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Challenges and Strategies in Technical and Vocational Education
and Training

Norul (usn I)r*i+
,-ulty o. /e-*ni-l nd $o-tionl 0du-tion% 1niversiti /un (ussien #nn 2lysi
0+il3 *)&2002&4sisw.ut*+.edu.+y

Abstract
/*is rti-le dis-usses so+e o. t*e -*llenges to )e .-ed nd ddressed )y te-*ni-l nd vo-tionl trining in
support o. t*e govern+ent5s e..orts to -*ieve developed ntion sttus )y 2020. 6ut*ors lso *ig*lig*t t*e steps
nd strtegies set )y t*e 2inistry o. 0du-tion to i+ple+ent trining -urri-ulu+ te-*ni-l nd vo-tionl )le
to produ-e s7illed wor7.or-e )sed on t*ree +in .-tors% n+ely ttitude% 8ulity nd 8untity.
Keywords: /$0/% -*llenge

1. Introduction
2lysi *s set t*e trget o. )e-o+ing developed -ountry )y t*e yer 2020. 6--ordingly t*e develop+ent o.
*u+n resour-es ddressed vigorously s only t*e )ilities% s7ills nd inititive only people o. -ountry -n )e
developed. /*ere.ore% w*t s*ould )e e+p*si9ed is .ully .o-used on t*e develop+ent o. *u+n resour-es
espe-illy in te-*ni-l nd vo-tionl edu-tion. /*is in turn puts up )ig on trining nd te-*ni-l nd vo-tionl
edu-tion in reli9ing t*t. /*is is in line wit* t*e views o. t*e ut*or o. t*e opinion t*t t*e s*ort-o+ings in t*e
syste+ o. trining or te-*ni-l nd vo-tionl edu-tion will led to l-7 o. s7illed +npower w*i-* in turn will
..e-t t*e -ountry5s e-ono+i- growt*.

/*e purpose o. te-*ni-l edu-tion is to provide students t*t tend to .ield level te-*ni-l upper se-ondry
edu-tion to en)le t*e+ to pursue *ig* in t*e te-*ni-l .ield. In ddition% t*is re lso llows students to o)tin
e+ploy+ent in t*e te-*ni-l% industril nd -o++er-il.

/*e purpose o. vo-tionl edu-tion is to produ-e students w*o tend to vo-tionl upper se-ondry edu-tion
level. /*e -ourses re *eld to en)le students to -8uire )si- vo-tionl 7nowledge nd s7ills to en)le t*e+ to
.ind e+ploy+ent s s7illed nd se+i-s7illed wor7ers in t*e industril% trde nd gri-ulture.

#n )roder )sis% vo-tionl edu-tion nd trining opportunities en*n-e li.elong lerning nd *elp +intin
t*e individuls: e-ono+i- -o+petitiveness. /*ere is lso so-il nd;or -ulturl develop+ent potentil in
edu-tionl progr+s nd nu+)er o. -ountries re tte+pting to )ln-e t*ese roles ginst t*e rtionl
e-ono+i- role.

2. Interest In Technical And Vocational Education Training (Tet!
Interest or pssion is n i+portnt .-tor in ensuring t*e su--ess o. so+eone w*i-* prti-ipted in te-*ni-l nd
vo-tionl .ields. /*is su)<e-t is very i+portnt )e-use edu-tion *s )e-o+e pressing need .or wor7.or-e
t*t truly s7illed. /*is in turn -n +eet t*e trgets 2lysi .or providing t*e wor7.or-e )y 2020.

". The attitude o# the society towards technical and ocational education.
So-iety is seen )y t*e ut*or s still *ve t*is view w*en t*ey -onsider vo-tionl students re only t*ose w*o
.il -de+i-lly. /*is p*eno+enon *s lso rised -on-erns 2sp* nd Siti Nor 69i9* (&=="! in t*eir pper
t*t3

>6 +<or pro)le+ is to ttr-t students o. vo-tionl edu-tion. Prents give +ore ttention to edu-tion in
-de+i- s-*ools. $o-tionl 0du-tion in s-*ools is regrded s> Se-ond Clss >. ?rdutes .ro+ vo-tionl
s-*ools re lso -onsidered in.erior even SP$2 re-ogni9ed -erti.i-te wit* SP2 . vo-tionl s-*ool is .or
students w*o re we7 or w*o *ve dropped out. $

Su-* per-eptions re not lwys --urte due to te-*ni-l nd vo-tionl edu-tion to provide )rig*t .uture to
our grdutes% w*et*er in e+ploy+ent or edu-tion level. /*e newspper reported t*t 2lysi *d trined
+ore t*n '2.&66 engineers pu)li- tertiry institutions in 2020 (/*e Str% ,e)rury &0% &=='!% w*eres )y 2000
only t*e industril se-tor re8uires totl o. "&%000 engineers (/*e Strits /i+es% @nury '&% &=='!.
/*e ter+s o. t*e opportunity .or -ontinuing edu-tion% e8ul re-ognition .or SP2$ wit* SP2 *s given t*e
s+e opportunities .or grdutes to pursue SP2$ -enters o. *ig*er lerning su-* s t*e Polyte-*ni-% I/2% 1/2
nd ot*ers (2sp* A Siti Nor 69i9*% &=="!. ?overn+ent initited progr+ Boo7 0st% t*roug* its gen-ies
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li7e 26C6 *s sent *is s7ills to pursue post-grdute institute <o) trining in @pn. 6ll t*ese e..orts re i+ed
t en-ourging t*e -o++unity to wor7 positively towrds ntionl vo-tionl nd te-*ni-l edu-tion.

