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Food and Water Watch published "The Case for a Ban on Gas Fracking" which says in part:

Accidents and leaks have polluted rivers, streams and drinking water supplies. Regions peppered
with drilling rigs have high levels of smog as well as other airborne pollutants, including potential
carcinogens. Rural communities face an onslaught of heavy truck traffic often laden with
dangerous chemicals used in drilling and declining property values. The bridge fuel of fracking
could well be a bridge to nowhere.
Over the past 18 months, at least 10 studies by scientists, Congress, investigative journalists and
public interest groups have documented environmental problems with fracking. Findings include:
Toxic chemicals present in fracking fluid could cause cancer and other health problems.
Fracking wastewater contains high levels of radioactivity and other contaminants that
wastewater treatment plants have had difficulty removing; this potentially contaminated
wastewater can then be discharged into local rivers.
In Pennsylvania, more than 3,000 gas fracking wells and permitted well sites are located within
two miles of 320 day care centers, 67 schools and nine hospitals.
Fracking is exempt from key federal water protections, and federal and state regulators have
allowed unchecked expansion of fracking, creating widespread environmental degradation.
Overwhelmed state regulators largely oversee the practice. Even if the laws on the books were
strengthened, fracking poses too severe a risk to public health and the environment to entrust
effective and rigorous regulatory oversight to these officials. Both state and federal regulators
have a poor track record of protecting the public from the impacts of fracking. Congress, state
legislators and local governmental bodies need to ban shale gas fracking.
Douglas Grandt <answerthecall@me.com>
To: Rex Tillerson <Rex.W.Tillerson@ExxonMobil.com>, David Rosenthal <David.S.Rosenthal@exxonmobil.com>
Ground Zero - ban gas fracking

October 13, 2014 2:14 PM
1 Attachment, 148 KB
The Case for a Ban on
Gas Fracking
About Food & Water Watch
lood & \uter \utch vorks to ensure the ood, vuter und sh ve consume s sue, uccessbe und sustunube. So ve cun
u enoy und trust n vhut ve eut und drnk, ve hep peope tuke churge o vhere ther ood comes rom, keep ceun,
uordube, pubc tup vuter ovng reey to our homes, protect the envronmentu quuty o oceuns, orce government to
do ts ob protectng ctzens, und educute ubout the mportunce o keepng shured resources under pubc contro.
Food & Water Watch
l6l6 l St. N\, Sute 300
\ushngton, DC 20036
te: (202) 683-2500
ux: (202) 683-250l
novvutch.org
vvv.oodundvutervutch.org
Copyrght }une 20ll by lood & \uter \utch. A rghts reserved. 1hs report cun be veved or dovnouded ut
vvv.oodundvutervutch.org.
Ca|||otn|a C||ce
25 Stmun Street, Sute 200
Sun lruncsco, CA 94l07
te: (4l5) 293-9900
ux: (4l5) 293-8394
no-cuvvutch.org
!ev \otl C||ce
l55 \uter Street, Sxth loor
rookyn, NY ll20l
te: (7l8) 943-9085
ux: (7l8) 989-3928
no-nyvvutch.org
Source: Lnergy lnormuton Admnstruton, bused on dutu rom vurous pubshed studes. Lpduted: Muy 9, 20ll
Lxecutve Summury und Recommendutons..........................................................................................................v
lntroducton...........................................................................................................................................................l
1op16 !a|uta| Cas Itoducets, 2616...........................................................................................................2
1en S|ud|es and lnves||ga||ons, /anuaty 2616 |o May 2611.........................................................................3
1he Hstory und Next \uve o lruckng..................................................................................................................4
lruckng Amercu: Comng to u Rock lormuton Neur You......................................................................................5
Itacled !a|uta| Cas Itoduc||on Sutges......................................................................................................5
Aseep ut the Svtch, Cops o the eut..................................................................................................................5
Arborne louton..................................................................................................................................................7
\uter louton rom lrucked Cus \es................................................................................................................8
lruckng Routes o \uter Contumnuton................................................................................................................9
Ieals and B|ovou|s....................................................................................................................................9
qu||et M|gta||on......................................................................................................................................l0
Itacl|ng \as|eva|et Io||u|es \a|etvays...................................................................................................l0
Lconomc Costs....................................................................................................................................................ll
Concuson und Recommendutons: lruckng ls u Step n the \rong Drecton.....................................................l2
Lndnotes..............................................................................................................................................................l3
The Case for a Ban on Gas Fracking
!"
Cver the pust decude, there hus been u rush or nev nuturu gus ucross Amercu usng u controversu und oten poutng
drng method. Hydruuc ructurng, knovn us ruckng, nects u mxture o vuter, sund und chemcus under hgh pres-
sure nto dense rock ormutons shue, tght sundstone or cou beds to cruck the rock und reeuse nuturu gus. lruckng
hus been uround or decudes, but the technques, technooges und chemcus used to reuch nev, remote gus reserves ure
more ntensve und rsker thun conventonu gus drng.
1he rupd expunson o ths nev orm o ruckng hus brought rumpunt envronmentu und economc probems to ruru com-
muntes. 1ens o bons o guons o vuter ure used or ruckng euch yeur, und thut umount voud ony grov proposed
drng moves orvurd. Accdents und euks huve pouted rvers, streums und drnkng vuter suppes. Regons peppered vth
drng rgs huve hgh eves o smog us ve us other urborne poutunts, ncudng potentu curcnogens. Ruru communtes
uce un onsuught o heuvy truck truc oten uden vth dungerous chemcus used n drng und decnng property
vuues. 1he brdge ue o ruckng coud ve be u brdge to novhere.
Cver the pust l8 months, ut eust l0 studes by scentsts, Congress, nvestgutve ournusts und pubc nterest groups huve
documented envronmentu probems vth ruckng. lndngs ncude:
- 1oxc chemcus present n ruckng ud coud cuuse cuncer und other heuth probems.
1
- lruckng vustevuter contuns hgh eves o rudouctvty und other contumnunts thut vustevuter treutment punts
huve hud dcuty removng, ths potentuy contumnuted vustevuter cun then be dschurged nto ocu rvers.
2
- ln lennsyvunu, more thun 3,000 gus ruckng ves und permtted ve stes ure ocuted vthn tvo mes o 320 duy
cure centers, 67 schoos und nne hosptus.
3

lruckng s exempt rom key ederu vuter protectons, und ederu und stute reguutors huve uoved unchecked expunson
o ruckng, creutng vdespreud envronmentu degruduton. Cvervhemed stute reguutors urgey oversee the pructce. Lven
the uvs on the books vere strengthened, ruckng poses too severe u rsk to pubc heuth und the envronment to entrust
eectve und rgorous reguutory oversght to these ocus. oth stute und ederu reguutors huve u poor truck record o pro-
tectng the pubc rom the mpucts o ruckng. Congress, stute egsutors und ocu governmentu bodes need to bun shue
gus ruckng.
1he ux reguuton und technoogcu udvunces spurred u ruckng gus rush ucross Amercu thut some ndustry nsders cued
u nuturu gus revouton und u gume chunger.
4
Lnergy unuysts und o tycoon 1. oone lckens bostered ths rush by pro-
motng nuturu gus us u promsng brdge ue or the Lnted Stutes to trunston rom drty oss ues to ceun, renevube
sources o energy. Hovever, ruckng tse muy reeuse enough o the greenhouse gus methune to counterbuunce the over
curbon doxde emssons rom burnng the nuturu gus.
5
1o sueguurd pubc heuth und the envronment, the ederu govern-
ment shoud bun shue gus ruckng.
Recommendations
- un shue gus ruckng n the Lnted Stutes.
- Cose oophoes thut exempt ruckng rom key ederu ur und vuter envronmentu reguutons.
- Aggressvey nvest n energy ecency und renevube energy sources thut voud resut n u sustunube energy uture
or the country.

Executive Summary
!""# % &'()* &'(+,
-
Some energy unuysts, ncudng the Ml1 Lnergy lntutve
und the Center or Amercun lrogress, beeve thut nuturu
gus s u better oss ue uternutve thun cou or o, espe-
cuy the gus s domestcuy produced.
l0
\he lckens'
energy pocy proposu, knovn us the lckens lun, orgnuy
cued or urge vnd energy nvestments to suppunt nuturu
gus pover punts, hs current pun ocuses prmury on nutu-
ru gus, und he hus cunceed the buk o u Sl.5 bon vnd
turbne order.
11
Nuturu gus seems ke t coud sove muny o Amercu's
energy probems. Nuturu gus combuston s ess poutng
thun cou or eectrcty or o or vehce ue.
l2
Moreover,
enough nuturu gus coud be ound n Amercu, t coud
reduce dependence on mported o.
l3
ut the promse o ths
brdge rees on reeng nuturu gus ocked deep nsde rock
ormutons usng u controversu und envronmentuy rsky
drng technoogy cued hydruuc ructurng, or ruckng.
L.S. conventonu gus eds ncudng urge pockets
o nuturu gus und porous rock eds thut do not requre
uggressve ruckng to reeuse the gus ure nsucent to
meet the udded demund or u brdge ue. lor exumpe, the
Center or Amercun lrogress estmuted thut poverng 3.5
mon uddtonu trucks und buses vth nuturu gus voud
requre un uddtonu 2.7 tron cubc eet o nuturu gus.
l4

Conventonu gus reserves huve been stugnunt und ure pro-
ected to decne.
l5

ut over the pust decude, o und gus compunes huve ex-
punded L.S. gus reserves by usng mproved ruckng meth-
ods to extruct gus rom rock sources thut vere prevousy
uneconomcu to uccess especuy shue.
16
1he lotentu
Cus Commttee reported thut the potentu shue gus reserves
trped n ust ve yeurs, rom ubout 200 tron cubc eet n
2006 to neury 700 tron cubc eet n 20l0.
!"
1he bggest
energy compunes shted ther exporuton und nvestments
to cupture these nev gus reserves. ln }une 20l0, un urtce
n 1he \a|| S|tee| /outna| cued shue gus one o the hottest
nvestments n the energy sector.
l8
Lven compunes rom
Chnu und lndu huve begun nvestng n L.S. shue gus.
B
onure o tycoon 1. oone lckens s u muor nuturu gus proponent.
6
lckens
hus nvested mons o dours promotng nuturu gus und hus u 45 percent stuke
n u nuturu gus ng stuton compuny.
7
He s pushng or ederu subsdes or vehces
thut use nuturu gus ncudng ones thut voud up ut ng stutons but by the
compuny he purtuy ovns.
8
He promotes nuturu gus us u promsng brdge ue or the
Lnted Stutes to trunston rom drty oss ues to ceun, renevube sources o energy.
9

Introduction
The Case for a Ban on Gas Fracking
!
Chnu's stute-ovned energy compuny hus u one-thrd stuke n
Chesupeuke Lnergy, ncudng u pece o the Luge lord shue
puy n South 1exus, und lndu's urgest compuny, Reunce,
bought u 45 percent stuke n unother rm's Luge lord ed.
l9

