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S6NI6N6 SIuIu6
-tq-a t,.
NUUTN XURN TRUNU
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ONI6NI.
TYPES OF SENTENCES .................................................................................................................................................... 3
Clause.................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
Kinds of sentences ................................................................................................................................................................................ 5
Simple Sentence:................................................................................................................................................................................ 6
Compound sentence: .......................................................................................................................................................................... 6
Complex sentence: ............................................................................................................................................................................. 6
Compound - Complex sentence: ........................................................................................................................................................ 6
Co-ordinator. ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
Equivalent between co-ordinator & clause connector. ...................................................................................................................... 8
Sentence problems ............................................................................................................................................................................... 9
Sentence fragment.............................................................................................................................................................................. 9
Run-on sentences & comma splices. ............................................................................................................................................... 10
Choppy sentences............................................................................................................................................................................. 10
Stringy sentences. ............................................................................................................................................................................ 10
Equivalent sentence patterns. ........................................................................................................................................................... 11
Cause & effect.................................................................................................................................................................................. 11
Contrast structure words conssession (unspected result).............................................................................................................. 11
Contrast structure words direct opposition. .................................................................................................................................. 12
NOUN CLAUSES .............................................................................................................................................................. 13
Noun clauses ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 14
That clauses. ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 14
Wh-word clauses ................................................................................................................................................................................ 15
Whether clauses ................................................................................................................................................................................. 15
ADVERBIAL CLAUSES.................................................................................................................................................... 16
RELATIVE CLAUSES....................................................................................................................................................... 18
Relative Clauses ................................................................................................................................................................................. 19
Reduced Adjective Clauses. .............................................................................................................................................................. 20
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IF6S Of S6NI6N6S
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LuS6
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lNS Of S6NI6N6S
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5lMPLE 5ENTENLE.
I enjoy playing tennis with my friends every weekend.
LUMPUUN0 5ENTENLE.
1. With a co-ordinator I enjoy tennis, BUT I hate golf.
2. With a conjunctive adverb I enjoy tennis; HOWEVER I hate golf.
3. With a semicolon I enjoy tennis; I hate golf.
LUMPLEX 5ENTENLE.
Adverb clause Although women in the US could own property, they cound not vote until 1920.
Adjective clause Men who are not married are called bachelors.
Noun clause Scientists believe that excess chlorofluorocacbons (CFC) in the atmorphere are responsible for creating it.
LUMPUUN0 LUMPLEX 5ENTENLE.
1. I want to travel after I graduated from collegel; however, I had to go to work immediately.
2. I coundnt decide where I should work or what I should do, so I did nothing.
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LUUR0lNRTUR.
O-OlNIO 6IMFL6
For women live longer than men, FOR the take better care lor their health.
Tho 2
no
cluuso givos tho rouson lor tho T
st
cluuso}
Rnd women lollow more healthlul diets, AND the go to doctor more ollen.
Tho two cluusos oxpross oquul, similur ioous}
Nor women dont smoke as much as men do NOR do the drink as much alcohol.
NR mouns and not. lt joins 2 nogutivo inooponoont cluusos. Notico thut quostion woro oroor is usoo ultor NR}.
Bul Men ma exercise harder, BUT the ma not exercise as regularl as women do.
(Tho two cluusos oxpross oquul, contrusting ioous)
Ur Both men & women should limit the amount ol lat in their diets, OR the risk getting heart disease.
Tho two cluusos oxpross ultornutivo possibilitios}
Tzl women used be known as weaker sex, YET in some was, the are stronger than men.
Tho 2
no
cluuso is u surprising or unoxpoctoo contrust to tho T
st
cluuso}
5o Men are less cautious than women, SO more men die in accidents.
tho 2
no
cluuso in tho rosult ol tho T
st
cluuso}
S + + O, fNOS + S + + O
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EUUlVRLENT BETWEEN LUUR0lNRTUR B LLRU5E LUNNELTUR.
O-
OlNIO
LuS6 ONN6IO
ONIuNIl6 6 SuOlNIO
6IMFL6
Rnd Nor
Also
Besides
Futhermore
ln addition
Moreover
Too
Tzl
Bul
However
NeverIher|ess
NoneIhe|ess
$I|||
ln contrast
lnstead
On the other hand
On the contrar
For
Because
Since
As
5o
Therelore
Hence, Thus
Accordingl
As a result
As a consequence
Consequentl
Ur
Otherwise ll
Unless
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S6NI6N6 FOL6MS
Infering sentence structures from problems, not need to describe.
5ENTENLE FRRUMENT.
1. The best movie that I saw last year. The best movie that I saw last year is TITANIC.
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RUNUN 5ENTENLE5 B LUMMR 5PLlLE5.
1. An encyclopedia is an valuable source of information, it contains summaries of every area of knowledge. Comma Splice.
An encyclopedia is an valuable source of information because it contains summaries of every area of knowledge.
