Vitruvius (Marcus Vitruvius Polio) (46 30 B.C.

), Rome

STYLE:

DICTUM:
Architecture must meet 3 requirements : Strenght, Beauty, Utility.

INFORMATION:
He was a Roman writer, architect and engineer,

active in the 1st century BC.
Author of the oldest research on architecture The 10 Books of Architecture or De
Architectura Libri Decem.
Mainly known for his writings, Vitruvius was himself an architect. In Roman times architecture
was a broader subject than at present including the modern fields of architecture, construction
management, construction engineering, chemical engineering, civil engineering, materials
engineering, mechanical engineering, military engineering and urban planning

FAMOUS WORK:

















Leon Battista Alberti (1404 1472) Italy

STYLE: Humanist, Renaissance

DICTUM:

INFORMATION:
author of first architecture book after invention of printing De re Aedificatoria On Building:
Person in charge of constructions commanded by Pope
More emphasis on decoration of building Exteriors.
He was an Italian author, artist, architect, poet, priest, linguist, philosopher, and
cryptographer, and general Renaissance humanist polymath: though he is often
characterized as "architect" James Beck observes.

FAMOUS WORK:
S. Francesco
Faade of Palazzo Rucellai
Completion of the facade of Santa Maria Novella
San Sebastiano
Pienza
Sepolcro Rucellai
Tribune for Santissima Annunziata
Sant'Andrea, Mantua









Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola (1507 1573) Italy

STYLE: Mannerism,Renaissance

DICTUM:

INFORMATION:
He was one of the great Italian architects of 16th century Mannerism.

His two great masterpieces are the Villa Farnese at Caprarola and the Jesuits' Church of the
Ges in Rome.

The three architects who spread the Italian Renaissance style throughout Western Europe
are Vignola, Serlio and Palladio.

The earliest, Regola delli cinque ordini d'architettura "Canon of the five orders of
architecture" (first published in 1562, probably in Rome), presented Vignola's practical system
for constructing columns in the five classical orders (Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian and
Composite) utilizing proportions which Vignola derived from his own measurements of
classical Roman monuments.

The clarity and ease of use of Vignola's treatise caused it to become in succeeding centuries
the most published book in architectural history.

Vignola's second treatise, the posthumously-published Due regole della prospettiva pratica
"Two rules of practical perspective" (Bologna 1583), favours one-point perspective rather than
two point methods such as the bifocal construction.

Vignola presented without theoretical obscurities practical applications which could be
understood by a prospective patron.





FAMOUS WORK:




The five orders, engraving from Vignola's Regola delle cinque ordini d'architettura.














Andrea Palladio (1508-1580) Italy

STYLE: Renaissance

DICTUM:

INFORMATION:
He was an Italian Renaissance architect active in the Republic of Venice.

Palladio, influenced by Roman and Greek architecture, primarily by Vitruvius, is widely
considered the most influential individual in the history of Western architecture.

All of his buildings are located in northern Italy, but his teachings, summarized in the
architectural treatise I Quattro Libri dell'Architettura (The Four Books of Architecture),
gained him wide recognition.

The father of modern picture books of architecture

He was born as Andrea di Pietro della Gondola in Padua, then part of the Republic of
Venice.


FAMOUS WORK:
Palazzo Chiericati
Palazzo Thiene
Redentore Church,
San Giorgio Maggiore
Teatro Olimpico







Michael Angelo Buonarroti (1475-1564) Italy

STYLE: Renaissance

DICTUM:

INFORMATION:
Presented a Greek Cross Plan & strengthened the piers of the dome.
Redesigned the surroundings of St. Peter Basilica.
Commenced the construction of the Greek Dome.


FAMOUS WORK:
Laurentian Library
Piazza del Campidoglio
Sforza Chapel













Donato Bramante (1444-1514) Italy

STYLE: Early and High Renaissance style

DICTUM:

INFORMATION:
First Roman Architect of Renaissance time.

First Architect in St.Peters Basilica in greek cross plan.

Who introduced the Early Renaissance style to Milan and the High Renaissance style to
Rome, where his most famous design was St. Peter's Basilica.

Bramante was born in Monte Asdrualdo (now Fermignano), under name Donato di Pascuccio
d'Antonio, near Urbino.

FAMOUS WORK:
Santa Maria presso San Satiro, Milan, ca. 14821486
Santa Maria delle Grazie (cloister and apse); Milan, 14921498
Palazzo Caprini (also known as Raphael's House), Rome, started around 1510 (demolished
in the 17t century)
San Pietro in Montorio (also called the Tempietto); Rome, 1502
Santa Maria della Pace (cloister); Rome, 1504
St. Peter's Basilica, Rome, design 1503, ground breaking, 1506
Cortile del Belvedere, Vatican City, Rome, 1506.






Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446) Florence, Italy

STYLE: Renaissance

DICTUM:

INFORMATION:
He was one of the foremost architects and engineers of the Italian Renaissance.

He is perhaps most famous for inventing linear perspective and designing the dome of the
Florence Cathedral, but his accomplishments also included bronze artwork, architecture
(churches and chapels, fortifications, a hospital, etc), mathematics, engineering (hydraulic
machinery, clockwork mechanisms, theatrical machinery, etc) and even ship design. His
principal surviving works are to be found in Florence, Italy.