1hs rush to ruckng hus been uctuted by mons o do-
urs n udvertsng und n obbyng Congress to se ceun
nuturu gus to the Amercun pubc. etveen 2005 und
20l0, the l0 urgest nuturu gus producers und tvo trude
ussocutons spent more thun S370 mon obbyng or ther
nterests.
20
Meunvhe, lckens uone commtted to spend
S82 mon to promote hs nuturu gus pun, vhch ncudes
government subsdes to hep sht most commercu vehces
rom gusone und dese to nuturu gus.
2l
1he promse o nuturu gus hus been u nghtmure or the
neghbors o ruckng gus ves. Hydruuc ructurng nects
u mxture o vuter, sund und chemcus underground under
hgh pressure to cruck dense rock ormutons shue, tght
sundstone or cou beds und reeuse nuturu gus. lruckng
hus been uround or decudes, but the technques, technoo-
ges und chemcus used to reuch these nev, remote gus
reserves ure more ntensve und rsker thun those used on
conventonu gus ves.
Drng uccdents cun und do occur, spng the oten-dun-
gerous chemcu surry nto vutervuys. 1he nuturu gus und
chemcus cun mgrute rom ves nto uquers und poute the
vuter tube. lruckng muy uso reeuse enough o the green-
house gus methune durng extructon to counterbuunce the
over curbon doxde emssons rom burnng the nuturu gus.
22
Cver the pust l8 months, ut eust l0 studes by scentsts,
Congress, nvestgutve ournusts und pubc nterest groups
huve documented envronmentu probems vth ruckng.
1he !ev \otl 1|mes reported hgh eves o rudouctvty
und toxcs n vustevuter rom ruckng und the nubty o
most vustevuter treutment punts to uddress these contum-
nunts.
23
1he ssoc|a|ed Itess ound thut lennsyvunu hud
ued to uccount or one-th o ts ruckng vustevuter und
thut treutment punts strugged to remove contumnunts thut
cun pose cuncer rsks vth ong-term exposure.
24
1he L.S.
House Lnergy und Commerce Commttee, the Lnvronmentu
\orkng Croup und the Lndocrne Dsrupton Lxchunge
ound toxns n ruckng uds.
25
A Duke unversty study
pubshed by the Nutonu Acudemy o Scences demonstrut-
ed thut methune eves n shuov drnkng vuter ves vere
l7 tmes hgher neur uctve gus drng ureus thun nuctve ur-
eus.
26
Cther reports demonstruted the potentuy hgh eves
o greenhouse gus emssons rom rucked gus ves, the urge
number o duy cure, schoo und hosptus neur gus ves n
lennsyvunu, the obbyng eorts by the o und gus ndustry
to prevent stronger ederu reguutory oversght o ruckng,
und un extensve cuse-study revev o the envronmentu
mpucts o ruckng. (See box on puge 3.)
1he neghbors o ruckng huve experenced these sgn-
cunt rsks rsthund. ln 2009, ruckng uds hud so pouted
ves n Dmock, lennsyvunu, thut some umes coud no
onger drnk rom ther tups.
27
An Cho house expoded uter
u rucked gus ve euked urge voumes o methune nto the
home's vuter suppy.
28
1exus neghborhoods neur rucked gus
ves huve hgh reported eves o urborne neurotoxns und
the curcnogen benzene.
29

Mons o Amercuns u ucross the country uce these env-
ronmentu cuumtes. Nuturu gus compunes coud empoy
ruckng n uny o the shue, tght sund or coubed rock or-
mutons thut e under the muorty o stutes. lederu und stute
reguutors huve uoved unchecked expunson o ruckng,
cuusng vdespreud envronmentu degruduton. lruckng
s exempt rom key ederu vuter protectons und s urgey
overseen by overvhemed stute reguutors.
Ctzens, scentsts, ocu busnesses, heuthcure proesson-
us, government ocus und ex-ndustry executves ure
stundng up to stop ruckng. ln Apr 20ll, u record 30,000
pubc comments vere submtted to the Deuvure Rver
usn Commsson opposng ruckng n the rver busn.
30

ln sprng 20ll, thousunds o peope rued ugunst ruck-
ng.
3l
y }une 20ll, ut eust 58 muncputes hud pussed
resoutons or ordnunces ugunst ruckng.
32
Lven Secretury
o lnteror len Suuzur noted ut u 20ll heurng thut the
probems vth ruckng vere the Aches' hee thut coud
essentuy k nuturu gus.
33
1hs type o drng poses unucceptube rsks to the Amercun
pubc und t s utmutey u msguded energy pocy drec-
ton or the Lnted Stutes. lruckng hus the greutest mpuct
on communtes neur the gus heud und dovnstreum rom the
ves, vhere resdents uce the urgest threut o ur und vuter
Top 10 Natural Gas Producers, 2010
Company Millions of Cubic Feet/Day
LxxonMob* 2,596
Chesupeuke Lnergy 2,534
Anudurko 2,272
BP 2,l84
Devon Lnergy l,960
Lncunu l,86l
Conocolhps l,777
Chevron l,3l4
Royu Dutch She pc l,l53
LCC Resources l,l33
Source: National Gas Supply Association, Top 40 Producers. March
23, 2011. *Does not include Exxons 2010 acquisition of XTO Energy.
Food & Water Watch
"
pouton, but concerns over vdespreud ruckng extend
beyond ndvduus' buckyurds. 1he brdge ue o ruckng
coud ve be u brdge to novhere, reyng on poutng und
rsky oss ue extructon und sdesteppng more proms-
ng und genuney renevube uternutve energy soutons.
1o sueguurd pubc heuth und the envronment, the ederu
government shoud bun shue gus ruckng und nvest n u
sustunube energy uture or the country.
New York Times (February 2011):
34
1he nvestgutve report
hghghted ruckng's severe envronmentu rsks, ncud-
ng the rudouctvty n drng vustevuter thut s sometmes
hundreds to thousunds o tmes the L.S. Lnvronmentu
lrotecton Agency (LlA)'s drnkng vuter stundurd. 1hree-
quurters o the gus ves reveved n lennsyvunu und \est
Vrgnu produced vustevuter vth hgh eves o ruduton.
35

lennsyvunu ves produced more thun l.3 bon guons
o vustevuter over the pust three yeurs und most o t vus
sent to treutment punts thut vere unequpped to remove
muny o ts toxc muterus ut eust l2 punts n three
stutes dschurged ths purty treuted vuste nto rvers, ukes
und streums.
36
House Energy and Commerce Committee (January 2011,
April 2011):
37
1he congressonu nvestgutons ound thut
ruckng uds contuned 750 chemcus, some o vhch
vere very huzurdous to humun heuth, ncudng benzene
und eud. lruckng uds even ncuded dese ue, vhch
contuns curcnogens such us benzene und touene und s the
ony ruckng chemcu thut requres u permt to nect nto
ves under Sue \uter Drnkng Act.
Riverkeeper (September 2010):
38
1he report presents
hundreds o envronmentu ruckng cuse studes rom
lennsyvunu, Cho, \est Vrgnu, 1exus, Arkunsus, Coorudo
und \yomng. lt documents ve bovouts, suruce vuter
sps, groundvuter contumnuton, ur pouton, permt vo-
utons und mproper vuste munugement.
Cornell University (March 2011): 1he pubshed study ound
thut shue ruckng coud huve u greuter eect on cmute
chunge thun cou und o over the e cyce o ts produc-
ton.
39
\he nuturu gus combuston reeuses ess curbon
doxde, drng n shue und tght sund ormutons reeuses
consderube voumes o the greenhouse gus methune. 1he
LlA estmutes thut methune trups 2l tmes more heut by
veght thun curbon doxde, the most prevuent und ve-
knovn greenhouse gus.
40

Environmental Working Group (January 2010):
4l
An nves-
tguton o the chemcu dscosure records o drng cor-
porutons ound thut some ruckng uds contuned up to
93 tmes more benzene thun dese. 1he umount o benzene
rom u snge rucked ve coud contumnute more thun l00
bon guons o drnkng vuter.
PennEnvironment Research and Policy Center (May 2011):
42

1he study exumned lennsyvunu's more thun 3,000 gus
ruckng ves und ound permtted ve stes vthn tvo
mes o 320 duy cure centers, 67 schoos und nne hosptus.
Duke University (April 2011):
43
1he study, pubshed by the
Nutonu Acudemy o Scences, ound thut uveruge meth-
une concentrutons n shuov drnkng vuter n uctve gus
drng ureus vere l7 tmes hgher thun those n non-uctve
ureus. 1he methune concentrutons o drnkng vuter cos-
est to uctve gus ves vere consdered potentu exposon
huzurds.
Endocrine Disruption Exchange (September 2010):
44

Scentsts conducted u study uccepted or pubcuton n
the ln|etna||ona| /outna| o| Human and Ico|og|ca| R|sl
ssessmen| thut ound thut 25 percent o ruckng chemcus
coud cuuse cuncer, 37 percent coud dsrupt the endocrne
system, 40 to 50 percent coud uect the nervous, mmune
und curdovuscuur system, und more thun 75 percent coud
uect the skn, eyes und resprutory system, resutng n prob-
ems ke skn und eye rrtuton or u-ke symptoms.
Associated Press (January 2011):
45
1he revev o
lennsyvunu's ruckng vuter treutment reveued the stute
coud not uccount or the dsposu method o l.28 mon
burres o vustevuter (one-th o the unnuu totu) due to
uuty reportng. Some drnkng vuter uttes dovnstreum
rom ruckng vustevuter uctes huve strugged to su-
centy treut or remove trhuomethunes, vhch cun cuuse
cuncer vth chronc exposure. A uck o udequute oversght
hus uoved vustevuter rom ruckng to contumnute the
Deuvure Rver usn, vhch suppes drnkng vuter or l5
mon peope n our stutes.
ProPublica (2011):
46
An ongong nvestguton nto ruckng
snce 2008 ound court und government documentuton o
more thun l,000 cuses o vuter contumnuton n Coorudo,
Nev Mexco, Aubumu, Cho und lennsyvunu.
47
Reporters
huve uneurthed gus und o compuny cumpugn donutons to
members o Congress opposed to ruckng dscosure re-
qurements und cutuogued ndvduu und communty cuse
studes on the dungers o ruckng, ncudng envronmentu
voutons und contumnuton.
48
Ten Studies and Investigations, January 2010 to May 2011
The Case for a Ban on Gas Fracking
!
The History and Next Wave of Fracking
Hydruuc ructurng s not u nev technque, but ts recent
uppcuton to hurd rock ormutons und the tremendous
scue o the current rush or more gus s u rudcu depurture
rom the conventonu ves o the pust. Hydruuc ructur-
ng nects hydruuc uds u mxture o vuter, chemcus
und sund nto ves to creute pressure thut crucks the
rocks, uovng the gus to escupe und ov out o the ves.
49

Drng compunes huve used ruckng n mted uppcu-
tons snce the l860s or o und vuter ve producton,
50

but Huburton s credted vth the rst commercu upp-
cuton to produce nuturu gus n l949.
5l
y the 2l
st
century,
hydruuc ructurng vus used n 90 to 95 percent o u o
und gus ves.
52

