International Journal of Advanced Research in Electronics and Communication Engineering (IJARECE)

Volume 3, Issue 9, Setem!er "#$%

Abstract& 'his aer rooses efficient motion detection
and eole counting !ased on !ac(ground su!traction using
d)namic threshold aroach *ith mathematical morholog)+
,ere these different methods are used effectivel) for o!-ect
detection and comare these erformance !ased on accurate
detection+ ,ere the techni.ues frame differences, d)namic
threshold !ased detection *ill !e used+ After the o!-ect
foreground detection, the arameters li(e seed, velocit)
motion *ill !e determined+ /or this, most of revious methods
deend on the assumtion that the !ac(ground is static over
short time eriods+ In d)namic threshold !ased o!-ect
detection, morhological rocess and filtering also used
effectivel) for un*anted i0el removal from the !ac(ground+
'he !ac(ground frame *ill !e udated !) comaring the
current frame intensities *ith reference frame+ Along *ith this
d)namic threshold, mathematical morholog) also used *hich
has an a!ilit) of greatl) attenuating color variations generated
!) !ac(ground motions *hile still highlighting moving o!-ects+
/inall) the simulated results *ill !e sho*n that used
aro0imate median *ith mathematical morholog) aroach
is effective rather than rior !ac(ground su!traction methods
in d)namic te0ture scenes and erformance arameters of
moving o!-ect such sensitivit), seed and velocit) *ill !e
evaluated+
Index Terms&1ac(ground su!traction, 2)namic
thresholding, Video surveillance, Video segmentation, Video
motion, 3!-ect trac(ing+
I. INTRODUCTION
In the past two decades object detection and tracking in
video is a challenging problem and has been extensivel
investigated. It has applications in vario!s "ields s!ch as
video compression# video s!rveillance# h!man$comp!ter
interaction# video indexing and retrieval etc. Object
detection
%&'
involves locating object in the "rames o" a video
se(!ence# while object tracking represents the process o"
monitoring the object)s spatial and temporal changes in each
"rame. Object detection can be per"ormed thro!gh region$
based image segmentation# backgro!nd s!btraction#
temporal di""erencing# active conto!r models# and
generali*ed +o!gh trans"orms. In order to allow high$
resol!tion images o" the people in the scene to be ac(!ired it
is reasonable to ass!me that s!ch people move abo!t in the
scene. To monitor the scene reliabl it is essential that the
processing time per "rame

be as low as possible. +ence it is important that the
techni(!es which are emploed are as simple and as
e""icient
as possible. In s!rveillance sstem video se(!ences are
obtained thro!gh static cameras and "ixed backgro!nd. ,
pop!lar approach called backgro!nd s!btraction is !sed in
this scenario# where moving objects in a scene can be
obtained b comparing each "rame o" the video with a
backgro!nd
%-'
. .irstl# video "rames capt!red "rom a camera
are inp!t to the backgro!nd s!btractor. /re processing
stages are !sed "or "iltration and to change the raw inp!t
video to a processable "ormat. 0ackgro!nd modelling then
!ses the observed video "rame to calc!late and !pdate the
backgro!nd model that is representative o" the scene
witho!t an objects o" interest. .oregro!nd detection is
where the pixels that show a signi"icant di""erence to those
in the backgro!nd model are "lagged as "oregro!nd. Data
validation is !sed to examine the "o!nd objects o" interest
and to eliminate an "alse matches. , "oregro!nd mask can
then be o!tp!t in which pixels are assigned as "oregro!nd or
backgro!nd. .or e""ective object detection misclassi"ied
objects and shadows are removed.
II. R12,T1D 3OR4
0ackgro!nd modeling plas a vital role "or object
detection in s!rveillance sstem.
A.
Generalized Stauffer- Grimson Background Subtraction
for Dynamic Scenes
[3]
+ere an adaptive model "or backgro!nds containing
signi"icant stochastic motion 5e.g. water6. The new model is
based on a generali*ation o" the 7ta!""er8 9rimson
backgro!nd model# where each mixt!re component is
modelled as a dnamic text!re. 3e derive an online 4$
means algorithm "or !pdating the parameters !sing a set
test- o" s!""icient statistics o" the model. .inall# we report
on experimental res!lts# which show that the proposed
backgro!nd model both (!antitativel and (!alitativel
o!tper"orms state$o"$the$art methods in scenes containing
signi"icant backgro!nd motions.
Tecni!ues used"
Dnamic text!res.
0ackgro!nd models.
0ackgro!nd s!btraction.
:ixt!re models.
,daptive models.