FAMOUS WORK:
Church of San Spirito
Ospedale Degli Innocenti
Pazzi Chapel
S. Maria degli Angeli,
San Lorenzo, Florence











Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) Italy

STYLE:

DICTUM:

INFORMATION:
commonly known as Galileo, was an Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer and
philosopher who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution.

Galileo has been called the "father of modern observational astronomy".

The "father of modern physics".

The "father of science"

The father of Modern Science

Stephen Hawking says, "Galileo, perhaps more than any other single person, was
responsible for the birth of modern science."

Galileo defended heliocentrism, and claimed it was not contrary to those Scripture
passages.

FAMOUS WORK:














Eugne Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc (1814 1879), France

STYLE: Gothic Revival architect and Personal Style

DICTUM:
"restorations" of medieval buildings.

INFORMATION:
He was a French architect and theorist.

The first theorist who set out to create a totally new system of architectural forms independent
of antiquity.

Viollet-le-Duc's "restorations" frequently combined historical fact with creative modification.

Viollet-le-Duc's restorations at Notre Dame de Paris gave him national attention.

His other main works include Mont St-Michel, Carcassonne, Roquetaillade castle and
Pierrefonds.



An imported idiom: Viollet-le-Duc's slate-covered
conical towers at Carcasonne

Le Corbusier (Charles Edouard Jeanneret) (1887 1916),
Switzerland

STYLE: Art Nouveau, Monumentalism, Neo-Plasticism

DICTUM:
The house is a Machine to live in.
Architecture is masterly, correct & magnificent play of masses brought together into light.
Modular System also known as Divine Proportion.
it is a grid base on the stature of man, 89 in length & 112 cu.in. of space are standard of a 6
foot man. Also Cubism.
Architecture must create building which are conceived as total artistic expression.

FAMOUS WORK:
Le Pavillion de LEsprit Nouveau (1925) his first famous structure w/c was an exhibition
bldg. He called this a Cube w/ in a Cube, a charming arrangement of solids & voids ).
Villa Savoye, Poissy
Swiss Pavillion, Cite Universities, Paris ( First major bldg. )
U.N. Secretariat
Unite de Habitation, Marseilles ( most impt. reinforced concrete bldg. of the last 2 decades.
Notre dam Du Haut , Ronchamp Chapel ( example of Brutalism )
Dominican Monastery of La Tourette
Visual Arts Center, Harvard University ( his first U.S. Bldg. )












Joseph Paxton (1803- 1865) England

STYLE: Modern

DICTUM:

INFORMATION:
He was an English gardener and architect, best known for designing The Crystal Palace.

FAMOUS WORK:
Crystal Palace









Daniel Burnham (1846- 1912) New York, USA

STYLE: Classical

DICTUM:

INFORMATION:
He was an American architect and urban planner.

He was the Director of Works for the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago.

He also designed several famous buildings, including the Flatiron Building in New York City
and Union Station in Washington D.C.

Initiated in 1906 and published in 1909, Burnham and his co-author Edward H. Bennett
prepared "The Plan of Chicago", which laid out plans for the future of the city.

Burnham contributed to plans for cities such as Cleveland (the Group Plan), San
Francisco, and Manila and Baguio, Philippines, details of which appear in "The Chicago
Plan" publication of 1909.

FAMOUS WORK:
Flatiron Building
Reliance Building
Burnham Park
Manila
Baguio City
Negros Occidental Provincial Capitol Building Bacolod City







Louis Sullivan (1856 1924), U.S.A.

STYLE: International or Modern

DICTUM:
Form Follows Function.
It is the very essence of every problem that it contains and suggest its own solution, thus
form follow function.

INFORMATION:
Known as the Father of Modern Architecture, in U.S.A
He was the 1st to give logic & form to the steel skyscraper, the structure that announced the
beginning of modern architecture.

FAMOUS WORK:
Carson Pirie and Scott Store (his major bldg) .
Wainwright Bldg., St. Louis
Guaranty Bldg., Buffalo, N.Y.
Auditoruim Bldg., Chicago










Otto Wagner (1841 1918), Vienna Austria

STYLE: historicist style to Architectural Realism.

DICTUM:
Nothing that is not practical can be beautiful.
The essential basis of all natural forms is geometries.
Our starting point for artistic creation is to be found only in Modern Life.

INFORMATION:
Futuristic Architectural Projects.
By the mid-1890s, he had already designed several Jugendstil buildings. Wagner was very
interested in urban planning in 1890 he designed a new city plan for Vienna, but only his
urban rail network, the Stadtbahn, was built. In 1896 he published a textbook entitled Modern
Architecture in which he expressed his ideas about the role of the architect; it was based on
the text of his 1894 inaugural lecture to the Academy.

FAMOUS WORK:
Post Office Savings Bank Vienna
Church of the Steinhof Asylum



Karlsplatz Stadtbahn Station Postal Office Savings Bank Building


Adolf Loos (1870 1933), Austria

STYLE: Monumentalism

DICTUM:
Ornament Equals Crime he was against the idea of fanciful designs.

INFORMATION:
Who invented a system of well-high universal application based on hyperboloids in building
also his famous axiom Ornament is a Crime.
He was an anti- ornamentalist, a believer of Engineering & Plumbing.
He was an adherent of Monumentalism, thus, when he joined a competition for the design of
the Chicago Tribune Tower, he designed it in the form of a Huge Doric Column.