1he gus ndustry nssts thut hydruuc ructurng hus been
suey used n thousunds o ves or decudes. 1he vce chur-
mun o the Ckuhomu Corporutons Commsson, vhch
reguutes gus und o ves, tested beore the Senute n
20ll thut the stute's l00,000 rucked ves huve operuted or
more thun 60 yeurs vthout contumnutng groundvuter.
53

1he presdent o the L.S. Lnergy Deveopment Corporuton, u
compuny thut operutes more thun 500 gus ves n Nev York,
neury u o vhch vere rucked, tod the Bu||a|o !evs, lt s
competey sue t's been proven to be competey sue.
54

ut ths next generuton o horzontu ruckng nto hurd rock
s sgncunty derent rom trudtonu vertcu ve ruckng.
lt s ur more poveru und more dungerous thun dr-
ng methods used n the pust.
Lp unt ust the pust decude, most on-shore nuturu gus
producton cume rom porous conventonu rocks such us
mestone und sundstone,
55
vhere oosey hed gus ovs nto
vertcu ves dred strught nto the ground.
56
lruckng vus
used to stmuute the sot rock uround the vertcu shut to
reeuse the gus. Cther rocks such us shues, tght sunds und
cou beds contuned gus, but t vus ocked tghty n the rock
ormutons, mukng t uneconomcu to extruct.
57
Accordng
to u puper by ALL Consutng, muny eury shue ves vere
never ube to produce u murketube quuntty o nuturu gus.
58

Lconomcuy reeusng gus rom these tghter hurd rock de-
posts requres more orce, nev technques und u potentuy
toxc brev o chemcus to uccess the gus. 1hs nev generu-
ton o ruckng nvoves curvng horzontu ves nto the
rock ormuton to ncreuse the extructon o gus rom euch
ve.
59
1hen, the drers nect u mxture o vuter, sund und
chemcus (oten toxc ones) knovn us sckvuter ruckng
ud to suspend the sund und prop open the ructures, us
ve us ubrcunts to speed the ud nto the ve.
60
ln 20ll,
the LlA estmuted thut 70 to l40 bon guons o vuter ure
pumped nto 35,000 ruckng ves unnuuy.
61
lruckng ud
s nected nto the ves n stuges thut uppy hgh pressure to
cruck the ength o the horzontu ve.
62
1he pressure creuted
by these technques hus been compured to expodng u mus-
sve ppe bomb underground.
63

Some o the ruckng ud remuns n the ve, but some o
t s dschurged buck up the ve (creutng vhut the ndustry
cus produced vuter), u vuste product thut muy ncude
toxc chemcus und poutunts euched rom the rock.
64

Much o ths qud muy be mude up o ruckng uds,
uthough purt o t s vuter rom the rock ormuton,
65
vhch
cun be suter thun seuvuter.
66
1he Croundvuter lrotecton
Counc estmutes thut unyvhere rom uround 30 percent to
more thun 70 percent o the nected uds ure dschurged
rom the ve, other estmutes run us hgh us l00 percent
o the ruckng uds.
67
Lnconventonu gus ves need to
be re-rucked vth uddtonu hgh-pressure chemcu-vuter
nectons to muntun ther productvty, meunng the rsk o
contumnuton or uccdents s ong-term, or some shue gus
ves, ths must huppen ubout every ve yeurs or decudes.
68
Food & Water Watch
"
Fracking America: Coming to a Rock
Formation Near You
1hese technoogcu udvunces spurred u ruckng gus rush
ucross Amercu thut some energy unuysts und ndustry
nsders huve cued u nuturu gus revouton und u gume
chunger.
69
Cus compunes rst deveoped the urnett shue
reserves n 1exus und gus producton there skyrocketed more
thun 3,000 percent betveen l998 und 2007.
70
Drers then turgeted other shues us ve the luyetteve
Shue n Arkunsus, the \oodord Shue n Ckuhomu, the
Huynesve Shue n Lousunu und the Murceus Shue,
vhch underes purts o lennsyvunu, Nev York, Cho, \est
Vrgnu, Vrgnu, Muryund und lentucky.
7l
A proessor o
geoscences ut lenn Stute sud thut the Murceus hus the
potentu to be u Super Cunt gus ed.
72
ln lennsyvunu,
the number o Murceus gus ves umped neury sx-od
rom ubout 280 n 2008 to l,600 n 20l0.
73
Nutonuy, the
number o ruckng ves ncreused 4l percent rom 37,239
n 2004 to 52,6l6 n 2008, uccordng to dutu comped by
lrolubcu.
74
1he ruckng rush spurred L.S. producton o nuturu gus,
vhch hud been stugnunt snce the l990s.
75
Lnconventonu
producton, rom coubed methune und shue gus eds,
ncreused neury l50 percent rom l.95 tron cubc eet n
2000 to 4.82 tron cubc eet n 20l0.
76
Shue gus uone
ncreused rom l percent to 20 percent o the L.S. suppy
betveen 2000 und 20l0, uccordng to the energy consut-
ng group lHS CLRA.
77
etveen 2006 und 20l0, shue gus
producton rose un uveruge o 48 percent unnuuy.
78
But the
rupd escuuton o producton vth tte ederu or stute over-
sght hus exposed neghborng resdents und the envronment
to unucceptube rsks.
Asleep at the Switch, Cops off the Beat
lederu und stute reguutors huve urgey turned u bnd eye
to the envronmentu degruduton cuused by next-generuton
ruckng und the rupd rse o drng n nev ureus. 1he LlA
under the Ceorge \. ush udmnstruton decured ruck-
ng sue, und Congress exempted t rom ceun vuter uvs.
Reguutors thut montor ruckng ure underunded und un-
derstued.
79
1he o und gus ndustry huve stepped nto ths
reguutory vucuum to prevent uny sensbe envronmentu
oversght. 1he vce presdent o pubc und government uurs
or the LxxonMob Corporuton vurned, Covernment po-
ces dd not cuuse the shue gus revouton n ths country
but they coud stop t n ther trucks.
80

ln 2004, the ush udmnstruton LlA reeused u study o-
cused on coubed methune reservors thut concuded ruck-
ng posed tte or no threut to underground drnkng vuter
sources.
8l
lt hus been vdey dscredted or gnorng cuse
studes o ruckng contumnuton.
82
An LlA envronmentu
engneer, \eston \son, cutuogued the study's scentc
shortcomngs: lt ued to ndependenty coect dutu und
demund ndustry dscosures, t dd not knov the contents
o ruckng uds, und the LlA termnuted the nvestguton
uter ndng evdence thut toxc und curcnogenc substunces
vere beng nected nto underground drnkng vuter sourc-
es, umong other ndngs.
83
en Crumbes, vho vus LlA's
ussstunt udmnstrutor or vuter ut the tme the report vus
reeused, uter cumed, LlA, hovever, never ntended or
the report to be nterpreted us u perpetuu ceun b o heuth
or ruckng or to usty u broud stututory exempton rom uny
uture reguuton under the Sue Drnkng \uter Act.
84
Yet,
thut's exucty vhut huppened.
1he uvs o the study vere eectvey enshrned n uv vhen
ruckng vus exempted rom provsons o the Sue Drnkng
\uter Act. 1he Lnergy locy Act o 2005 exempted the o
und gus ndustry rom u vde runge o ederu envronmentu
1he ptessute ctea|ed by
|tacl|ng |echn|ques has
been compated |o exp|od|ng
a mass|ve p|pe bomb
undetgtound.
0
1
2
3
4
5
0.44
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
1.51
1.60
1.66
1.71
1.81
1.75
1.84
1.91
1.97
2.19
2.07 0.47
0.55
0.59
0.69
0.80
1.00
1.15
1.49
2.36
2.75
Fracked Natural Gas Production
Surges, in Trillions of Cubic Feet
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration.
Shale Gas
Coalbed Methane
The Case for a Ban on Gas Fracking
!
und pubc heuth reguutons.
85
lt expcty excuded hydruu-
c ructurng rom the Sue Drnkng \uter Act's reguutons
o underground necton ves.
86
1hs exempton hus been
cued the Huburton oophoe becuuse o the tes be-
tveen Vce lresdent Dck Cheney und the compuny credted
vth the rst commercu-scue uppcuton o ruckng.
87
1hs exempton uoved gus compunes to nect umost uny
chemcu, ncudng toxcs und curcnogens, nto rucked
ves. Compunes do not even dscose vhut chemcus ure n
the ud they nect nto ves, cumng they ure propretury
trude secrets.
88
Cne Huburton executve tod the Coorudo
C und Cus Commsson thut dscosng the chemcus n
ruckng uds vus much ke uskng Cocu-Cou to dscose
the ormuu o Coke.
89
ln Apr 20ll, u ev compunes vo-
untury dscosed the chemcu composton o ther ruckng
uds n un uppurent eort to stuve o reguutory oversght.
90
C und gus exporuton und producton uctvtes ure uso ex-
empt rom Ceun Ar Act requrements to uggregute emssons
rom smu sources. lruckng compunes ure subect ony to
the Ceun Ar Act rues or ndvduu ves thut emt more
huzurdous ur poutunts thun the reguutory threshod.
9l

Lorts ure undervuy to cose the ruckng oophoes. Snce
nev vuter contumnuton reports huve suruced, Congress
hus commssoned u nev study by the LlA to reevuu-
ute the mpuct o ruckng on drnkng vuter resources.
92

lndustry groups uttucked the proect us too broud n scope.
93

Congress hus uso ntroduced egsuton (the lructurng
Responsbty und Avureness o Chemcus Act, knovn us
the lRAC Act) to cose the Sue Drnkng \uter Act oophoe
und requre rms to dscose the contents, but not recpes,
o ther ruckng uds.
94
Cther egsuton (the rngng
Reductons to Lnergy's Arborne 1oxc Heuth Lects Act, or
RLA1HL Act) voud cose the energy ndustry's exempton
rom the Ceun Ar Act.
95

1hese meusures ony requre the gus exporuton ndustry to
compy vth the sume envronmentu uvs us everyone ese.
Nonetheess, ndustry hus butted even these mted steps
orvurd. ln }unuury 20ll, bpurtsun congressonu members
o the Nuturu Cus Cuucus (vhose 83 members receved u
combned Sl,742,572 n cumpugn contrbutons rom the
o und gus ndustry betveen 2009 und 20l0) opposed pro-
posed L.S. Depurtment o lnteror rues to dscose ruckng
chemcus used on pubc unds.
96
lndustry representutves
cum thut LlA oversght o ruckng under the Sue Drnkng
\uter Act voud uneush envronmentu uvsuts thut voud
orce the ugency to enuct even more strngent reguutons.
97

1he lndependent letroeum lroducers o Amercu uttucked
the RLA1HL Act or mposng u permttng burden or
reportng ve emssons.
98

1he current vod n ederu reguuton hus et oversght to
the stutes.
99
1he drector o stute pocy ut Duke Lnversty's
Nchous lnsttute or Lnvronmentu locy Soutons noted,
1he ndustry hus sturted drng n most stutes, und reguutors
huve strugged to keep up.
l00
A !ev \otl 1|mes nvestguton
demonstruted the nudequucy o current reguutory oversght
und the dcuty o understued stute uuthortes to eectvey
montor the boomng ruckng ndustry, ndng: Cus produc-
ers report ther ovn sps, vrte ther ovn sp response puns
und eud ther ovn ceunup eorts.
l0l
Lven vhen voutons
ure reported, lennsyvunu reguutors, or exumpe, ure tvce
us key to ssue vurnngs thun to mpose nes.
l02