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:oving Object Tracking !sing 0ackgro!nd
7!btraction Techni(!e and its /arametric
1val!ation
4+ 1huvanes*ari, '+ Siva 5umar
International Journal of Advanced Research in Electronics and Communication Engineering (IJARECE)
Volume 3, Issue 9, Setem!er "#$%
B.
Tracking and counting #eo#le in $isual sur$eillance
systems
[%]
The greatest challenge on monitoring characters "rom a
monoc!lar video scene is to track targets !nder occl!sion
conditions. In this work# we present a scheme to
a!tomaticall track and co!nt people in a s!rveillance
sstem. .irst# a dnamic backgro!nd s!btraction mod!le is
emploed to model light variation and then to determine
pedestrian objects "rom a static scene. To identi"
"oregro!nd objects as characters# positions and si*es o"
"oregro!nd regions are treated as decision "eat!res.
:oreover# the per"ormance to track individ!als is improved
b !sing the modi"ied overlap tracker# which investigates
the centroid distance between neighbo!ring objects to help
on target tracking in occl!sion states o" merging and
splitting. On the experiments o" tracking and co!nting
people in three video se(!ences# the res!lts exhibit that the
proposed scheme can improve the averaged detection ratio
abo!t &?D as compared to the conventional work signi"icant
backgro!nd motions.
Tecni!ues used"
Intelligent s!rveillance 7stem.
/eople Tracking.
/eople Co!nting.
Overlap Tracker.
Occl!sion.
&.
'eo#le &ounting System based on B' (eural (et)ork
, people$co!nting sstem based on a 0ack /ropagation
50/6 ne!ral network is proposed in this paper. The proposed
sstem !ses cheap photoelectric sensor to collect data and
introd!ces 0/ ne!ral network "or co!nting and recognition#
and it is e""ective and "lexible "or the p!rpose o" per"orming
people co!nting. In this paper# new methods "or
segmentation and "eat!re extraction are developed to
enhance the classi"ication per"ormance. /romising res!lts
were obtained and the analsis indicates that the proposed
sstem based on 0/ ne!ral network provides good res!lts
with low "alse rate and it is e""ective "or people$co!nting.
Tecni!ues used"
7egmentation.
.eat!re 1xtraction.
0ack /ropagation Ne!ral Network.
D.
*eal Time +uman ,otion Detection and Tracking
[-]
+!man motion detection and tracking sstem is an
a!tomated video s!rveillance sstem "or detecting and
monitoring people in both indoor and o!tdoor
environments. Detection and tracking are achieved thro!gh
several steps; .irst# we design a rob!st# adaptive
backgro!nd model that can deal with lightning changes#
long term changes in the scene and objects occl!sions. This
model is !sed to get "oregro!nd pixels !sing the backgro!nd
s!btraction method. ,"terwards# noise cleaning and object
detection are applied# "ollowed b h!man modeling to
recogni*e and monitor h!man activit in the scene s!ch as
h!man walking or r!nning.
Tecni!ues used"
:otion Detection.
Tracking.
+!man :odel.
7!rveillance.
Image /rocessing.
..
/uzzy &olor +istogram and its use in &olor 0mage
*etrie$al
[1]
, conventional color histogram 5CC+6 considers neither
the color similarit across di""erent bins nor the color
dissimilarit in the same bin. There"ore# it is sensitive to
nois inter"erence s!ch as ill!mination changes and
(!anti*ation errors. .!rthermore# CC+s large dimension or
histogram bins re(!ire large comp!tation on histogram
comparison. To address these concerns# this paper presents
a new color histogram representation# called "!** color
histogram 5.C+6# b considering the color similarit o" each
pixel)s color associated to all the histogram bins thro!gh
"!**$set membership "!nction. , novel and "ast approach
"or comp!ting the membership val!es based on "!**
$means algorithm is introd!ced. The proposed .C+ is
"!rther exploited in the application o" image indexing and
retrieval. 1xperimental res!lts clearl show that .C+ ields
better retrieval res!lts than CC+. 7!ch comp!ting
methodolog is "airl desirable "or image retrieval over
large image databases.
Tecni!ues used"
Conventional color histogram.
.!** means.
.!** histogram.
Ill!mination changes.
Image indexing and retrieval.
:embership matrix.
III. 7E7T1: D17I9N
The block diagram o" the sstem is as shown in "ig!re&.
.ig!re&; 0lock diagram.