FAMOUS WORK:
Steiner House, Vienna characterized by unrelieved cubic shapes, total absence of
ornament & a love of fine materials, it express separateness bet. man & nature.
Moller House 3. Ruffer House













Frank Lloyd Wright (1869 1959), U.S.A.

STYLE: Organic Architecture

DICTUM:
Nature is the determinant in the conceptualization of human environment.
The bldg. must not only be on the ground but off the ground.
Space in Motion.


INFORMATION:
He was an American architect, interior designer, writer and educator, who designed more
than 1,000 projects, which resulted in more than 500 completed works.

Wright promoted organic architecture (exemplified by Fallingwater), was a leader of the
Prairie School movement of architecture (exemplified by the Robie House, the Westcott
House, and the Darwin D. Martin House), and developed the concept of the Usonian home
(exemplified by the Rosenbaum House)

Wright was recognized in 1991 by the American Institute of Architects as "the greatest
American architect of all time"










FAMOUS WORK:
Imperial Hotel, Tokyo, Japan
Johnson Wax Company Bldg. , Racine, Wisconsin, U.S.
Kaufman House or Falling Water, Bear Run, Pennsylvania
Larkin Admistration Bldg. Buffalo, N.Y.
Robie House or Prairie House , Chicago, Illinois
Solomon Guggenheim Museum, N.Y.
Unity Temple, Oak Park, Illinois
Ward Willits House, Highland Park, Illinois
Price Tower , Oklahoma ( First known skycrapper



Falling water or Kaufmann Residence







Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (1886 1969), Germany

STYLE: Monumentalism

DICTUM:
Reason is the first principles of all human work.
Less is more & God is in the details.
Pure form
he believed that truth is beauty,
expressed by the clarity of straight lines reflecting surfaces.

INFORMATION:
He rejects Form follows function.
More on skyscraper designs.

FAMOUS WORK:
German Pavillion for 1925 Barcelona Exposition (considered to be the masterpiece of
modern arch.)
Tugendhat House Brno, Czechoslovakia
llinois Institute of Technology he has designed 18 bldgs.in this school
Cullinan Hall addition to the Houston Museum of Fine Arts
Chicago Convention Hall
Farnsworth House, Illinois 7. Seagram Bldg (w/Philip Johnson) Most famous skyscraper & the
finest steel bldg.of the mid20th cent.









Walter Gropius (1883 1969), Germany

STYLE: Expressionism, Modern or International, Functionalist

DICTUM:
Art & Architecture, the New Unity.
Beauty is based on the perfect mastery of all scientific, technological and formal pre-
requisites of the task.

INFORMATION:
He founded the Bauhaus.
He assembled The Architect Collaborate (TAC) w/c was made-up of young architects, to put
into effect his cherished concept of group practiced.

FAMOUS WORK:
Fagus Werk ( w/ Adolph Meyer ) Shoe factory
Deutscher Werkbund, Exhibition factory
Bauhaus Bldg. At Dessau, Germany (1925 1926)
New Civic Center, Boston (w/ Pietro Belluschi
U S Embassy, Athens
Pan American Bldg. New York (59 storey bldg.)
Harvard Graduate Center
Baghdad University
Harvard Graduate Center











Robert Charles Venturi, Jr. (born June 25, 1925) Philadelphia U.S.A.

STYLE: Postmodern

DICTUM:
Less is a bore
Form accomodates function

INFORMATION:
Venturi was awarded the Pritzker Prize in Architecture in 1991.

Founding principal of the firm Venturi, Scott Brown and Associates, and one of the major
figures in the architecture of the twentieth century.

FAMOUS WORK:
Freedom Plaza in Washington, D.C.
Chapel at the Episcopal Academy, Newtown Square, PA. (2010)
















Buckminster Fuller (1895-1983), USA

STYLE: Modern or International

DICTUM:

INFORMATION:
Invented the Geodesic Dome based in principle ; space frame in many different materials
like timber plywood, aluminum, paper board , prestressed concrete and even bamboo.
He was an American engineer, systems theorist, author, designer, inventor, and futurist.

FAMOUS WORK:
Geodesic Dome ,US Pavillion , Montreal Exposition 1967
Union Tank Car Repair Shop , Louisiana






Deodesic Dome

Aalto Alvar ( Hugo Alvar Henrik ) 1898 1976, Finland

STYLE: Nordic Classicism to International Style

DICTUM:
Functionalism is correct only if enlarged to cover even the psychophysical. That is the only
way to humanize architecture.

Architecture must create bldgs. w/c are conceived as a total artistic expression. His bldgs. has
always a touch of emotion beyond sentimentality & human beyond whimsy.

INFORMATION:
His work includes architecture, furniture, textiles and glassware. Aalto's early career runs in
parallel with the rapid economic growth and industrialization of Finland during the first half of
the twentieth century and many of his clients were industrialists

FAMOUS WORK:
Paimio Sanatorium, Finland
Town Hall of Saynatsalo
Pension Bank
Convalescent Home @ Paimio
Hall of Residence, Massachussets Institute of Technology
Finlandia Concert Hall, Helsinki
Library at Vipuri
Riola Parish Church



Riola Parish Church



Peter Behrens (1868 1940), Germany

STYLE: Monumentalist

DICTUM:
When a time comes for a change, the outsider is needed because it has preserved the
freshness of vision required to see what changes are necessary, whereas the specialist may
prove to be too inflexible.