2. I possess a lot of English books, some of which help me build vocabularies. Comma Splice.
I possess a lot of English books; some of which help me build vocabularies.
LHUPPT 5ENTENLE5.
Gasoline became expensive. Automobile manufacturers began to produce smaller cars. Smaller cars use less gasoline.
S + V + O, so S + V + O: Gasoline became expensive, so automobile manufacturers began to produce smaller cars, which use less
gasoline.
S + V + O; therefore/hence/consequently/accordingly S + V + O: Gasoline became expensive; therefore, automobile manufacturers
began to produce smaller cars, which use less gasoline.
Because/ Since/ As S + V + O, S + V + O: Because Gasoline became expensive, automobile manufacturers began to produce smaller cars,
which use less gasoline.
5TRlNUT 5ENTENLE5.
Many students attend classes all morning, and then they work all afternoon, and they also have to study at night, so they usually exhausted by the
weekend.
Many students attend classes all morning, and work all afternoon. Since they they also have to study at night, they usually exhausted by the
weekend.
because many students attend classes all morning, work all afternoon, and study at night, they usually exhausted by the weekend.
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6QulL6NI S6NI6N6 FII6NS.
LRU5E B EFFELT.
Gasoline became expensive. Automobile manufacturers began to produce smaller cars. Smaller cars use less gasoline.
S + V + O, so S + V + O: Gasoline became expensive, so automobile manufacturers began to produce smaller cars, which
use less gasoline.
S + V + O; therefore/hence/consequently/accordingly S + V + O: Gasoline became expensive; therefore, automobile
manufacturers began to produce smaller cars, which use less gasoline.
Because/ Since/ As S + V + O, S + V + O: Because Gasoline became expensive, automobile manufacturers began to
produce smaller cars, which use less gasoline.
LUNTRR5T 5TRULTURE WUR05 LUN55E55lUN (UN5PELTE0 RE5ULTj.
ClAUSE CONNECTOR SENTENCE CONNECTOR
SUBORDINATOR CO-ORDINATOR
OTHERS
However
Novortholoss
Nonotholoss
Still
Although
Evon though
Though

Dospito + Noun}
ln spito ol + Noun}
S + V + O, yet S + V + O: I studied all night, yet I failed the exam.
S + V + O, so S + V + O
S + V + O; therefore/hence/consequently/accordingly S + V + O
Because/ Since/ As S + V + O, S + V + O
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Although/Thougn/Even though S + V + O, S + V + O.
S + V + O; however/Nevertheless/Nonetheless/Still, S + V + O.
LUNTRR5T 5TRULTURE WUR05 0lRELT UPPU5lTlUN.
ClAUSE CONNECTOR SENTENCE CONNECTOR
SUBORDINATOR CO-ORDINATOR
OTHERS
Howovor
Novortholoss
Nonotholoss
Still
ln contrast
lnstouo
n tho othor huno
n tho contrur,
Whilo
whereas

Dospito + Noun}
ln spito ol + Noun}
S + V + O, but S + V + O: The air is pollutted in industrial areas, but it is clean in many rural areas
While/Whereas S + V + O, S + V + O.
S + V + O; however/in contrast/instead/on the contrary S + V + O.
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NOuN LuS6S
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NOuN LuS6S
I think that the study of the brain is fasinating.
I dont know where the student cafeteria is.
I dont know whether (or not) I should take the computer science.
IhI LuS6S.
THAT clause
WH - word clause
IF/WHETHER clause
NUUN
LLRU5E
Is a dependent clause
Has a S + V, can be used like a NOUN
As a SUBJECT
As a OBJECT
His discovery was important
People believe his discovery
THRT
LLRU5E5
Formed from statements.
Introduced by subordinator THAT.
THAT can be omitted.
lntroductor Clause THAT - Clause
I think that the study of brain is fascinating.
The professor explained that the brain is the master control for both mind & body
THAT + S + V + O Eg: that the language center of the brain differs in each person
lntroductor Clause Verbs
Group 3
Indirect object required
The doctors assured the worried parents that their child would recover
Eg:
Assure Convince
Inform Notify
Remind Tell
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Nh-NO LuS6S
Nh6Ih6 LuS6S
WH WUR0
LLRU5E5
Formed from WH- question, WH-words are the subordinators: who, where, which, how, etc.
Introduced by subordinator THAT.
Do, does, did disappear.
WH-word + S + V + O Eg:who the president of South Africa is.
WH-word + V + O Eg:what happened at the student body meeting.
wH-word Clause
lntroductor Clause
Subordinator - Subject Verb (+ Complemement)
I dont know
Can you tell us
who
which vocalists
start the band.
have sung with the goup?
Subordinator Subject Verb (+ Complemement)
I cant remember
We asked
how often
who
the group
the lead singer
performs during the year.
was.