A. /rame Se#eration
,n Inp!t Fideo 5.avi "iles6 is converted into still images
"or processing it and to detect the moving objects. These
se(!ences o" images gathered "rom video "iles b "inding
the in"ormation abo!t it thro!gh Gaviin"o) command. These
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I77N; --<= 8 >?>@ ,ll Rights Reserved A -?&B IC,R1C1
International Journal of Advanced Research in Electronics and Communication Engineering (IJARECE)
Volume 3, Issue 9, Setem!er "#$%
"rames are converted into images with help o" the command
G"rame-im). Create the name to each images and this
process will be contin!ed "or all the video "rames. .ig!re-
represents the process "low o" "rame separation.
.ig!re-; /rocess "low.
B. Gaussian Smooting 'rocess
, 9a!ssian smoothing is the res!lt o" bl!rring an image
b a 9a!ssian "!nction. It is a widel !sed e""ect in graphics
so"tware# tpicall to red!ce image noise and red!ce detail.
9a!ssian smoothing is also !sed as a pre$processing stage
in comp!ter vision algorithms in order to enhance image
str!ct!res at di""erent scalesIsee scale space
representation and scale space implementation.
:athematicall# appling a 9a!ssian bl!r to an image is
the same as convolving the image with a 9a!ssian "!nction.
Gauss &oeff 2 345s!rt 367#i7sig8699 3e:#
3:86;y86567sig8699
3here# :< y< sig $ inp!t coordinates corresponds to the
target and standard Deviation.
&. Segmentation 'rocess
The moving object will be detected b "rame s!btraction
and segmentation algorithms. The "rame s!btraction is done
b s!btracting c!rrent "rame and previo!s "rame "or
detecting object "rom backgro!nd. The moving object
extraction "rom s!btracted "rames is done b dnamic
thresholding method "or "oregro!nd detection. Then
backgro!nd will be !pdated b comparing the process "rame
and backgro!nd "rame. .ig!reH represents the segmentation
process.
.ig!reH; 7egmentation /rocess.
This will be contin!ed "or all consec!tive "rames. ,"ter
this process# morphological "iltering will be applied "or
red!cing backgro!nd noise "or acc!rate object detection.
D. ,or#ological 'rocess
:orphological operations are applied on segmented
binar image "or smoothening the "oregro!nd region. It
processes the image based on shapes and it per"orms on
image !sing str!ct!ring element. The str!ct!ring elements
will be created with speci"ied shapes 5disk# line# s(!are6
which contains &)s and ?)s val!e where ones are represents
the neighbo!rhood pixels. Dilation and erosion process will
be !sed to enhance 5smoothening6 the object region b
removing the !nwanted pixels "rom o!tside region o"
"oregro!nd object. ,"ter this process# the pixels are applied
"or connected component analsis and then analsis the
object region "or co!nting the objects. .ig!reB represents
the morphological process.
.ig!reB; :orphological process.
.. Dilation and .rosion
Dilation and 1rosion morphological operations are
per"ormed on images based on shapes. It is "ormed b
str!ct!ring element. It is a matrix containing &)s and ?)s
where &)s are called neighbo!rhood pixels. The o!tp!t pixel
is determined b !sing these processing pixel neighbo!rs.
+ere# the Gline) str!ct!ring element is !sed to dilate and
erode the image "or smoothing.
Dilation" It is the process o" adding a pixel at object
bo!ndar based on str!ct!ring element. The r!le to "ind
I77N; --<= 8 >?>@ ,ll Rights Reserved A -?&B IC,R1C1 --B
International Journal of Advanced Research in Electronics and Communication Engineering (IJARECE)
Volume 3, Issue 9, Setem!er "#$%
o!tp!t pixel is the maxim!m o" inp!t pixels neighbo!rhood
matrix.
.rosion" It is to remove the pixel "rom the object bo!ndar
depends on str!ct!ring element.
The r!le to "ind o!tp!t pixel is the maxim!m o" inp!t
pixels neighbo!rhood matrix. .inall the o!tp!t image is
smoothened "or red!cing distortion "rom backgro!nd and
edge sharpness.
/. && Analysis
Connected component analsis is a process to label the
segmented image "oregro!nd pixels with B or =
neighbo!rhood connectivit. It will be !sed to separate the
image into n n!mber o" local objects "rom gro!ping o"
similar pixels. Then the irrelevant backgro!nd object with
maxim!m area was removed !sing the morphological
process to obtain desired objects. :orphological process
involves holes "illing and opening the region beond certain
given area. .rom the labelled image# n!mber o" objects#
each object region "eat!res are obtained "or object tracking
and co!nting "rom each "rame se(!ence.