INFORMATION:
He influenced the works of Groplus & Mies van der Rohe.

FAMOUS WORK:
AEG Turbine Factory ( Industrial Bldg.)



















Marcel Breuer (1902), Hungary

STYLE: Modern or International

DICTUM:
A Bldg. has straight geometrical lines. Even when these lines are free, it must always be
evident that they have been studied & that they did not spring up simultaneously.

Nature & Architecture are two different things. Architecture is a social art.

INFORMATION:
the Father of furniture Architecture.

FAMOUS WORK:
Tubular steel cantilever chair, Bauhaus Bldg.
New Parish Headquarters Bldg. for UNESCO
Harneshmasher House
Whitney Museum of American Art, New York 1966 (most notable bldg. designed in 1966)











Felix Candela (1910-1997), Mexico

STYLE: Neo-Plasticism

DICTUM:

INFORMATION:
Famous for thin shell structures.
He is one of the most concrete Engineer of the age

FAMOUS WORK:
Church of our Lady of Miracles
Radiation Institute, Mexico
Chapel of the Missionaries of the Holy Spirit, Coyoacan Mexico
Los Manatiales Restaurant, Mexico









Wells Wintemute Coates (1895 1958), England

STYLE: Modern or International

DICTUM:
Simplicity & functionality is the essence of design

INFORMATION:
He was an architect, designer and writer. He was, for most of his life, an ex-patriate Canadian
architect who is best known for his work in England. His most notable work is the Isokon
building in Hampstead, London.

FAMOUS WORK:
Lawn Road Flats, Hampstead, London
Master Plan for Iroquios , Canada












Buckminster Fuller (1895-1983), USA

STYLE: Modern or International

DICTUM:

INFORMATION:
Invented the Geodesic Dome based in principle ; space frame in many different materials
like timber plywood, aluminum, paper board , prestressed concrete and even bamboo.
He was an American engineer, systems theorist, author, designer, inventor, and futurist.

FAMOUS WORK:
Geodesic Dome ,US Pavillion , Montreal Exposition 1967
Union Tank Car Repair Shop , Louisiana






Deodesic Dome



Antonio Gaudi (1852 1926 ), Spain

STYLE: Modern or International

DICTUM:
Form does not necessary to follow function
Function has today an increasing variety of forms to choose from.
When you limit architecture to aesthetic experiment, youre making technology an end instead
of means.

INFORMATION:
He is the Father of Fantastic Architecture.
He loves to use hyperboloids & paraboloids because he asserted that the straight line
belongs to man & the curved line belongs to God.

FAMOUS WORK:
Sagrada Famillia
Casa Batallo
Casa Mila
Casa Vicens

Sagrada Familia


Cass Gilbert (1859 1954), U.S.A

STYLE: Beaux Arts

DICTUM:

INFORMATION:
He followed Beaux Arts mode w/c refers to historical & ecletic design on a monumental
decade.

FAMOUS WORK:
Woolsworth Bldg.,N.Y.( Highest Bldg. Until 1930) It has a Gothic detail w/c belongs to
Historicism.












Victor Horta (1861 1947), BELGIAN

STYLE: Modernist, Art Nouveau

DICTUM:

INFORMATION:
His career reflects the movement of art nouveau

FAMOUS WORK:
Maison Du Peuple ( House of the people ) Brussels , Belgium ( 1897 )
Tassel House , Rue de Turin , Brussels ( 1893)



Art Noveau Examples

Tassel House at Rue De turin ,Belgium Sezession House,Austria










Philip Cortelyou Johnson (1906), U.S.A

STYLE: International or Modern

DICTUM:
You cannot know history

INFORMATION:
He invented the term international Style.
He was responsible for the 1932 exhibition of modern architecture.
His works were influenced by Mies Van Der Rohe

FAMOUS WORK:
Glass House, New Canaan, Connecticut
Seagram Bldg. , New York ( w/ Mies van der Rohe)
William Proctors Museum , N.Y.
Theater of the Dance Lincoln Center
Art of Gallery of the University of Nebraska
Amon Carter Museum, Forth Worth , Texas
AT& T Bldg. N.Y. (First Major Monument )w/ these he became the father figure of Post
modernism.







Louis Khan (1901 1974), U.S.A

STYLE: monumental and monolithic, International

DICTUM:
A house is a house
Cube within a cube
The effect of exterior is the result of interior
What the bldg. wanted to be.
Man lives to express.
The artist is only a vehicle for what always been.
Mans first sense must have been beauty, a sense of total harmony

FAMOUS WORK:
Yale Art Gallery
Alfred Newton Richards Medical Center
University of Pennysylvania ( original version of Brutalism Architecture)
Unitarian Church, Ronchester , N.Y.
Salk Institute Laboratories, California
Indian Institute of Management, Ahme, Dabad
Kimbell Art Museum, Texas
Paul Mellon Center for British studies at Yale






Kisho Korukawa (1960-2007) Japan

STYLE: founder of Metabolist Movement

DICTUM:
Architecture should have the element of growth and change.
Architecture should not be a world to be thought of as an end to itself .It should be considered
as a theater stage setting where the leading actors were the people opened to the technique
of designing.