Stutes uso ure concted ubout comng dovn hurd on ruck-
ng pouton they receve revenues rom drng permts,
tuxes und royutes. 1hs s especuy true durng economc
dovnturns. lennsyvunu uttrbuted Sl.l bon n stute
revenue rom 2006 to 20ll to nuturu gus drng.
l03
lruckng
revenue s uttructve to u stute ucng un S866 mon budget
cut or 20ll-20l2.
l04
1hs muy huve contrbuted to uckuster
oversght. lor exumpe, n Murch 20ll, the lennsyvunu
Depurtment o Lnvronmentu lrotecton ssued u memo
requrng thut potcu uppontees n the stute cuptu pre-
upprove u ed enorcement uctons ugunst gus drng
operutons n the Murceus Shue.
l05
1hs requrement vus
removed uter oud pubc outcry.
l06
Some stute eorts to curb ruckng pouton huve been met
vth st obbyng resstunce. Cus ndustry obbyng rumped
up sgncunty once ruckng morutorum bs vere n-
troduced n Nev York.
l07
ln 20l0, nuturu gus und energy
compunes spent Sl,204,567 obbyng ugunst these bs n
Nev York.
l08
1he current oophoe-rdden uvs und huphuz-
urd enorcement euve communtes und the envronment
vunerube to ruckng pouton.
A family in Albany, New York, protests fracking in their community.
Photo courtesy of April Hawthorne.
Food & Water Watch
"
Airborne Pollution
Nuturu gus ruckng extructon emts greenhouse guses, smog-
nducng compounds, und potentu curcnogens cuusng
dungerous heuth und envronmentu eects. A 20ll Corne
Lnversty study ound thut shue gus hus u greuter green-
house gus ootprnt thun conventonu gus or o.
l09
\he
nuturu gus combuston reeuses ess curbon doxde thun o,
gusone or cou combuston, breukng shue und tght sund
ormutons reeuses consderube voumes o the greenhouse
gus methune, vhch uccordng to the LlA, s u greenhouse
gus thut s 2l tmes more poveru un ugent o gobu vurm-
ng thun curbon doxde, the most prevuent und ve-knovn
greenhouse gus.
ll0
1he LlA uses the estmute provded n the
Second Assessment Report by the lntergovernmentu lune on
Cmute Chunge rom l996.
111
A more recent study rom 2009
suggests thut methune hus us much us l05 tmes the gobu
vurmng potentu us curbon doxde by veght over the rst
20 yeurs uter ts emsson und us much us 33 tmes the gobu
vurmng potentu over l00 yeurs.
ll2
Lsng these upduted
estmutes ubout the vurmng eect o methune, the Corne
reseurchers ound thut shue gus coud huve u greenhouse gus
ootprnt thut s tvce thut o cou over 20 yeurs und u compu-
rube ootprnt over u century.
ll3

Methune s uso hghy ummube und u serous suety huz-
urd.
ll4
Methune s the prmury component o nuturu gus und
cun euk out o drng cusngs nto shuov vuter ves or
be present n ppenes used to trunsport nuturu gus rom the
drng ste.
ll5
\hen methune suturutes drnkng vuter ves,
u home's tup vuter cun become exposve. 1he documentury
Gasland depcted homeovners settng the vuter rom ther
ktchen uucets on re.
116
A 20ll Nutonu Acudemy o Scences puper ound thut
methune concentrutons n severu shuov drnkng vuter
ves cose to uctve gus ves exceeded the ucton eve or
potentu re huzurd recommended by the L.S. Depurtment
o lnteror.
ll7
ln 2008, un Cho house expoded uter meth-
une ntruted ts vuter source, urgey becuuse o ruckng.
ll8

ln 20l0, uter the LlA nstructed \yomng resdents not to
drnk ther vuter becuuse o contumnuton rom u common
ruckng ud, some resdents uso used uns vhe buthng
to reduce the kehood o exposons.
ll9
ln 20l0, the LlA
determned thut tvo homes n 1exus vere ut rsk o expo-
son becuuse o hgh eves o nuturu gus ound n ther vuter
rom neurby ruckng operutons.
l20

Cther urborne poutunts rom ruckng stes threuten the
heuth o peope vng neurby. Methuno, ormudehyde und
curbon dsude ure knovn huzurdous ur poutunts ound
neur ruckng stes.
l2l
Resdents o Dsh, 1exus, ocuted neur
ll nuturu gus compresson stutons becume concerned
ubout the odor, nose und heuth probems they vere expe-
rencng, vhch ncuded heuduches und buckouts. 1hey
uso observed neuroogcu deects und bndness n ther
horses.
l22
1her muyor rutessy reported these uccounts
to 1exus reguutors und eventuuy hred u prvute envron-
mentu consutunt, vho n 2009 ound thut ur sumpes
contuned hgh eves o neurotoxns und curcnogens.
l23
1he
1exus Commsson on Lnvronmentu uuty (1CL) ound
urborne benzene, vhch cun cuuse mmune dsorders und
cuncer, neur urnett Shue ves ut eves o 500 to l,000
purts per bon more thun ve tmes hgher thun uov-
ube mts.
l24

Some o the urborne poutunts rom rucked gus ves, ke
voute orgunc compounds, cun reuct vth sunght to cre-
ute smog.
l25
Muny ureus uround 1exus, or exumpe, huve
been uected. 1he nuturu gus und o ndustry n the urnett
Shue ureu produced more smog-ormng emssons durng
the summer o 2009 thun produced by u motor vehces n
the Duus-lort \orth metropotun ureu, vth unnuu green-
house gus emssons equvuent to those o tvo cou-red
pover punts.
l26
ln 2009, \yomng ued to meet ederu ur
The |m Gasland shows homeowners setting contaminated water
from the|r home faucet on re. Photo copyr|ght Josh Fox/Gasland.
1exas hosp||a| setv|ng s|x
coun||es neat dt||||ng s||es
tepot|ed as|hma ta|es |htee
||mes h|ghet |han |he s|a|e
avetage, one quat|et o| young
ch||dten |n |he commun||y
had as|hma.
The Case for a Ban on Gas Fracking
!
stundurds or the rst tme, purty becuuse 27,000 gus ves,
most o vhch vere dred vthn the prevous ve yeurs,
vere emttng touene und benzene.
l27
Subette County, u
ruru \yomng communty vth u hgh concentruton o
gus ves, hus recorded hgher ozone eves thun those n
Houston und Los Angees.
l28
Ar pouton s ussocuted vth
sgncunt udverse heuth eects. A 1exus hosptu servng sx
countes neur drng stes reported usthmu rutes three tmes
hgher thun the stute uveruge, one quurter o young chdren
n the communty hud usthmu.
l29
Water Pollution from Fracked Gas Wells
1he rupd ncreuse n ruckng ves hus pouted drnkng vu-
ter suppes und vutervuys. 1he ves cun experence u rup-
ture or bovbuck under tremendous pressure, spng chem-
cu-uden vuter nto suruce vuter or groundvuter. Nuturu
gus und chemcus cun mgrute nto uquers und ves.
Sps, euks und uccdents on the suruce cun poute vuter-
vuys. A gus ndustry uttorney udmtted n u I|||sbutgh Ios|
Caze||e coumn, l mpropery hunded, used ruckng ud
cun contumnute suruce vuter ust ke other qud vuste
rom drng operutons.
l30
Chemcus n ruckng ud huve
contumnuted vuter suppes neur gus ves. Lvestock huve
ded rom drnkng vuter tunted vth sped ruckng uds.
l3l

\est Vrgnu uuthortes vere nvestgutng vhether ruckng
uds cuused sh ks thut et the Dunkurd Creek eess.
l32
Despte these probems, the ndustry muntuns thut ruckng
s sue, requenty usng the dscredted 2004 LlA study to
boster ths cum.
l33
Muny proponents suggest the ruckng
ud nectons occur so ur underground thut t cunnot uect
drnkng vuter. ln congressonu testmony, the executve vce
presdent o Devon Lnergy Compuny reteruted thut reguutors
huve never ound thut ruckng cuused groundvuter contum-
nuton.
l34
He mped thut snce thousunds o eet und muny
uyers o rock sepurute gus ves rom uquers, und becuuse
o the cusng und seung uround gus ves, ruckng coud
not poute drnkng vuter.
l35
Some gus energy upoogsts
even deny thut ruckng uds themseves ure dungerous. Cne
ormer obbyst or the Coorudo C und Cus Assocuton tod
a Oenvet Ios| coumnst, 1here's nothng more dungerous n
thut ud thun vhut's n your mukeup, honey, or your tooth-
puste or vhut you use to ceun your hot tub.
l36
ut the chemcus n ruckng uds ure ur rom sue. 1hree
recent studes huve documented the humun heuth rsks rom
commony used chemcus n ruckng uds. ln 20ll, the
L.S. House Lnergy und Commerce Commttee ound thut
betveen 2005 und 2009, l4 o und gus compunes nected
780 mon guons o ruckng chemcus und other sub-
stunces nto ves,
l37
ncudng l0.2 mon guons o uds
contunng knovn or suspected curcnogens und ll.7 m-
on guons contunng chemcus reguuted under the Sue
Drnkng \uter Act.
l38
lruckng uds even ncuded more
thun 30 mon guons o dese ue, vhch contuns the
knovn curcnogen benzene, umong other toxc chemcus,
und s the ony ruckng ud thut requres u permt to nect
nto ves under Sue \uter Drnkng Act.
l39
A 20l0 Lnvronmentu \orkng Croup nvestguton nto the
chemcu dscosure records o drng corporutons ound
thut some ruckng uds contuned other petroeum products
vth us much us 93 tmes more benzene thun s n dese.
l40