WHETHER
lF LLRU5E5
Whether (If) + S + V + O Eg:who the president of South Africa is.
wH-word Clause
lntroductor Clause
Subordinator Subject Verb (+ Complemement)
We want to know IF Dr.Chen practices acupuncture (or not).
Doctors wonder WHETHER
(or not)
acupuncture is an effetive treament for
arthristic (or not).
Formed from YES/NO questionS
Introduced by subordinator IF & WHETHER. Whether is more formal than If.
Or not maybe added. No one knows if the experiment will success (or not).
Do, does, did disappear.

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6lL LuS6S
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R0VERBlRL
LLRU5E5
SUBORDlNATOR EXAMPlE
Time When/ Whenever/ While/ As soon as/ After/ Since/ As/
Before/ Until
People were eating a lot of protein while they were
living on farms.
Place Where/Anywhere/Wherever/Everywhere
I usually stop for lunch anywhere that is handy.
Everywhere I shop, I use mmy creditt cards.
Distance/Frequency As + adverb + as
Many Americans want to move as far as they can from
polluted cities. (Distance)
Pat jogs on the beach as often as she can. (Frequency)
Manner As/ As if = As though
No nation in the world can afford to act as if pollution
were not a problem.
Reason Because/ Since/ As
As the price of gasoline has always been quite high
in Europe, if a European owns an automobile, it is
likely to be a high-mileage model that uses diesel fuel.
Result So + adj/adv + that
Such a(n) + Noun phrase + that
So much/ many/ little/ few + Noun phrase + that
New textbooks are so expensive that many students
buy used ones.
The library is such a big place that I couldnt find the
book I needed.during the semester, I made so many
speeches that I lost some of my fear.
Purpose So that
In order that
Farmers use chemical pesticides so that they can grow
bigger harvests.
Cossession (unexpected result) Although/ Even though/ Though
Yet/ However/ On the other hand/
Even though the weather was cold, I went swimming.
(unspected result)
Contrast (direct opposition) While/ Whereas
As a child, I never tried out for school plays, whereas
my best friend usually got a starring role.
Types of A-C
Subordinator + S + V + O Eg: Because scientists are interestedin the planets
ADVERBlAl ClAUSE = dependent clause that answers such questions as
WHERE? WHEN? WHY? HOW? FOR WHAT PURPOSE?
Definition
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6LIl6 LuS6S
(I6Il6 LuS6)
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6LIl6 LuS6S
RELRTlVE
LLRU5E5
RElATlVE ClAUSE = dependent clause that functions as an adjective
= adjective clause it must be connected to a main or independent clause.
Definition
Eg: The 1
st
American thanksgiving feast, which took place in 1962, lasted three days.
RELRTlVE PRUNUUN5
Who
Refer to humans
SUBJECT in cluuso
The professor WHO teaches my biolgy class won Nobel Prize two years ago.
Professor John [, WHO teaches my biolgy class,] won Nobel Prize two years ago.
Whom Refer to humans
BJECT in cluuso
She loaned her car to someone WHOM she didnt know.
Whose
Refer to humans,
non-human &
things; show
possession
SUBJECT or
BJECT in cluuso
I studied algebra from a professor WHOSE name I have forgotten.
Apple Computer [, WHOSE Macintosh computer changed coputing,] was started by 2
men working in a garage.
Which
Refer to non-
humans & things
SUBJECT or
BJECT in cluuso
She teaches mechanics [, WHICH is my favorite subject].
Her husband teach algebra [, WHICH I enjoy the least].
That
Refer to non-
humans & things
SUBJECT or
BJECT in cluuso
The class THAT meets in the next room is very noisy.
The subject [THAT] I enjoy the least is algebra.
RELRTlVE R0VERB5
When Refer to a time I work full-time on days WHEN I dont have classes.
Where Refer to a place She has never returned to the city WHERE she was born.
Begins with
A relative PRONOUN or a relative ADVERBS
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6u6 I6Il6 LuS6S.
RE0ULE0
R0jELTlVE
LLRU5E5
Adjective Clause cun bo rooucoo to PHRASE. An adjective phrase mooilios u Noun. It does not
contain a Subject & a Verb.
Definition
Eg: Adjective Clause: The man who is drumming is African.
Adjective Phrase: The man drumming is African.
Only adjective clauses that have a SUBJECT PRONOUN, who, which or that can be reduced.
2 ways to reduce
an adjective clause
The SUBJECT PRONOUN & the be form of the verb are omitted
ClAUSE PHRASE
Who The man who is playing ghitar is my friend. The man playing ghitar is my friend.
Which The signals which are given are simple. The signals given are simple.
That The tones that are in the language are important. The tones in the language are important.
When there is no form of be in the adjective clause, u can omit the SUBJECT
PRONOUN & change the verb to the ing form
Clause The Cherokee Indians have an alphabet that consists of 85 characters.
Phrase The Cherokee Indians have an alphabet consisting of 85 characters.