FAMOUS WORK:
Capsule House at the Celestial Theme Pavillion , Expo 70 Osaka , Japan
Nagakin Capsule Tower , Bldg. , Tokyo , Japan
Takara Group , Pavillion , Expo 70
Sony Tower , Osaka , Japan
Ishikawa , Cultural Center
Peace Memorial Gamagori , Japan
Toshiba , Pavillion , Expo 70


The Nakagin Capsule Tower

Benjamin H. Latrobe (1764 1820), U.S.A

STYLE: Neo Classical

DICTUM:
A bldg. is the combination of different geometric figures.
Architecture form proceed from the character of the institution it was intended to house
rather from books of design.
Forms & space were conceived as being situated in a landscape & most instances in a
specific landscape.

FAMOUS WORK:
Capitol Richmond, Virginia ( He design the exterior of this bldg,as commissioned by
Jefferson)
Bank of Pennysylvania ( one of the first ex. Of the Greek Revival in the U.S.)
Sedgeley House ( earliest of the Gothic Revival in the U.S )
Baltimore Cathedral ( His most notable bldg. )
Baltimore Exchange
Louisiana State Bank, New Orleans














Charles Rennie Mackintosh (1868 1929), Scotland

STYLE: British Art Nouveau

DICTUM:
He believed in absence of external decoration & subtiety of proportion in structures.

INFORMATION:
He was the principal exponent of British Art Nouveau.

FAMOUS WORK:
Glasgow School of Art ( he won the competition for the design of this structure in
Scotland (1898 1907 )























Robert Maillart (1872 1940), Switzerland

DICTUM:
A bridge is like a house. Each bridge & each house is a special case; each must be
constructed & shaped accdg. to the environment w/ w/c it must cope & the function
it is to have.

INFORMATION:
He developed the Concrete Mushroom Construction ( the technique involves a post & a
mushroom top spreading from it that are one inseparable concrete unit).

FAMOUS WORK:
Tavenasa Bridge
Salzinatobell Bridge
Warehouse at Zurich


















Erich Mendelsohn (1887 1953), Jewish Germany

STYLE: Expressionist, Functionalism

DICTUM:
Architecture is the only tangible expression of space, of w/c the human mind is capable.
Architecture seizes upon space, encompasses space & is space itself.
Architecture depends on the sensous seizure by means of touch & sight.
Fluid Mass Theory means plasticity of concrete.


INFORMATION:

FAMOUS WORK:
Einstein Tower, Potsdom German
Metal Workers Union
Columbushaus
De la Warr Pavillion, Rexhill
No. 64 Old Church St. Chelsea










Pier Luigi Nervi ( 1891 1979 ) , Italy

STYLE: Roman and Renaissance Architecture

DICTUM:
Structural correctness, w/c is identical w/ functional, technical & economic is a necessary &
sufficient condition of satisfactory aesthetic result.

INFORMATION:
Architect who intoduce the Ferro-cement (closely spaced wire mesh made watertight by
plastering of concrete) construction.

FAMOUS WORK:
Palazzetto dello Sport, Rome designed for the 1960 Olympics
UNESCO Secretariat, Paris ( w/ Breuer & Zherfuss )
Municipal Stadium , Florence
Italian Embassy , Brasilia
Australian Embassy , Paris
International Labor Organization Office ,Geneva














Oscar Niemeyer (1907 still alive), Brazil

STYLE: International Modern Architecture

DICTUM:
Rio de Janeiro Architecture is not merely a matter of engineering but an expression of the
spirit of the imagination of the poetry
To avoid repetition of already known forms and solutions an archl. work must contain
basically a minimum of creative ability and must convey a personal contribution of the
architecture.

INFORMATION:

FAMOUS WORK:
Brazilian Pavillion , 1939 ,N.Y. World Fair with Lucio Costa
Modern Art Museum , Caracas
The Miniatry of Education , Rio de Janeiro w/ Le Corbusier
St. francis Church , Pampulha
National Congress Bldg. Of Brazilia
Presidents Palace











Leoh Ming Pei-I.M. Pei (born April 26, 1917), Chinese American architect

STYLE: Modern or international

DICTUM:

INFORMATION:
Notable for Urban Renewal.

FAMOUS WORK:
John Hancock , Tower
Park Hotel , Shanghai
Gulf Oil Bldg. , Atlanta
Mile High Center , Denver , Colorado
National Gallery , Washington D.C.
Collins Place Devt. , Melbourne Australia
Hongkong and Shanghai Bank , Hongkong

















Auguste Perret (1874 1954), France

STYLE: Monumentalist

DICTUM:
Any project is bad if it is more diff complicated to construct than necessary.
truth is indespensible to Architecture & architectural lie concepts.

INFORMATION:

FAMOUS WORK:
Church of the Notre Dame, Le Rainey
Hotel de Ville, Le Havre
French Atomic Research Center, Sarclay
House in the Rule, Franklin, Paris

















Henry H. Richardson (1838 1886), U.S.A.


STYLE: Richardsonian Romanesque

DICTUM:
He believes in monumentability because this gave 3 things; Continuity, permanence &
power of a bldg. to embody a heroic attitude.