1he umount o benzene rom u snge rucked ve coud
Itacl|ng |u|ds |nc|ude d|ese|
|ue|, vh|ch con|a|ns |he
lnovn catc|nogen benzene,
among o|het |ox|c chem|ca|s.
Food & Water Watch
"
contumnute more thun l00 bon guons o drnkng vu-
ter.
l4l
Scentsts ut the Lndocrne Dsrupton Lxchunge ound
thut 25 percent o ruckng chemcus coud cuuse cuncer, 37
percent coud dsrupt the endocrne system, 40 to 50 per-
cent coud uect the nervous, mmune und curdovuscuur
systems, und more thun 75 percent coud uect the sensory
orguns und resprutory system, key cuusng probems such
us skn und eye rrtuton und u-ke symptoms.
l42
1he dungers ure more thun ust theoretcu. 1hese chem-
cus huve contumnuted vuter suppes ucross the country.
lrolubcu dented more thun l,000 cuses o vuter con-
tumnuton neur drng stes documented by courts, stutes
und ocu governments uround the country pror to 2009.
l43

lennsyvunu cted 45l Murceus Shue gus ves or l,544
voutons n 20l0 uone.
l44
Some notube uected commun-
tes ncude:
- Pavillion, Wyoming: ln 20l0, the LlA reeused u prem-
nury study thut ound possbe drnkng vuter contumnu-
ton neur ruckng ves und recommended thut resdents
uvod drnkng ther tup vuter.
l45
1he LlA nvestguted
39 ruru vuter ves und ound benzene und methune
n ves und groundvuter.
l46
1he ves vere uso con-
tumnuted vth the ruckng chemcu 2-butoexythuno
phosphute, vhch hus hurmu heuth eects.
l47
- Dimock, Pennsylvania: ln 2009, lennsyvunu reguutors
ordered the Cubot C und Cus Corporuton to ceuse u
ruckng n Susquehunnu County uter three sps ut one
ve vthn u veek pouted u vetund und cuused u
shk n u ocu creek.
l48
1he sps euked 8,420 guons
o ruckng ud contunng u Huburtun-munuuctured
ubrcunt thut s u potentu curcnogen.
l49
lruckng hud
so pouted vuter ves thut some umes coud no
onger drnk rom ther tups.
l50
lennsyvunu ned Cubot
S240,000, but t cost more thun Sl0 mon to trunsport
sue vuter to the uected homeovners.
l5l
ln December
20l0, Cubot pud S4.l mon to l9 umes thut con-
tended thut Cubot's ruckng hud contumnuted ther
groundvuter vth methune.
l52
- GarcId County, CoIorado: 1he county's 8,000 nuturu
gus ves huve nched coser to resdentu ureus.
l53
A
hydroogcu study ound thut us the number o gus ves
n the heuvy rucked county ncreused, methune eves
n vuter ves uso rose.
l54
Stute reguutors ned LnCunu
C und Cus or uuty ve cusngs thut uoved methune
to mgrute nto vuter suppes through nuturu uuts.
l55

- Parker County, Texas: ln 20l0, the LlA determned thut
rucked gus ves hud contumnuted u drnkng vuter
uquer vth methune, benzene und other nuturu gus
chemcus thut vere chemcuy ngerprnted to the gus
ve.
l56
Fracking Routes of Water
Contamination
lruckng ve cusngs cun euk und equpment uures cun
cuuse bovouts. lruckng vustevuter cun sp rom storuge
pts. ln 2008, u vustevuter pt n Coorudo euked l.6 mon
guons o ud, vhch mgruted nto the Coorudo Rver.
l57

\hen nected nto the ground, the ruckng uds cun con-
tumnute underground vuter sources.
l58
Croundvuter con-
tumnuton coud be permunent becuuse t huppens sovy
und cun eusy go undetected, ceunup cun be expensve und
s sometmes mpossbe.
l59

Leaks and Blowouts
1he hgh-pressure necton o ruckng uds cun cuuse euks
n ve cusngs und bovouts o ve equpment, vhere the
underground pressure overpovers the drng rg. Leuky
ve cusngs ut shuov depths cun uov ruckng uds to
euch nto groundvuter.
l60
A Nutonu Acudemy o Scences
study ound thut uveruge methune concentrutons n shu-
ov drnkng vuter ves n uctve gus ureus vere l7 tmes
hgher thun those n non-uctve ureus, possby due to euky
gus-ve cusngs.
161

1he mussve pressure und mutpe rucks used durng u gus
ve's etme ncreuses the kehood thut ve cusngs v
u und poute uquers.
l62
ln 20l0, u muunctonng bov-
out preventer ut u lennsyvunu gus ve ued to prevent
u 75-oot tu geyser o gus und drng ud thut sped
35,000 guons on the ground beore t vus contuned.
l63

(A uuty bovout preventer uso contrbuted to the l Cu
o sp o Apr 20l0.
l64
) ln }unuury 20ll, 2l,000 guons
o ruckng ud und ovbuck vuter speved rom u 1ogu
County ve vhen u vuve vus erroneousy et open, reeus-
ng huzurdous chorde, sodum, burum und strontum, us
The Case for a Ban on Gas Fracking
!"
ve us hydrochorc ucd used n the ruckng ud.
l65
1vo
months uter u re n the compuny's ruckng qud stor-
uge tunks nured three peope, u Chesupeuke Lnergy ve
spurted thousunds o guons o ruckng ud n rudord
County due to u crucked ve cusng.
166
Locu umes vere
orced to evucuute ther homes.
l67
lennsyvunu hud cted
Chesupeuke Lnergy 284 tmes or voutons und tuken 58
enorcement uctons snce 2008.
l68

Aquifer Migration
lruckng uds und guses cun euk nto uquers through
ve shuts or rock uuts. Hgh-pressure horzontu ruckng
dsturbs nuturu underground rock ormutons und cun huve
unntended consequences, even uter the drng s compete.
Horzontu ves ure more key thun vertcu ves to en-
counter pre-exstng crucks n the rock ormuton vhere the
gus cun mgrute und enter uquers.
l69
A 20ll Duke Lnversty
study demonstruted thut groundvuter neur ruckng operutons
hus hgher methune concentrutons.
l70
l methune cun m-
grute, t s key thut other chemcus cun us ve.
l7l
Lnderground gus ve euks cun contumnute neurby vuter
sources the crucks n the shue cuused by ruckng overup
vth nuturu uuts und ructures n the rocks.
l72
1hrough these
ructure und uut netvorks, toxc chemcus rom the ruck-
ng uds, the gus tse, or nuturuy occurrng rudouctve
chemcus und suts cun mgrute nto neurby uquers thut
provde drnkng vuter.
l73
1hese nuturu uuts und geoogcu
ructures ure common n puces ke Nev York stute.
l74
For ex-
umpe, Nev York Cty's vuter suppy s druvn rom u regon
vth prevuent geoogc uuts. 1he cty opposed ruckng neur
ts prstne vutershed, snce the mpuct o ruckng on these
geoogcu structures hus not been studed sucenty.
l75
A
Nev York hydrogeoogst observed thut the nterconnecton
o nuturu uuts und ructures voud muke ruckng dunger-
ous even the uds vere not toxc becuuse t coud uov
underground sune or rudouctve uds to mx vth reshvu-
ter sources.
l76

Fracking Wastewater Pollutes Waterways
Athough some ruckng ud remuns n the ve, ubout 30 to
70 percent o the nected uds ure dschurged us vustevu-
ter.
l77
lor exumpe, n 2009, lennsyvunu's o und gus ves
produced 9 mon guons o vustevuter u duy, by 20ll,
the ves vere expected to creute l9 mon guons.
l78
1he
vuste cun be so toxc und concentruted thut t s very d-
cut to dspose o suey. Cne method to get rd o ruck-
ng vuste s to nect t n dsposu ves n rock ormutons
underground.
l79
1hs method s common or most shue puys
except the Murceus Shue becuuse Appuuchun geoogy s
unsutube or underground necton.
!"#
Cny u ev necton
ves exst n lennsyvunu.
l8l
Drers neur popuuton cen-
ters cun send ruckng vuste to ocu vustevuter treutment
punts, vhch treut und dute the vustevuter und reeuse t
nto suruce vuters.
l82

Stundurd vustevuter treutment cunnot hunde the chordes,
totu dssoved sods, orgunc chemcus, bromde und ruck-
ng ud chemcus.
l83
1he vuter uso contuns substunces,
ncudng possby rudouctve eements, pcked up durng ts
ourney underground.
l84
A 20ll !ev \otl 1|mes nvestgutve
report ound thut neury three-quurters o the more thun 240
lennsyvunu und \est Vrgnu studed gus ves produced
vustevuter vth hgh eves o ruduton, ncudng ut eust
ll6 ves vth eves thut vere hundreds o tmes the LlA's
drnkng vuter stundurd, und ut eust l5 ves vth eves
thousunds o tmes the stundurd.
l85
Accordng to lrolubcu,
no lennsyvunu vustevuter treutment punt vus expected to
be ube to remove totu dssoved sods rom the vuter unt
20l3.
l86

ln lennsyvunu, ut eust hu o the vuste vent to pubc
sevuge punts betveen 2008 und 2009.
l87
A 20ll ssoc|a|ed
Itess report ound thut lennsyvunu coud not uccount or
the dsposu method o l.28 mon burres o ts vustevu-
ter (one-th o the unnuu totu) due to uuty reportng.
l88

ln August 20l0, despte ndustry buckush, lennsyvunu
strengthened ts ruckng vustevuter reguutons, but treut-
ment punts thut hud ureudy uccepted ruckng vuste vere
uoved to contnue to do so under the sume treutment
stundurds.
l89
As o Apr 20ll, l5 o those 27 punts vere
st ucceptng ruckng vustevuter.
l90
lennsyvunu does not
requre u sevuge punts to test or rudouctvty, reguutors
und ndustry ocus dscount the rsk o rudouctvty n the
vuste.
l9l
Ater the !ev \otl 1|mes study vus reeused, the
LlA urged lennsyvunu to requre communty vuter systems
neur punts thut treut Murceus Shue vustevuter to test or
ruduton und reevuuute dschurge permts o vustevuter
treutment punts thut dspose o ruckng vuste.
l92
1he Center
or Heuthy Lnvronments und Communtes (CHLC) ut the
Lnversty o lttsburgh tested the vustevuter o u treutment
ucty n lndunu County, lennsyvunu, und ound burum
ut rutes l4 tmes the LlA drnkng vuter stundurd, strontum
ut 746 tmes the stundurd, benzene ut tvce the stundurd und
totu dssoved sods ut 373 tmes the stundurd.
l93

Much o ths ruckng vustevuter ends up n rvers uter ts
ncompete treutment. 1hese dschurges huve ureudy been
u muor probem. 1he Mononguheu Rver n lennsyvunu
mght be one o the most endungered rvers n the country,
purtuy due to the urge portons o pouton rom Murceus
Shue ruckng vuste.
l94
Lven uter 20l0 rues reduced ruck-
ng pouton, the lennsyvunu Depurtment o Lnvronmentu
lrotecton estmuted thut gus vustevuter vus cuusng 5 to l0
percent o the pouton n the rver.
l95
lennsyvunu's rvers
huve hgher eves o bromdes, vhch reuct vth treutment
punt chorne dsnectunts to creute potentuy cuncer-cuus-
ng chemcus cued trhuomethunes.
l96
\ustevuter uctes
huve not been ube to treut or remove trhuomethunes.
l97

Food & Water Watch
""
Drers huve tred to mtgute ths probem by recycng
vustevuter. Amost tvo-thrds (66 percent) o ruckng vuste
vus recyced n the sx months beore Murch 20ll, up rom
20 percent the prevous yeur.
l98
Hovever, reusng vuter does
not muke t go uvuy, t st needs to be dsposed o eventu-
uy.
l99
Some ves se the vuste to neurby communtes thut
use t or dust suppresson or roud de-cng, vhere t cun run
o nto suruce vuter.
200