%. Technical and ocational education to &roduce s'illed (an&ower.
In t*e re o. *u+n resour-e develop+ent% t*e ut*or tries to *ig*lig*t t*e i+portn-e o. t*e role o. te-*ni-l
nd vo-tionl edu-tion in produ-ing s7illed +npower to +eet +r7et de+nd. /*ey +ust )e )le to wor7
pro.essionlly nd to )e )le to --ept nd +ster new 7nowledge relted to 8ui-7. 6--ording Is*7 (ron
(&==2!% t*e +npower needed in t*e -o++unity would *ve t*e +npower industry e..i-ient nd pro.essionl%
open-+inded to re-eive nd review t*e in.or+tion nd 7nowledge nd )e )le to +7e d<ust+ents rig*t. In
order to develop n pproprite -urri-ulu+ wit* industry needs% t*e -lose -oopertion o. t*e privte se-tor is
needed. /*roug* t*is -oll)ortion% progr+s nd -ourses relted -ontent -onsistently +onitored nd d<usted to
+eet t*e de+nds o. t*e <o) +r7et is -*nging. /*is view ws s*red )y 2sp* nd Siti Nor 69i9* (&=="!
sys t*t te-*ni-l nd vo-tionl edu-tion s*ould *ve -lose reltions*ip nd -oll)ortion wit* t*e industry
to ensure t*e su--ess o. t*e trining progr+ nd -o+pile 7uri7ulu+y. Signi.i-nt industry support t*t t*e
s-*ool syste+ -n 7eep up wit* -*nging te-*nology nd to +eet t*e needs nd de+nds o. t*eir wor7ing
-onditions. /*ese progr+s re -ondu-ted in -oopertion )etween edu-tionl institutions nd t*e privte se-tor
te-*ni8ues -p)le o. i+proving t*e 8ulity o. te-*ni-l nd vo-tionl edu-tion.

). I(&roing the *uality o# s'ills training.
/*e ut*or rgues t*t t*e eDperien-e nd 7nowledge o. instru-tors in te-*ni-l nd vo-tionl trining
institutions% t*e .-tors ..e-ting t*e 8ulity o. grdutes produ-ed. 2sp* Siti Nor 69i9* (&=="! sys t*t
8uli.ied instru-tors re lso +<or pro)le+. /*ey re t7en dire-tly .ro+ t*e lo-l university nd -ollege
spe-il te-*ni-l or vo-tionl trining. 2ost triners no industril eDperien-e nd wor7. /*is p*eno+enon
s*ould )e -onsidered s only triners w*o *ve no -de+i- 8uli.i-tions nd wor7 eDperien-e industry will
+7e t*e i+ple+enttion o. t*e trining progr+ or vo-tionl nd te-*ni-l edu-tion +ore oriented t*eories.
/*is will produ-e grdutes o. vo-tionl institutions re poorly trined to +eet t*e de+nds re8uired )y
prospe-tive e+ployers lter. /*is is )sed on t*e .ollowing reports3

>... /*t eDisting trining institution in t*is -ountry 0spe-illy vo-tionl s-*ools% o..er so+e pr-ti-l very little
-ontent in t*eir -ourses t*t5s Stndrd nd Poor B-7 t*e new grdutes .re8uently so+e pr-ti-l s7ills re8uired
)y t*e industry% nd .ro+ .indings o. /C6C0C so+e studies% it ppers t*t5s on verge )out 40 E o. t*e
trinees re e+ployed in <o)s not relted to /*eir trining. > (/*e Str% ,e)rury &0% &=='!.

Conse8uently% t*e ut*ors re-o++ended t*t t*e syste+ o. re-ruit+ent o. instru-tors do +ore openly in ny
-de+i- 8uli.i-tions )ut did not )e-o+e +<or .-tor to t7e into --ount t*e industry eDperien-e nd
te-*ni-l s7ills possessed is wort*. /*is is )e-use t*e govern+ent% t*roug* t*e 2inistry o. 0du-tion *s lso
-reted +ore .leDi)ility in *iring st.. nd wor7ing -losely wit* t*e industry to get te-*ers s te+porry
e+ployees or lon (2sp* A Siti Nor 69i9*% &=="!. /winning progr+s wit* lo-l lerning -enters nd
)rod -n lso )e i+ple+ented .or t*e trining o. te-*ers o. polyte-*ni-s nd Se-ondry S-*ools /e-*ni-l ;
$o-tionl. /*is -n i+prove on t*e 8ulity o. te-*ni-l nd vo-tionl edu-tion t*roug* *ig* te-*ing 8ulity
nd +ore e..i-ient.