INFORMATION:
He was the first exponent of the 2nd Eclectic period in the U.S.A.

FAMOUS WORK:
Marshall Wholesale Store, Chicago























Paul Rudolph (1918-1997), U.S.A.

STYLE: Brutalist

DICTUM:

INFORMATION:
Former Dean of Architecture in Yale University

FAMOUS WORK:
Cocoon House , Siesta Key , Florida
Wellesly College Art Center
The Greely Forest Laboratory , Yale University
College of Arcjitecture Bldg. Yale University
Endo Laboratories , garden City , New York
Lippo Bldg. Hongkong

Wisma Dharmala Sakti Lippo Centre Orange County Government Center



Eero Saarinen (1910 1961), Finland

STYLE: Rationalist design Miesian Style

DICTUM:
Function influence but does not dictate form.
Spiritual function is inseparable from practical function.

INFORMATION:
He is the son of Eliel Saarinen
He invented the Reflective Glass.

FAMOUS WORK:
TWA The World Airlines, Terminal @ the Kennedy Terminal, N.Y. most expressive
structure since Mendelsons Einstein Tower.
St. Louis Jefferson National Expansion Memorial he won in the competition for the design of
this bldg., w/c was stainless steel arch in the form of a reverse catonary curve.
U.S. Embassies, London & Oslo
Chapel & Kresge Auditoruim, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Dulles International Airport
General Motors Technical Center a 100 million dollar complex.
TJ Watson Research Center, Yorktown, N.Y.
Chapel of Concordia Senior College









Eliel Saarinen ( 1873 1950 ), Finland

STYLE: Classical

DICTUM:
Beauty grows fr. necessity not from repitition of formulas

INFORMATION:
He built many railway stations in Europe.


FAMOUS WORK:
Chicago Tribune Tower he placed 2nd from the competition of this design w/c
resulted in his immigration to the U.S.
National Museum, Finland
Cranbrook School, Michigan
Christ Church, Minneapolis
Helsinki Railroad Station, Finland









Skidmore, Owings, Merill ( 1950 ), U.S.A

STYLE: International or Modern

DICTUM:

INFORMATION:
Skidmore, Owings and Merrill LLP (SOM) is an American architectural and engineering firm
that was formed in Chicago in 1936 by Louis Skidmore and Nathaniel Owings; in 1939 they
were joined by John O. Merrill.
They opened their first branch in New York City, New York in 1937.
SOM is one of the largest architectural firms in the world.

FAMOUS WORK:
Lever House, N.Y. ( w/ Gordon Bunshaft as designer)this is a pace-setter for office bldg.of
the 1950s. First bldg. to provide a pedestrian plaza since Rockefeller Center & it has no grnd.
flr.
Connecticut General Life Insurance Bldg. ( w/ Bunshaft & William Brown as Designers )
chosen as one of the 10 bldgs. in Americans Future at the AIAs 100th Anniversary.
Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs
SEARs Tower
John Hancock Western Home Office Bldg., San Francisco
Banque Pambert, Brussels
Yale Rare Book Library ( w/ G. Bunshaft as designer )
Burj Khalifa or Burj Dubai, Worlds Tallest Skycraper as of 2011. Height- 828m, 162
floors Completed 2010

















William Van Alen (1883 1954), U.S.A.
STYLE: Neo-Art Deco/Streamline Moderne
DICTUM:
INFORMATION:
He was an American architect, best known as the architect in charge of designing New York
City's Chrysler Building (1929-30).
Founded in 1894 as the Society of Beaux-Arts Architects, the Institute was renamed in 1996
in honor of Van Alen, its largest benefactor; at this time the organization was reorganized to
focus on the public realm.

FAMOUS WORK:
New York City's Chrysler Building (1929-30).


Chrysler Bldg.

Kenzo Tange (1913), Japan
STYLE: Metabolist

DICTUM:
Modern Architecture need not be Western.
City must be subject to growth, decay & renewal.

INFORMATION:
He won International Competition for replanning Skopje in Yugoslavia,
also master planner of the International exhibition of 1970 at Osaka.

FAMOUS WORK:
Hiroshima Peace Center
Tokyo City Hall
Kagawa Prefecture Office
National Gymnasium for 1964 Olympic Games, Tokyo Japan
St. Marys Cathedral, Tokyo Japan
Tokyo Plan 1960 he extended the City over the bay.











Wallace Kirkman Harrison (18951981) U.S.A.

STYLE: International or Modern

DICTUM:

INFORMATION:
He introduced Thermal Glass at UN Secretariat Bldg.
Famous for his Tylon & Perisphere for The 1939 New Yorks Trade fair.

FAMOUS WORK:
The Metropolitan Opera House at Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts.
UN headquarters in New York City


Metropolitan Opera House UN headquarters








Sir Christopher Wren (1632 1723), England

STYLE:

DICTUM:
He favored competition by addition rather than by subdivision.

INFORMATION:
After the Great Fire in London, he designed its 51 City Churches. Including his masterpiece,
St. Paul's Cathedral, on Ludgate Hill, completed in 1710.
Educated in Latin and Aristotelian physics at the University of Oxford, Wren was a notable
astronomer, geometer, and mathematician-physicist, as well as an architect. He was a
founder of the Royal Society (president 168082), and his scientific work was highly regarded
by Sir Isaac Newton and Blaise Pascal.