Economic Costs
1he shue gus rush s not ust u dunger to pubc heuth, but
uso to ocu economes. \he ndustry promotes ob cre-
uton und ocu nvestment, proponents typcuy do not uc-
count or the ong-term economc dumuge und the sgncunt
eroson o communtes' quuty o e thut cun outvegh
uny benets.
20l
Muny economc benets muy be u mruge
dstunt energy compunes typcuy do not buy rom ocu
busnesses und out-o-tovn roughnecks short-term obs.
Nev ves brng eets o trucks thut crovd und dumuge
ruru rouds und curry potentuy huzurdous vustevuter.
Cucophonous drng rgs operute 24 hours u duy, 7 duys
u veek.
202
Scenc vstus ure repuced vth u undscupe o
gus ves, vhch overs property vuues und hurms toursm
und recreuton ndustres ke huntng und shng. ln \se
County, 1exus, propertes vth gus ves huve ost 75 percent
o ther vuue.
203
Nuturu gus rgs not ony devuue the prop-
erty vhere they ure ocuted, but uso the vuue o neghbor-
ng propertes.
204

Lvery energy boom comes vth u bust. Most economc guns
ure short-ved empoyment, constructon, housng demund
und even royuty puyments ure urge ut rst, but dmnsh
qucky uter the ntu nvestment.
205
Locus do not uvuys
drng obs. ln lennsyvunu, 70 percent o dr rg vorkers
ure rom out o stute.
206
ln Nev York stute, the top gus-produc-
ng countes huve over househod ncomes und hgher eves
o poverty thun neurby non-gus-producng countes.
207

Durng constructon und drng, gus ves sgncunty n-
creuse heuvy truck truc, und ocus beur the cost o repur-
ng veur und teur on ocu rouds. lennsyvunu Depurtment
o Lnvronmentu lrotecton estmutes thut budng und
ruckng u ve requres l,000 heuvy truck trps.
208
lncreused
truck truc dumuges ocu nrustructure und cun ncreuse
the rsk o truck uccdents on smu, ruru rouds.
209
lruckng
uso requres ppenes to trunsport the gus, vhch cun pose
suety huzurds rom exposons.
2l0
ln 20ll, u ppene expo-
son n Aentovn ked ve vorkers, other exposons huve
occurred n Cho, lennsyvunu, Cuornu, Mchgun und
1exus, some utu.
2ll
lurmers, vhose vehoods depend on the heuth o the und,
uce especuy sturk choces. lersstenty ov mk prces
huve threutened dury urms n lennsyvunu und Nev York,
und the prospect o gus royuty puyments s temptng. lurmers
euse ther und to gus compunes vth the promse o mn-
mu mpuct.
2l2
Hovever, vestock huve ded rom drnkng
vuter tunted vth sped ruckng uds. ln 2009, l6 cutte
ded uter uppurenty drnkng ud thut escuped rom u
Lousunu ruckng ve.
2l3
ln 20l0, lennsyvunu quurun-
tned 28 covs thut muy huve consumed vuter tunted by u
ruckng sp thut coud contumnute ther meut.
2l4
Crgunc
urmers coud ose ther premum prces ndustru ruckng
ud poutes ther crops or vestock.
2l5
lurm sues coud be
destroyed pouton threutens vestock, crops or urmund.
The Case for a Ban on Gas Fracking
!"
Conclusion and Recommendations:
Fracking Is a Step in the Wrong
Direction
1he rupd expunson o horzontu hydruuc ructured drng
or nuturu gus hus been dsustrous. lederu und stute reguu-
tors huve been useep ut the svtch us gus compunes poute
the ur und vuter o communtes vng n the puth o the
rucked gus rush. Lven the uvs on the books vere strength-
ened, ruckng poses too severe u rsk to pubc heuth und
the envronment to entrust eectve und rgorous reguutory
oversght to overvhemed reguutors. oth stute und ederu
reguutors huve u poor truck record o protectng the pubc
rom the mpucts o ruckng. Congress, stute egsutors und
ocu governmentu bodes need to bun shue gus ruckng.
Ruther thun tukng u strutegc puuse n the uce o the demon-
strube probems vth ruckng, lresdent uruck Cbumu's ud-
mnstruton s pursung rucked nuturu gus u speed uheud.
ln un Apr 20ll speech, lresdent Cbumu sud thut the po-
tentu or nuturu gus s enormous und promoted proposed
egsuton to sht rom o to nuturu gus the sume egsu-
ton endorsed by 1. oone lckens to subsdze nuturu gus
vehces.
2l6
1he pubc opposton to ruckng prompted the
udmnstruton to uunch u commttee to gure out hov to
muke ruckng sue.
2l7
1hs uttempt s msguded ruckng s
not sue.
1he energy ndustry s spendng more prvute money to
deveop controversu sources o rucked gus thun the L.S.
government und prvute sector ure nvestng to trunston to
u ceun energy economy.
2l8
A 20ll lntergovernmentu lune
on Cmute Chunge report ound thut vth sucent deveop-
ment, renevube ues coud dever umost 80 percent o the
vord's pover needs by 2050.
2l9
More thun u brdge ue,
renevube energy s u brdge vth u destnuton. Nonetheess,
London's Guardian reports thut, senor executves n the os-
s ue ndustry huve uunched un u-out ussuut on renev-
ube energy, obbyng governments und busness groups to
reect vnd und sour pover n uvor o gus.
220