IF. /,R,:1T1R 1F,2U,TION
=elocity" The velocit o" object is eval!ated based on
distance travelled b an object and "rame rate
=elocity 2 Distance tra$elled 5 /rame rate
Sensiti$ity" It meas!res the proportion o" act!al
positives which are correctl identi"ied
Sensiti$ity 2 T#. 5 3T# ; /n9
3here#
T# 2 True 'ositi$e6 Object pixels correctl
classi"ied as object.
/n 2 /alse negati$e" Object pixels incorrectl
classi"ied as backgro!nd.
&orrelation &oefficient" It is !sed to "ind the similarit
between two di""erent images with their intensities. It
will be described b#
&or>coef 2 [sum 3sum 3u4.7u699] 5
[s!rt3sum3sum3u4.7u4997sum3sum3u6.7u6999]?
3here#
!& J .& 8 mean o" .&# !- J .- 8 mean o" .-
.& 8 Obtained res!lt and .- 8 9ro!nd tr!th
'S(* 3'eak Signal to (oise *atio9
*,S. 3 *oot ,ean S!uare .rror9
*,S. 2 s!rt 3,S.9
3here#
:# N are N!mber o" Rows and Col!mns
a
ij 8
,ct!al res!lt and b
ij
8 Desired res!lt
F. 7O.T3,R1 R1KUIR1D
:,T2,0 <.L and above versions
Fideo /rocessing toolbox
FI. R17U2T7
A. 0n#ut =ideo
Inp!t video can be selected is as shown in "ig!reL.
.ig!reL; Inp!t video.
B. @bAect Detection
The objects in the inp!t video are detected as shown in
"ig!reM.
.ig!reM; Object detection.
&. @bAect Traction
The objects in the inp!t video is identi"ied as shown in
"ig!re<
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I77N; --<= 8 >?>@ ,ll Rights Reserved A -?&B IC,R1C1
International Journal of Advanced Research in Electronics and Communication Engineering (IJARECE)
Volume 3, Issue 9, Setem!er "#$%
.ig!re<; Object tracking.
FII. CONC2U7ION
The paper presented an e""icient motion detection based
on backgro!nd s!btraction !sing "rame di""erence with
thresholding and mathematical morpholog. It will be
enhanced with "!t!res o" connected component analsis and
morphological "iltering "or tracking and co!nting moving
objects. ,"ter the "oregro!nd detection# the parameters like
Co!nt# velocit o" the motion was estimated and
per"ormance o" object detection will be meas!red with
sensitivit and correlation !sing gro!nd tr!th. .inall the
proposed method will be proved that e""ective "or
backgro!nd s!btraction in static and dnamic text!re scenes
compared to prior methods.
R1.1R1NC17
%&' 4alan 4!mar +ati# /ankaj 4!mar 7a# and 0anshidhar :ajhi#
NIntensit Range 0ased 0ackgro!nd 7!btraction "or 1""ective Object
DetectionO# I111 7ignal /rocessing 2etters# Fol. -?# No. =# pp.<L>$
<M- ,!g!st -?&H.
%-' ,. Eilma*# O. Caved# and :. 7hah# NObject tracking; , s!rve#O
,C: Comp!t. 7!rv.# vol. H=# Dec. -??M.
%H' C. 7ta!""er and 3. 9rimson# N,daptive backgro!nd mixt!re models
"or real$time tracking#O in I111 Comp!t. 7oc. Con". CF/R# &>>>#
pp. -BM8-L-.
%B' I. +aritaogl!# D. +arwood# and 2. Davis# N3B; Real$time
s!rveillance o" people and their activities#O I111 Trans. /att. ,nal.
:ach. Intell.# vol. --# no. =# pp. =?>8=H?# ,!g. -???.
%L' C.3ren# ,. ,*arbaejani# T. Darrell# and ,. /entland# N/"inder;
Realtime tracking o" the h!man bod#O I111 Trans. /att. ,nal.
:ach. Intell.# vol. &># no. <# pp. <=?8<=L# C!l. &>><.
%M' F. Redd# C. 7anderson# and 0. 2ovell# NImproved "oregro!nd
detection via block$based classi"ier cascade with probabilistic
decision integration#O 0... Trans. &ircuits Syst. =ideo Tecnol.#
vol. -H# no. &# pp. =H8>H# Can. -?&H.
%<' C. Cac(!es# C. C!ng# and 7. :!sse# N0ackgro!nd s!btraction and
shadow detection in grascale video se(!ences#O in 1ighteenth
0ra*ilian 7mp. Comp!ter 9raphics and Image /rocessing# Oct.
-??L# pp. &=>8&> M.
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