FAMOUS WORK:
St. Paul Cathedral, London
Greenwich Hospital
Whitehall Palace
Winchester Palace
Hampton Court


St. Paul Cathedral, London

Minoru Yamasaki (1912-1986), U.S.A

STYLE: Modern and Postmodern Architecture

DICTUM:
Humanism
His concept of architecture is one of serenity & delight

INFORMATION:
A second-generation Japanese American.

FAMOUS WORK:
American Concrete Institute Bldg., U.S.
Bank of Oklahoma Office Bldg., Williams Center, Oklahoma
Century Plaza Towers & Garage, Century City, L.A., California
World Trade Center



World Trade Center

Renzo Piano-1937 Italy

STYLE: Modern or International

DICTUM:

INFORMATION:
Knight Grand Cross (born 14 September 1937) is a world renowned Italian architect and
recipient of the Pritzker Architecture Prize, AIA Gold Medal, Kyoto Prize and the Sonning
Prize. One admirer said the "serenity of his best buildings can almost make you believe that
we live in a civilized world.

FAMOUS WORK:
Centre Pompidou
Schlumberger Renovation
Menil Collection
IRCAM Extension
Rue de Meaux Housing
Kansai Airport Terminal
Nasher Sculpture Center



















Tadao Ando-1941 Japan

STYLE: Critical Regionalism

DICTUM:

INFORMATION:
He is a Japanese architect whose approach to architecture was once categorized by
Francesco Dal Co as critical regionalism.

Ando has led a storied life, working as a truck driver and boxer prior to settling on the
profession of architecture, despite never having taken formal training in the field.

He visited buildings designed by renowned architects like Le Corbusier, Ludwig Mies Van der
Rohe, Frank Lloyd Wright and Louis Kahn before returning to Osaka in 1968 and established
his own design studio, Tadao Ando Architect and Associates.

In 1995, Ando won the Pritzker Architecture Prize, considered the highest distinction in the
field of architecture.

He donated the $100,000 prize money to the orphans of the 1995 Kob
earthquake


FAMOUS WORK:
Azuma House
Festival
Naoshima Contemporary Art Museum
Pulitzer Foundation for the Arts
Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth










Robert Charles Venturi, Jr. (born June 25, 1925) Philadelphia U.S.A.

STYLE: Postmodern

DICTUM:
Less is a bore
Form accomodates function

INFORMATION:
Venturi was awarded the Pritzker Prize in Architecture in 1991.

Founding principal of the firm Venturi, Scott Brown and Associates, and one of the major
figures in the architecture of the twentieth century.

FAMOUS WORK:
Freedom Plaza in Washington, D.C.
Chapel at the Episcopal Academy, Newtown Square, PA. (2010)



















Jrn Oberg Utzon (1918 2008)

was a Danish architect

STYLE: Modern

DICTUM:

INFORMATION:
Won the competition for the design of a performing arts complex in Sydney, Australia in 1957.

FAMOUS WORK:
Sydney Opera House, Sydney, Australia, 19561973













Richard Kissling (April 15, 1848 - July 19, 1919) Switzerland

STYLE:

DICTUM:

INFORMATION:
He was a Swiss sculptor.
Kissling became one of the most widely employed Swiss sculptors for monuments and
memorials, although his heroic classical style was increasingly regarded as outdated towards
the end of his career.

FAMOUS WORK:
the 1892 William Tell Monument in Altdorf, the result of a national competition and probably
Kissling's best-known work

statue of Joachim Vadian in St. Gallen, 1904

Rizal Monument in Rizal Park, Manila, 1912. Erected on the park where the Philippine
national hero was executed


Rizal Monument in Rizal Park, Manila



Isidore of Miletus

INFORMATION:
He was one of the two main Byzantine architects (Anthemius of Tralles was the other) that
Emperor Justinian I commissioned to design the church of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople
from 532-537A.D.

Isidore of Miletus was a renowned scientist and mathematician before Emperor Justinian I
hired him, Isidorus taught stereometry and physics at the universities, first of Alexandria then
of Constantinople, and wrote a commentary on an older treatise on vaulting


Emperor Justinian I appointed his architects to rebuild the Hagia Sophia following his victory
over protesters within the capital city of his Roman Empire, Constantinople. The first basilica
was completed in 360A.D. and remodeled from 404A.D. to 415A.D., but had been damaged
in 532A.D. in the course of the Nika Riot
Anthemius of Tralles (c.474 before 558), Greek
INFORMATION:
a Greek professor of Geometry in Constantinople (present-day Istanbul in Turkey) and
architect, who collaborated with Isidore of Miletus to build the church of Hagia Sophia by the
order of Justinian I


CONCLUTION:
The Hagia Sophia architects innovatively combined the longitudinal structure of a Roman
basilica and the central plan of a drum-supported dome, in order to withstand the high
magnitude earthquakes of the Marmara Region, However, in May 558, little more than 20
years after the Churchs dedication, following the earthquakes of August 553 and December
557, parts of the central dome and its supporting structure system collapsed.
[7]
The Hagia
Sophia was repeatedly cracked by earthquakes and was quickly repaired. Isidore of Miletus
nephew, Isidore the Younger, introduced the new dome design that can be viewed in the
Hagia Sophia in present day Istanbul, Turkey.
After a great earthquake in 989 ruined the dome of Hagia Sophia, the Byzantine officials
summoned Trdat to Byzantium to organize repairs. The restored dome was completed by
994.