Amercu's ruckng ud s posed to go gobu. Chnu rucked
ts rst horzontu shue gus ve n Apr 20ll und some
Luropeun countres ure consderng oovng sut.
22l
But
South Arcu und uebec, Cunudu, huve mposed ruck-
ng morutorums, und popuur opposton n lrunce und the
Lnted lngdom huve soved deveopment.
222
Shue gus ruckng poses unucceptube rsks to the Amercun
pubc. 1oduy, muny muncputes uround the country ure
bunnng ruckng to protect ther ctzens rom the negutve
consequences o ths type o drng. 1hese ocu resoutons
ure u good deu, but they von't protect the entre country.
Shue gus ruckng shoud be bunned on the nutonu eve. lt
s tme to stop destroyng pubc ur und vuter n the nterest
o o und gus compuny prots, und nsteud seek energy sou-
tons thut v provde u ong term, renevube energy uture
or the Lnted Stutes.
Recommendations
- un shue gus ruckng n the Lnted Stutes.
- Cose oophoes thut exempt ruckng rom key ederu ur
und vuter envronmentu reguutons.
- Aggressvey nvest n energy ecency und renevube
energy sources thut voud resut n u sustunube energy
uture or the country.
Activists in New York protest fracking in their state, including (from
left to right) actor Mark Ruffalo, Sane Energy Project Co-Founder
Denise Katzman, Food & Water Watch Executive Director Wenonah
Hauter and Frack Action Executive Director Claire Sandberg. Photo
by Food & Water Watch.
Many mun|c|pa||||es atound
|he coun|ty ate a|teady
bann|ng |tacl|ng |o pto|ec|
|he|t c|||zens |tom |he
consequences |tom |h|s |ype
o| dt||||ng, bu| ve need a
na||ona| ban |o pto|ec| |he
en||te coun|ty.
Food & Water Watch
"#
Endnotes
l L.S. House o Representutves. Commttee on Lnergy und Commerce. Mnorty
Stu Report. Chemcus Lsed n Hydruuc lructurng. Apr 20ll ut l,
Horvtt, Dusty. Lnvronmentu \orkng Croup. Drng Around the Luv.
}unuury 20l0 ut 2, Coborn, 1heo et u. Nuturu gus operutons rom u pubc
heuth perspectve. Accepted or pubcuton n the ln|etna||ona| /outna| o|
Human and Ico|og|ca| R|sl ssessmen|. September 4, 20l0 ut 9.
2 Lrbnu, lun. Reguuton ux us gus gus ves' tunted vuter hts rvers. !ev
\otl 1|mes. lebruury 26, 20ll, Curuso, Duvd . Stute uovs dumpng o
tunted vustevuter. ssoc|a|ed Itess. }unuury 3, 20ll.
3 Mudsen, 1ruvs et u. lronter Croup und lennLnvronment. Reseurch und
locy Center. ln the Shudovn o the Murceus oom.: Hov Shue Cus
Lxtructon luts Vunerube lennsyvununs ut Rsk. Muy 20ll.
4 \ynn, Cerurd und en Hrscher. DAVCS-Shue gus s L.S. energy gume
chunger'-l CLC. Reu|ets. }unuury 28, 20l0, Yergn, Dune und Robert
lneson. Amercu's Nuturu Cus Revouton. 1he \a|| S|tee| /outna|. November
2, 2009.
5 Hovurth, Robert \., et. u. Methune und the greenhouse-gus ootprnt o
nuturu gus rom shue ormutons: A etter. C||ma||c Change. Change, vo. l06,
ss. 4. }une 20ll ut 679.
6 lruuss, Cord. lorget \nd. lckens 1urns locus to Cus. 1he !ev \otl
1|mes. }unuury l4, 20l0.
7 Asever, }enner. lckens lun no onger eutures vnd energy. MS!BC,
December l4, 20l0.
8 urnes, }umes A. lckens tuks tough tovurd gus opponents. !a||ona| /outna|.
Apr 20, 20ll.
9 Lumpher, Cury. Cu sp u chng ud or nuturu gus. Idmun|on (|bet|a,
Canada) /outna|. }une 5, 20l0, Ml1 Lnergy lntutve. 1he uture o nuturu gus:
un nterdscpnury Ml1 study. lnterm report. }une 25, 20ll, ut 36.
l0 Mutthevs, Murk. 1. oone lckens pushes or nuturu gus. lntervev vth
AC7 (lCC-1V) n Sun lruncsco, lebruury ll, 20l0. Avuube onne ut
http://ubcocu.go.com/kgo/story:secton=nevs/potcs&d=7272774, ac-
cessed Muy, 20ll. See \ekump, Nck und Dune }. \ess. Amercun lue:
Deveopng nuturu gus or heuvy vehces. Center or Amercun lrogress. Apr
l4, 20l0, Ml1 Lnergy lntutve (20ll) ut x, xv, xv und l.
ll A, Ambreen. lckens' nev pun: no vnd. Ro|| Ca||. Muy l7, 20ll.
l2 See Stupe, Cregory C. und }oe N. Svsher. Amercun Ceun Skes lounduton.
the 1he Cmute lmpuct o Nuturu Cus und Cou-lred Lectrcty: A Revev
o lue Chun Lmssons used on Lpduted LlA Nutonu lnventory Dutu.
Apr l9, 20ll, Croundvuter lrotecton Counc und ALL Consutng. Modern
Shue Cus Deveopment n the Lnted Stutes: A lrmer. lrepured or L.S.
Depurtment o Lnergy Cce o loss Lnergy und Nutonu Lnergy 1echnoogy
Luborutory. Apr 2009 ut 5.
l3 Rep. Suvun, }ohn Suvun. lress reeuse. Suvun, oren, Lurson, rudy
lntroduce -lurtsun Nut Cus Act 1o Hep Address Rsng Cus lrces, Reduce
Dependence Cn loregn C. lress Reeuse, Apr 6, 20ll.
l4 \ekump und \ess (20l0) ut 6 to 7.
l5 L.S. Lnergy lnormuton Admnstruton (LlA). Nuturu Cus Annuu, 2007, DCL/
LlA-0l3l(2007). Cce o lntegruted Anuyss und lorecustng. lroectons:
ALC20l0 Nutonu Lnergy Modeng System. ALC20l0R.Dlll809A.
}unuury 2009.
l6 Nuvgunt Consutng. North Amercun Nuturu Cus Suppy Assessment.
lrepured or Amercun Ceun Skes lounduton. }uy 4, 2008 ut l0.
l7 lotentu Cus Commttee. lotentu Suppy o Nuturu Cus n the Lnted
Stutes.. Apr 27, 20ll.
l8 Choudhury, Suntunu und Rukesh Shur. Reunce spends Sl.36 bon on shue
gus stuke. \a|| S|tee| /outna|. }une 24, 20l0.
l9 Hutcher, Moncu. Chnese o gunt tukes bg step nto 1exus shue. Hous|on
Chton|c|e. Cctober l2, 20l0, Choudhur und Shur (20l0).
20 Nuturu Cus Suppy Assocuton. 1op 40 lroducers, L.S. Nuturu Cus
lroducton 2
nd
uurter 20l0. September 30, 20l0. Lobbyng spendng rom:
Center or Responsve lotcs. Lobbyng Spendng Dutubuse, Cl C und Cus.
Avuube ut vvv.opensecrets.org/obby/. Accessed Muy, 20ll.
2l lckens, 1. oone. A surprsng envronmentust. lrom 1. oone lckens' veb
ste, uvuube ut http://vvv.boonepckens.com/, uccessed Muy 20ll, Asever
(20l0).
22 Hovurth et. u. (20ll) ut 679.
23 Lrbnu (lebruury 20ll).
24 Curuso (20ll).
25 House Lnergy und Commerce Commttee Mnorty Stu Report (Apr 20ll) ut
l, Horvtt (20l0) ut 2, Coborn et u. (20l0) ut 9.
26 Csborn, Stephen C. et u. Methune contumnuton o drnkng vuter uccom-
punyng gus-ve drng und hydruuc ructurng. Itoceed|ngs o| |he !a||ona|
cademy o| Sc|ences. Apr l4, 20ll ut 2.
27 Mouuvud, }ud und Cord lruuss. Durk sde o nuturu gus. 1he !ev \otl
1|mes. December 8, 2009.
28 Cho Depurtment o Nuturu Resources Dvson o Mneru Resources
Munugement, Report on the lnvestguton o the Nuturu Cus lnvuson o
Aquers n unbrdge 1ovnshp o Ceuugu County, Cho. September l, 2008
ut 5.
29 Lee, Mke. Stute vorred ubout ur pouton neur urnett Shue ves. S|at
1e|egtam (1exus). November 22, 2009, urnett, }ohn. Heuth ssues oov
nuturu gus drng n 1exus. !a||ona| Iub||c Rad|o. November 3, 2009.
30 uuers, Sundy. Croups dever boxouds o comments to commsson on pro-
posed rues or Deuvure Rver usn drng. lhudephu lnqurer. Apr l5,
20ll, 30,000 oppose nut gus drng neur Deuvure Rver. Assocuted lress.
Apr l4, 20ll.
3l Cruce, 1om. Locus to on Abuny unt-ruckng ruy.Cneon|a (!ev \otl)
Oa||y S|at. Apr 9, 20ll, lood & \uter \utch. lress Reeuse. Consumer
Advocutes, usnesses, lurmers, Doctors und Scentsts }on Lected Ccus
to Cu or u un on lruckng n Nev York. Muy 2, 20ll, Cumpbe, Chrste.
Heurng druvs protest, support. 1he Cbserver-Reporter (\ushngton, lA).
}une l4, 20ll, Cund, Donud. 'Cusund' drector }osh lox euds st-n
outsde governor's oce. 1he lutrot-Nevs. }une 7, 20ll.
32 lood & \uter \utch unuyss o medu reports und ctyvde ordnunces. Cn
e.
33 1uyor, lh. C und Cus: LM che suys ruckng s sue but vunts dscosure,
bovout regs. Iand Ie||et. Vo. l0, No. 9. Murch l0, 20ll.
34 Lrbnu (lebruury 20ll).
35 lb|d.
36 lb|d.
37 House Lnergy und Commerce Commttee Mnorty Stu Report. (Apr 20ll) ut
l, 3 und l0.
38 Rverkeeper. lructure Communtes: Cuse Studes o the Lnvronmentu
lmpucts o lndustru Cus Drng. September 20l0. ut 3, 6, 8, l0, l2 umd l6.
39 Hovurth et u. (20ll) ut 679.
40 lb|d. ut 667 to 68l, L.S. Lnvronmentu lrotecton Agency (LlA). Scence.
Avuube onne ut http://vvv.epu.gov/outreuch/scentc.htmhttp://vvv.epu.
gov/outreuch/scentc.htm. Lust upduted }une 22, 20l0. Accessed Muy, 20ll.
4l House Lnergy und Commerce Commttee Mnorty Stu Report. (Apr 20ll),
Horvtt (20l0) ut 2.
42 Mudsen et u. (20ll) ut 6-7, 30.
43 Csborn et u. (20ll) ut l to 2.
44 Coborn et u. (20l0) ut Abstruct und 9.
45 Curuso (20ll).
46 Lustgurten, Abruhm. ured Secrets: ls nuturu gus drng endungerng L.S.
vuter suppes: ItoIub||ca. November l3, 2008.
47 lb|d.
48 lusnetz, Nchous. Muny lA gus ves go unreported or months. ItoIub||ca.
lebruury 3, 20ll, Lustgurten, Abruhm. Cpponents to ruckng dscosure tuke
bg money. ItoIub||ca. }unuury l4, 20ll, Lustgurten, Abruhm. Hydrorucked:
Cne mun's mystery euds to u buckush ugunst nuturu gus drng. ItoIub||ca.
lebruury 25, 20ll.
49 Arthur, }.D., ., . ohm , ., und M. Luyne, M. Hydruuc ructurng consder-
utons or nuturu gus ves o the Murceus shue. lrepured or presentuton
at 1he Ctound \a|et Ito|ec||on Counc||. Cncnnut, Cho. September 2l-24,
2008 ut 8, Hurper, }ohn. ureuu o 1opogruphc und Ceoogc Survey. 1he
Murceus ShueAn Cd Nev' Cus Reservor n lennsyvunu. ureuu o
1opogruphc und Ceoogc Survey. Iennsy|van|a Ceo|ogy. Vo 38, No. l. Sprng
2008 ut l0.
50 Montgomery, Cur 1. und Mchue . Smth. NSl 1echnooges. Hydruuc
lructurng: Hstory o un Lndurng 1echnoogy. /outna| o| Ie|to|eum
1echno|ogy. Vo. 62, lss. l2. December 20l0 ut 27.
5l Huburton. lress Reeuse. Huburton ceebrutes 50-yeur unnversury o
process thut energzed' o und gus ndustry. }une 2l, l999.
52 }ue, Murk. lotcu ructure ght over o, gus extructon process o ruck-
ng' moves to Congress. Oenvet Ios|. August 2, 2009, Curo, Vctor. 1exus
Ruroud Commsson, Representng the lnterstute C und Cus Compuct
Commsson. 1estmony n ront o House Lnergy und Commerce Commttee,
l09
th
Congress. lebruury l0, 2005.
53 Coud, }e. Vce Churmun, Ckuhomu Corporuton Commsson. 1estmony
beore the L.S. Senute Commttee on Lnvronment und lubc \orks
Subcommttee on \uter und \de. Apr l2, 20ll.
54 \utson, Stephen 1. ln Cons, eects o gus drng ure debuted. Bu||a|o
!evs. Cctober l8, 20l0.
55 Croundvuter lrotecton Counc und ALL Consutng (2009) ut 7, 8 und l5.
56 Arthur et u. (2008) ut 7-8.
57 Croundvuter lrotecton Counc und ALL Consutng (2009) ut l5.
