > > !
! > > ! >
+ > ! > >
2 ! > > >
4 > > > !
Ste*s to 1o&#u1t the ex*er%me&t:
!. 3ake t#e connection for /O circuit.
+. 5oad and obser%e t#e output.
2. .emo%e t#e connection and make t#e connection as s#own be'ow
4. Obser%e t#e output.
Result: .in$ counter is desi$ned and imp'emented usin$ 4 bit s#ift re$ister.
)ept. of &SE
)S&E 0)E 'ab
?> ,es%'& a&# %m*leme&t as$&1hro&ous 1ou&ter us%&' #e1a#e 1ou&ter IC to 1ou&t u* (rom
0 to & =&JI>"
/-0e1t%)e: To stud" t#e as"nc#ronous counter and imp'ement t#e same usin$ decade counter /&(
to count up from ! to F
ICs use#: A4I0
P%& ,%a'ram o( A4I0
Theor$:
0s"nc#ronous counter is a counter in w#ic# t#e c'ock si$na' is connected to t#e c'ock input of
on'" first sta$e f'ip f'op. T#e c'ock input of t#e second sta$e f'ip f'op is tri$$ered b" t#e output of
t#e first sta$e f'ip f'op and so on. T#is introduces an in#erent propa$ation de'a" time t#rou$# a
f'ip f'op. 0 transition of input c'ock pu'se and a transition of t#e output of a f'ip f'op can ne%er
occur e8act'" at t#e same time. T#erefore( t#e two f'ip f'ops are ne%er simu'taneous'" tri$$ered(
w#ic# resu'ts in as"nc#ronous counter operation.
C%r1u%t ,%a'ram
)ept. of &SE
)S&E 0)E 'ab
6u&1t%o& ta-le:
Ste*s to 1o&#u1t the ex*er%me&t:
!. Verif" a'' components and patc# c#ords w#et#er t#e" are in $ood condition or not.
+. 3ake connection as s#own in t#e circuit dia$ram.
2. 1i%e supp'" to t#e trainer kit.
4. ro%ide input data to circuit %ia switc#es.
6. Verif" trut# tab'e se-uence and obser%e outputs.
Result a&# Co&1lus%o&:
Co#nson counter is desi$ned and rea'i?ed usin$ /& ;4F>
)ept. of &SE
)S&E 0)E 'ab
A> ,es%'& a 4<-%t R<2R la##er ,/A 1o&)erter us%&' /*<Am*" ,eterm%&e %ts a11ura1$ a&#
resolut%o&.

/-0e1t%)e@ To stud" t#e operation of 4-bit )0& and a'so imp'ement t#e same usin$ .-+. 'adder
network.
Com*o&e&ts re:u%re#:
.esistors( )33( O-;4!( connectin$ wires( /& trainer kit.
C%r1u%t #%a'ram:
VrefH6V
V>H7+
2
)2<+
+
)+<+)!<+)>9V
V>H7=)2<4)+<+)!<+)>9VrefA+
4
Sma''est increment or c#an$e in t#e output %o'ta$eHV.A+
4
\7+.A2.9
2ature /( 5ra*h
)ept. of &SE
)S&E 0)E 'ab
Ste*s to #o the ex*er%me&t:
!9 3ake connections as s#own in t#e circuit dia$ram
+9 /n different di$ita' inputs measure t#e ana'o$ output %o'ta$e usin$ mu'timeter.
29 Tabu'ate t#e resu'ts compare t#e t#eoretica' output %a'ues wit# t#e practica' ones.
Result: T#e .-+. 'adder circuit is desi$ned usin$ op-amp and %erified a$ainst trut# tab'e.
)ept. of &SE
)S&E 0)E 'ab
8, SIM48ATI/2
)ept. of &SE
)S&E 0)E 'ab
/t is one of most popu'ar software too' used to s"nt#esi?e VB)5 code. T#is too'
/nc'udes man" steps. To make user fee' comfortab'e wit# t#e too' t#e steps are
$i%en be'ow@-
)oub'e c'ick on roJect na%i$ator. 70ssumed icon is present on desktop9.
Se'ect 2E9 PR/FECT in 6I8E ME24"
Enter fo''owin$ detai's as per "our con%enience
roJect name @ samp'e
roJect 'ocation @ &@]e8amp'e
Top 'e%e' modu'e @ B)5
/n 2E9 PR/FECT dropdown )ia'o$ bo8( &#oose "our appropriate de%ice
specification. E8amp'e is $i%en be'ow@
)e%ice fami'" @ Spartan+
)e%ice @ 8c+s+>>
acka$e @ Q+>=
TO 5e%e' 3odu'e @ B)5
S"nt#esis Too' @ IST
Simu'ation @ 3ode'sim A ot#ers
1enerate sim 'an$ @ VB)5
/n source window ri$#t c'ick on specification( se'ect new source
Enter t#e fo''owin$ detai's
Entit"@ samp'e
0rc#itecture @ eha)%oral
Enter t#e input and output port and modes.
T#is wi'' create sam*le"7H, source fi'e. &'ick Ne8t and finis# t#e initia' roJect
preparation.
)oub'e c'ick on s"nt#esis. /f error occurs edit and correct VB)5 code.
)oub'e c'ick on 5unc# mode'sim 7or an" e-ui%a'ent simu'ator if "ou are usin$9 for
functiona' simu'ation of "our desi$n.
.i$#t c'ick on sam*le"7H, in source window( se'ect new source
Se'ect source @ /mp'ementation constraints fi'e.
,i'e name @ samp'e
T#is wi'' create samp'e. U&, constraints fi'e.
)oub'e c'ick on Edit constraint 7Te8t9 in process window.
Edit and enter pin constraints wit# s"nta8@
NET KNETN03EL 5O& H K/N N03EL
)oub'e c'ick on /mp'ement( w#ic# wi'' carr" out trans'ate( mappin$( p'ace and route of
"our desi$n. 0'so $enerate pro$ram fi'e b" doub'e c'ickin$ on it( intern w#ic# wi'' create
.bit fi'e.
&onnect CT01 cab'e between "our kit and para''e' pot of "our computer.
)oub'e c'ick on confi$ure de%ice and se'ect mode in w#ic# "ou want to confi$ure "our
de%ice. ,or e8@ se'ect s'a%e seria' mode in confi$uration window and finis# "our
confi$uration.
.i$#t c'ick on de%ice and se'ect ^pro$ramZ. Verif" "our desi$n $i%in$ appropriate
inputs and c#eck for t#e output.
0'so %erif" t#e actua' workin$ of t#e circuit usin$ *atter& 'e&erator S lo'%1 a&al$Der.
)ept. of &SE
)S&E 0)E 'ab
!" 6488 A,,ER