+. Increase the *uantity o# technical and ocational education.
6ut*ors see in-resing nu+)er o. te-*ni-l nd vo-tionl edu-tion institutions is ne-essry to +eet t*e needs
o. t*e lo-l wor7.or-e. Per-entge o. students w*o *ve t*e opportunity to study in t*is .ield is still very +u-*
less t*n t*e +ount o. opportunity t*t s*ould )e open. /*is is in line wit* stte+ent sying t*t only 7E o.
students to enter vo-tionl nd te-*ni-l s-*ools t*n in ot*er industrili9ed -ountries% w*ere over 40E o.
students in vo-tionl s-*ools or te-*nology% .or eD+ple in ?er+ny (S**ril 2r9u7i% &=='!. /*e totl
enroll+ent is due to t*e s+ll 8untity o. te-*ni-l nd vo-tionl institutions re+ins inde8ute -o+pred wit*
t*e entry ppli-tion. Fsed on t*e dt presented .or t*e yer &==2% it ppers t*ere re only 70 vo-tionl
s-*ools -n only --o++odte 46.=G0 students only (Dily News% De-e+)er &% &==2!. Polyte-*ni-s re totl
o. 7 w*en s*e put only =%404 students (S**ril 2r9u7i% &=='!.

6--ordingly t*e govern+ent wit* t*e ssistn-e o. privte widen t*e est)lis*+ent o. te-*ni-l nd vo-tionl
edu-tion under t*e provisions o. eit*er t*e govern+ent or privte .unding. /*is view ws lso rised )y Deputy
Pri+e 2inister stted t*t3

>/*e privte se-tor to invest in est)lis*ing +ore vo-tionl or polyte-*ni- s-*ools to +eet t*e needs o. s7illed
+npower% t*e govern+ent5s spirtion to +7e t*e -ountry developed in t*e yer 2020.> (Dily News% ,e)rury
Developing Country Studies www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-607X (Pper! ISSN 222"-0"6" (#nline!
$ol.4% No.&7% 20&4

6"
&7% &=='!./*ere.ore% t*e est)lis*+ent o. privte -olleges in n e..ort to produ-e s7illed +npower to +eet t*e
-ountry5s e-ono+i- growt* to li+it t*e +ount o. energy relesed )y t*e trined -enters o. lo-l pu)li- edu-tion.

,. Conclusion
In -on-lusion% t*e ut*ors ssert )out t*e -*llenges .-ed )y te-*ni-l nd vo-tionl edu-tion in response to
t*e govern+ent )y 2020. Co++unities urged to -*nge t*eir opinions o. te-*ni-l nd vo-tionl edu-tion.
(owever% -ontinued e..orts s*ould )e +de to -*nge t*e ttitudes nd vlues o. so-iety into +ore positive
dire-tion. /*ese in-lude instilling good ttitudes nd nor+s +ong t*ose t*t -n ..ord to )e *ig*ly s7illed
wor7.or-e. In ddition% t*e govern+ent nd privte se-tors re dvised to strengt*en -oopertion to ddress t*e
e+ploy+ent pro)le+ in t*e .ield o. te-*ni-l nd vo-tionl. ,inlly% t*e ut*ors .eel -on.ident t*t i. t*e t*ree
+in spe-ts o. t*e -*llenge o. ttitude% 8ulity nd 8untity -n )e resolved% t*en t*e su--ess in -*ieving t*e
vision 2020 is pro+ising.

-e#erences
H*y. 0. (&=='!. C)rn dl+ +en-pi wwsn 2020% Jurnal Pendidikan% '7% Ie+enterin Pendidi7n
2lysi% .ro+ *ttp3;;ede.tripod.-o+;$o7.*t+
Siti 2sp* (ssnJ Nor 69i9* 2o*d.Slle*% (&=="!. Ierts Ier< Fert<u73 Pendidi7n $o7sionl- ,or+l
Dn Non ,or+l Ie 6r* Kwsn 2020. Dl+ Se+inr Ie)ngsn Pendidi7n Negr 6)d Ie 2& di 1I2%
Fngi pd = Nove+)er &==".
Is*7 (ron (&==2!. >6lirn per7e+)ngn Pendidi7n dn Pe+)entu7n 2lysi Se)gi Negr Industri
6)d Ie 2&>. Dl+ Pidto 1+u+ 6+inuddin F7i Ili Ie 4 di 1P2% Serdng pd 4 @nuri &==2.
S**ril 2r9u7i% (&=='!. >Pernn Pendidi7n $o7sionl Dl+ Pe+)ngunn Su+)er 2nusi Fgi
2en-pi 2tl+t Kwsn 2020>. @urnl Pendidi7n @ilid '7 Ie+enterin Pendidi7n 2lysi 7elurn G
@un &=='.

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