Ustad Ahmad Lahauri
STYLE:
Mughal architecture, a style that combines elements from Persian, Islamic and Indian
architectural styles.

DICTUM:

INFORMATION:
He was an architect and the most likely candidate as the chief architect of the Taj Mahal.

He has been described as an architect in the court of Shah Jahan from Lahore

Shah Jahan's court histories emphasise his personal involvement in the construction and it is
true that, more than any other Mughal emperor, he showed the greatest interest in building,
holding daily meetings with his architects and supervisors.

In 1631, Shah Jahan, emperor during the Mughal empire's period of greatest prosperity, was
grief-stricken when his third wife, Mumtaz Mahal, died during the birth of their 14th child,
Gauhara Begum.

The construction of the Taj Mahal was entrusted to a board of architects under imperial
supervision, including Abd ul-Karim Ma'mur Khan, Makramat Khan, and Ustad Ahmad
Lahauri.

Lahauri

is generally considered to be the principal designer.



FAMOUS WORK:
Taj Mahal












Fazlur Rahman Khan

Fazlur Rahman Khan - "is regarded as the Father of tubular design for high-rises.Khan, "more than
any other individual, ushered in a renaissance in skyscraper construction during the second half of the
twentieth century.

He has been called the Einstein of structural engineering and the Greatest Structural Engineer of the
20th Century for his innovative use of structural systems that remain fundamental to modern
skyscraper construction.His most famous buildings are the John Hancock Center and the Willis Tower
(formerly Sears Tower), which was the world's tallest building for several decades."






















Geoffrey manning Bawa - 1919-2003

1919 : born in Colombo
2nd son of Benjamin and Bertha Bawa


1930-37 : studied at Royal College, Colombo

1938-41 : studied English at Cambridge

1942-44 : studied Law in London

1946 : worked briefly as a lawyer with Noel Gratien

1946-48 : traveled across USA and Europe

1948 estate : returned to Ceylon and bought an abandoned rubber at Lunuganga

1951 : worked as an assistant architect with HH Reid at
Edwards Reid and Begg in Prince Street, Colombo

1950-53 : worked sporadically as a lawyer in Colombo

1954-57 : studied at the Architectural Association in London

1957 : joined Edwards Reid and Begg as a junior partner

1958-65 : worked in close association with Ulrik Plesner

1959 : Ena de Silva House, Colombo

1962 : moved office to Alfred House Road

1967-89 : partner with Dr. K. Poologasundram in Edwards Reid Begg

1969 : Bentota Beach Hotel

1971 : Staff Club for Madurai Coates, Madurai

1972 : Batujimbar Estate, Bali

1977 : Mahaweli Building, Colombo

1979 : new Sri Lanka Parliament, Kotte

1983 : Ruhunu University Campus, Matara

1986 : exhibition at the Royal Institute of Architects, London
publication of Geoffrey Bawa, Brian Brace Taylor
Concept Media, Singapore

1990 : opened a new office in 33rd Lane

1990-97 : partner in Geoffrey Bawa Associates
(after 1995 with Channa Daswatte)

1991 : publication of Lunuganga, Geoffrey Bawa with Christoph Bon &
Dominic
Sansoni, Times Editions, Singapore

1991 : Kandalama Hotel, Dambulla

1993 : designated Deshamaniya by the President of Sri Lanka

1996 : Blue Water Hotel, Wadduwa

1997 : Jayawardene House, Mirissa

1998 : suffered a major stroke

2001 : received the Aga Khan Special Chairmans Award

2002 : publication of Bawa the complete works, David Robson
Thames and Hudson, London

2003 : died in Colombo after a long illness
cremated on the Cinnamon Hill at Lunuganga

2004 : retrospective exhibition Bawa Architect of Sri Lanka
Deutches Architektur Museum, Frankfurt

2007 : publication of Beyond Bawa, David Robson
Thames and Hudson, London
















































Joseph Aspdin


Joseph Aspdin (December? 1778 20 March 1855) was a British cement manufacturer who obtained
the patent for Portland cement on 21 October 1824.
Joseph Aspdin (or Aspden) was the eldest of the six children of Thomas Aspdin, a bricklayer living in
the Hunslet district of Leeds, Yorkshire. He was baptized on Christmas Day, 1778. He entered his
father's trade, and married Mary Fotherby at Leeds Parish Church (the Parish Church of St Peter at
Leeds) [1] on 21 May 1811.














"He stated that, 'It is easy to be misled or seduced by technology and to think that if we assemble
enough eco-gadgetry in the form of solar collectors, photovoltaic cells, biological recycling systems,
building-automation systems and double-skin facades in one single building that this can
automatically be considered ecological architecture. Although these technologies are commendable
applications of low-energy systems, they are merely useful components leading towards ecological
architecture; they represent some of the means of achieving an ecological end product. Ecological
design is not just about low-energy systems; to be fully effective, these technologies need to be
thoroughly integrated into the building fabric; they will also be influenced by the physical, ecological
and climatic conditions of the site. The nature of the problem is therefore site specific. There will never
be a standard one size fits all solution.