Trut# Tab'e
/N
U
TS
S
I G X SU3 &0..G
> > > > >
> > ! ! >
> ! > ! >
> ! ! > !
! > > ! >
! > ! > !
! ! > > !
! ! ! ! !
Ex*ess%o&:
Sum=S>KE ; L
Carr$=Cout> K E; B;L B LE
)ept. of &SE
,U55
0))E.
S
&out
I
G
X
)S&E 0)E 'ab
-- VB)5 code for ,u'' adder usin$ data f'ow
'ibrar" /EEER
use /EEE.ST)W5O1/&W!!:4.055R
use /EEE.ST)W5O1/&W0./TB.055R
use /EEE.ST)W5O1/&WUNS/1NE).055R
ENT/TG fa /S
ort 7I( G( X @ in ST)W5O1/&R
&out( S @ out ST)W5O1/&9R
End faR
0.&B/TE&TU.E df O, fa /S
Be$in
&outEH 77I IO. G9 0N) X9 O. 7I 0N) G9R
SEH 7I IO. G9 IO. XR
End dfR

)ept. of &SE
)S&E 0)E 'ab
2" C : ! M48TIP8EEER
Truth Ta-le
I2P4TS /4TP4TS
SE5 7+9 SE5 7!9 SE5 7>9 Xout
> > > /7>9
> > ! /7!9
> ! > /7+9
> ! ! /729
! > > /749
! > ! /769
> ! ! /7:9
! ! ! /7;9
-- VB)5 code for = to ! mu8 7Be#a%iora' mode'in$9.
'ibrar" /EEER
use /EEE.ST)W5O1/&W!!:4.055R
entit" mu8! is
ort 7 / @ in stdW'o$icW%ector7; down to >9R
se' @ in stdW'o$icW%ector7+ downto >9R
?out @ out stdW'o$ic9R
end mu8!R
arc#itecture Be#a%iora' of mu8! is
be$in
?outEH /7>9 w#en se'H_>>>_ e'se
/7!9 w#en se'H_>>!_ e'se
/7+9 w#en se'H_>!>_ e'se
/729 w#en se'H_>!!_ e'se
/749 w#en se'H_!>>_ e'se
/769 w#en se'H_!>!_ e'se
/7:9 w#en se'H_!!>_ e'se
/7;9R
end Be#a%iora'R
)ept. of &SE
3U5T/5EIE.
= TO !
=

Lout
/
SE5
2
)S&E 0)E 'ab
3" , 6l%* 6lo*
VB)5 code for ) ,'ip ,'op &ounter.
'ibrar" /EEER
use /EEE.ST)W5O1/&W!!:4.055R
entit" df'ipf'op is
ort 7 )(&'k @ in stdW'o$icR
Q @ inout stdW'o$icR
Qbar @ out stdW'o$ic9R
end df'ipf'opR
arc#itecture Be#a%iora' of df'ipf'op is
be$in
process7c'k9
be$in
if risin$Wed$e7c'k9 t#en
QEH )R
end ifR
end processR
QbarEH not QR

end Be#a%iora'R
)ept. of &SE
)S&E 0)E 'ab
4" Mo# C Cou&ter

VB)5 code for 3od-= &ounter.
'ibrar" /EEER
use /EEE.ST)W5O1/&W!!:4.055R
entit" modW= is
ort 7 rst(c'k(en@ in stdW'o$icR
- @ inout stdW'o$icW%ector72 downto >99R

end modW=R
arc#itecture Be#a%iora' of modW= is
be$in
process7c'k(rst9 is
be$in
if rstH[![ t#en -EH_>>>>_R
e'sif risin$Wed$e7c'k9 t#en
if enH[![ t#en
QEHQ<!R
end ifR
if QH_>!!!_ t#en
QEH _>>>>_R
end ifR
end ifR
end processR
end Be#a%iora'R
)ept. of &SE
)S&E 0)E 'ab
5" Foh&so& 1ou&ter"
VB)5 code for Co#nson counter.
'ibrar" /EEER
use /EEE.ST)W5O1/&W!!:4.055R
use /EEE.ST)W5O1/&W0./TB.055R
use /EEE.ST)W5O1/&WUNS/1NE).055R
entit" Jc is
ort 7 c'k(e(rst @ in stdW'o$icR
- @ inout stdW'o$icW%ector72 downto >99R
end JcR
arc#itecture Be#a%iora' of Jc is
be$in
rocess7c'k(rst9
be$in
if rstH[![ t#en -EH_>>>!_R
e'sif risin$Wed$e 7c'k9 t#en
if eH[![ t#en
-EH7not -7>99S Q72 downto !9R
end ifR
end ifR
end processR
end Be#a%iora'R

)ept. of &SE