58 Arthur et u. (2008) ut 6.
59 lb|d. ut l, 7, 8, 9, ll und l6.
60 Muykuth, Andrev. lruckng' under pressure. Ih||ade|ph|a lnqu|tet. }unuury
l0, 20l0, shop, Ronud. Comments to pubc ugency Submtted to ureuu
The Case for a Ban on Gas Fracking
!"
o C & Cus Reguuton, NYSDLC Dvson o Mneru Resources. December 2,
2008. December 2, 2008, Arthur et u. (2008) ut l0.
6l L.S. LlA. Drut lun to Study the lotentu lmpucts o Hydruuc lructurng on
Drnkng \uter Resources. LlA/660/D-ll/0ll. lebruury 20ll ut l9.
62 lb|d. ut 29.
63 Northrup, }umes. Ctsego 2000. 1he Lnque Lnvronmentu lmpucts o
Horzontuy Hydroruckng Shue. August l8, 20l0 ut l.
64 Croundvuter lrotecton Counc und ALL Consutng (2009) ut 66 to 67.
65 lb|d.
66 Muykuth (}unuury 20l0).
67 Croundvuter lrotecton Counc und ALL Consutng (2009) ut 66, Voz,
Conrud. 1estmony on Nuturu Cus Drng, lubc Heuth und Lnvronmentu
lmpucts. Subcommttee on \uter und \de. Commttee on Lnvronment und
lubc \orks. Senute. Apr l2, 20ll.
68 Cuyton, Murk. lruckng or nuturu gus: LlA heurngs brng protests. Christian
Sc|ence Mon||ot. September l3, 20l0.
69 \ynn, Cerurd und en Hrscher. DAVCS-Shue gus s L.S. energy gume
chunger'-l CLC. Reu|ets. }unuury 28, 20l0, Yergn, Dune und Robert
lneson. Amercu's Nuturu Cus Revouton. 1he \a|| S|tee| /outna|. November
2, 2009.
70 Nuvgunt Consutng (2008) ut l0.
7l lb|d., L.S. Lnergy lnormuton Admnstruton (LlA). North Amercun shue
puys. Murch 20ll.
72 lennsyvunu Stute Lnversty. Lnconventonu nuturu gus reservor coud
boost L.S. suppy. lenn Stute Lve. }unuury l7, 2008.
73 Moss, lerry. Nutonu lurk Servce, L.S. Depurtment o the lnteror. lotentu
Deveopment o the Nuturu Cus Resources n the Murceus Shue. December
2008 ut 3, lennsyvunu Depurtment o Lnvronmentu lrotecton. ureuu o
C und Cus Munugement. Stu Communcuton. Lmu on e ut lood & \uter
\utch. }une 29, 20l0.
74 Lurson, }m. ured Secrets: Cus drng's envronmentu mpuct: Hov bg s
the gus drng reguutory stu n your stute. ItoIub||ca. Accessed Muy l3,
20ll.
75 L.S. LlA. Annuu L.S. Nuturu Cus Murketed lroducton. Nuturu Cus
Nuvgutor. Apr 29, 20ll, L.S. LlA. Annuu L.S. Nuturu Cus Cross
\thdruvs. Nuturu Cus Nuvgutor. Apr 29, 20ll.
76 L.S. LlA (}unuury 2009).
77 lHS CLRA. lueng North Amercu's Lnergy luture: 1he Lnconventonu
Nuturu Cus Revouton und the Curbon Agendu. (Specu Report). 20l0 ut
LS-l.
78 L.S. LlA. Annuu Lnergy Cutook 20ll vth lroectons to 2035. Apr 20ll
ut 37.
79 Cusey, Chrs. lruckng sue und udequutey reguuted, speukers suy ut orum.
Ctee|ey (Co|otado) 1t|bune. Apr 26, 20ll.
80 Drver, Annu. Lxxon vurns reguutons muy stop shue gus drng. Reu|ets.
Apr 28, 20ll.
8l L.S. LlA. Lvuuuton o lmpucts to Lnderground Sources o Drnkng \uter by
Hydruuc lructurng o Coubed Methune Reservors. LlA 8l6-R-04-003. }une
2004 ut LS-l.
82 Lsch, Mury. Luvmuker cus or reguuton o hydruuc ruckng used n nuturu
gus extructon process. Iev|s|on (ldaho) Motn|ng 1t|bune. September l4,
20l0, Hopey, Don. l,200 heur Murceus Shue.I|||sbutgh Ios|Caze||e. }uy
23, 20l0.
83 \son, \eston. Letter to Sen. \uyne Aurd, Sen en Nghthorse Cumpbe
und Rep. Dunu DeCette Cctober 8, 2004 ut 2 to l3.
84 Crumbes, eumn. Dr, muybe, dr! lresdentu lpene. Avuube on-
ne ut http://vvv.ceunvuterumercuuunce.org/nevs_ppene.php. Accessed
Muy 20ll.
85 losnk, Renee. C und Cus Accountubty lroect und Lurthvorks. 1he o
und gus ndustry's excusons und exemptons to muor envronmentu stututes.
Cctober 2007 ut 2, 8, ll und l5.
86 Lnergy locy Act 2005. lubc Luv l09-58, 322. August 8, 2005.
87 !ev \otl 1|mes edtoru bourd. 1he Huburton oophoe. 1he !ev \otl
1|mes. November 2, 2009, Murphy, }urrett. Cheney's Huburton tes remun.
CBS !evs. \ushngton, September 26, 2003, Huburton. lress Reeuse
(l999).
88 House Lnergy und Commerce Commttee Mnorty Stu Report (Apr 20ll) ut
ll to l2.
89 }ue (2009).
90 \ooton, Cusey. lruckng dscosure vebste muy not deter reguutons.
Hous|on Bus|ness /outna|. Apr 2l, 20ll.
9l Cce o Congressmun }ured los. luctsheet. H.R. l2041he RLA1HL
(rngng Reductons to Lnergy's Arborne 1oxc Heuth Lects) Act.
92 L.S. LlA (lebruury 20ll) ut l.
93 Lustgurten, Abruhm. roud scope o LlA's ructurng study ruses re o gus
ndustry. ItoIub||ca. Apr 7, 20l0.
94 H.R.l084, ll2th Congress. lructurng Responsbty und Avureness o
Chemcus Act o 20ll. l und 2. lntroduced Murch l5, 20ll.
95 H.R. l204, ll2th Congress. lntroduced Murch l7, 20ll, Congressmun los
luctsheet.
96 Lustgurten, Abruhm. Cpponents to ruckng dscosure tuke bg money rom
ndustry. ItoIub||ca. }unuury l4, 20ll, nuturu gus cuucus members uvuube
at http://nuturuguscuucus.murphy.house.gov, uccessed Muy 20ll.
97 Lustgurten, Abruhm. Democruts cu or studes us ndustry ussus proposus to
reguute hydruuc ructurng. ItoIub||ca. }uy l3, 2009.
98 lndependent letroeum Assocuton o Amercu. los seeks CAA reguuton
o o und gus producton through sster egsuton' to lRAC Act. \ash|ng|on
Repot|. Murch 28, 20ll.
99 Coborn et u. (20l0) ut 3.
l00 1hurp, luu. lruckng' n N.C. poses rsks, opportuntes or ndustry, pubc,
uvyers. !ot|h Cato||na Iavyets \eel|y. Murch ll, 20ll.
l0l Lrbnu (lebruury 20ll).
l02 lb|d.
l03 Cououmbs, Angeu. lu. Revenue Depurtment oers vev o Murceus Shue
tux puyments. Ih||ade|ph|a lnqu|tet. Muy 3, 20ll.
l04 Muureo, 1rucy und Luuru Cson. Corbett svngs budget ux ut schoos, co-
eges. I|||sbutgh Ios|Caze||e. Murch 8, 20ll.
l05 Hopey, Don. DLl ros buck upprovu process or shue voutons. I|||sbutgh
Ios|Caze||e. Muy 3, 20ll.
l06 lb|d.
l07 Common Cuuse Nev York. Deep Drng, Deep lockets: Lxpendtures o the
Nuturu Cus lndustry n Nev York to lnuence lubc locy. lurt ll-Lobbyng
expendtures. Apr 20ll ut 6.
l08 lb|d. ut 9.
l09 Hovurth et. u. (20ll) ut 679.
ll0 lb|d. ut 687 to 68l, L.S. LlA. Scence. (}une 20l0).
lll L.S. LlA. Scence. (}une 20l0), lntergovernmentu lune on Cmute Chunge.
(l996). C||ma|e Change 100S: 1he Sc|ence o| C||ma|e Change. Nev York:
Cumbrdge Lnversty lress ut 22.
ll2 Shnde, Drev 1., et. u. lmproved Attrbuton o Cmute lorcng to
Lmssons. Sc|ence Magaz|ne. Voume 326, Cctober 30, 2009, ut 7l6 to 7l7.
ll3 Hovurth et. u. (20ll) ut 8 to 9.
ll4 Mutheson 1r-Cus. Muteru Suety Dutu Sheet. Methune, Compressed Cus.
December ll, 2008, \bur, 1om. lu. seeks stronger drng rues to combut
methune mgruton. l|haca /outna|. Muy 23, 20l0.
ll5 Csborn et u. (20ll) ut 4, Voz, Conrud. Methune und other types o ppenes
beng proposed us u resut o shue gus expunsons. Center or Heuthy
Lnvronments und Communtes, Lnversty o lttsburgh Cruduute Schoo o
lubc Heuth. August 23, 20l0, L.S. LlA. Scence. (}une 20l0).
ll6 Shett, Duve. Cook u humburger, bov up your pouted tovn. B|oombetg.
}une 2l, 20l0.
ll7 Csborn et u. (20ll) ut 2.
ll8 Cho Depurtment o Nuturu Resources (2008) ut 3 to 5.
ll9 Hurmun, Creg. lruckng's short, drty hstory. San n|on|o Cutten|. }unuury 5,
20ll-}unuury ll, 20ll.
l20 Lots, Rundy Lee.LlA: 2 homes ut rsk o exposon. Oa||as Motn|ng !evs.
December 8, 20l0.
l2l House Lnergy und Commerce Commttee Mnorty Stu Report (Apr 20ll) ut
ll, Hurmun (20ll), Lee (2009).
l22 urnett (2009).
l23 lb|d.
l24 Lee (2009).
l25 Armendurz, A. Lnvronmentu Deense lund. Lmssons rom Nuturu Cus
lroducton n the urnett Shue Areu und Cportuntes or Cost-Lectve
lmprovemnts. }unuury 26, 2009 ut l, 7, 8 und l8.
l26 lb|d.
l27 Lrbnu (lebruury 20ll).
l28 lb|d.
l29 lb|d.
l30 luunder, Chrs. Shue ves ure ve reguuted. I|||sbutgh Ios|Caze||e. }uy
l6, 20l0.
l3l lover, 1om. L1 teum v tuke cose ook ut ruckng. Hous|on Chton|c|e.
Muy 7, 20ll.
l32 \urd, len. C, gus operutors skrt ederu uv, report suys. Chat|es|on (\es|
V|tg|n|a) Caze||e. }unuury 20, 20l0.
l33 Lsch (20l0), Hopey (20l0), luunder (20l0).
l34 \htstt, \um l. Devon Lnergy Corporuton. 1estmony beore the House
Commttee on Cversght und Covernment Reorm. ukersed, CA. Muy 6,
20ll ut l3.
l35 lb|d.
l36 Creene, Susun. Sh's svg cum hurd to svuov. Oenvet Ios|. Cctober 20,
2009.
Food & Water Watch
"#
l37 House Lnergy und Commerce Commttee Mnorty Stu Report (Apr 20ll) ut 2.
l38 lb|d. ut 9.
l39 lb|d. ut 2, 3 und l0.
l40 Horvtt (20l0) ut 2.
l4l lb|d.
l42 Coborn et u. (20l0) ut Abstruct und 9.
l43 Lustgurten (November 2008).
l44 Voz (20ll) ut 3-4.
l45 Cuyton (20l0).
l46 Smth, }uck Z. 1he urnett Shue seurch or ucts on ruckng. Iot| \ot|h S|at
1e|egtam. September 5, 20l0.
l47 Hurmun (20ll).
l48 user, Ceorge. lu. orders hut to Cubot drng. B|ngham|on (!ev \otl)
Itess & SunBu||e||n. September 26, 2009.
l49 lb|d.
l50 Mouuvud und lruuss (2009).
l5l Hurmun (20ll).
l52 \ooton, Cusey. lruckng goes green. Hous|on Bus|ness /outna|. Apr 8,
20ll.
l53 Csen, Lrk. Nuturu gus und pouted ur. Vdeo. !ev \otl 1|mes. lebruury
20ll.
l54 Smth (20l0).
l55 Hurmun (20ll).
l56 Lots (20l0).
l57 Lustgurten, Abruhm. Hov the \est's energy boom coud threuten drnkng
vuter or l n l2 Amercuns. ItoIub||ca. December 2l, 2008.
l58 Nev York Stute Depurtment o Lnvronmentu Conservuton Dvson o Mneru
Resources. Drut Suppementu Cenerc Lnvronmentu lmpuct Stutement on
the C Cus und Souton Mnng Reguutory lrogrum, \e lermt lssuunce
or Horzontu Drng und Hgh-Voume Hydruuc lructurng to Deveop the
Murceus Shue und Cther Lov-lermeutbty Cus Reservors. September 2009
ut 6-l6.
l59 L.S. LlA. Cce o \uter, Cce o Cround-\uter lrotecton. Ctzen's Cude
to Cround-\uter lrotecton. Apr l990 ut 6.
l60 House Lnergy und Commerce Commttee Mnorty Stu Report (Apr 20ll) ut
3.
l6l Csborn et u. (20ll) ut 2, 4.
l62 Northrup (August 20l0) ut l, Northrup, }umes. Ctsego 2000. lotentu euks
rom hgh pressure hydro-ruckng o shue. September 8, 20l0 ut 3.
l63 Muykuth, Andrev. lu. suspends gus drng ut Murceus rupture ste. 1he
Ih||ade|ph|a lnqu|tet. }une 7, 20l0.
l64 lb|d.
l65 Auron, }erey. Anutomy o u ve bovout. I|m|ta (!ev \otl) S|atCaze||e.
Murch l3, 20ll.
l66 McAster, Ldvurd. lennsyvunu nutgus ve hus bovout durng ruckng.
Reu|ets. Apr 2l, 20ll, Crevs stop ov o drng ud rom Murceus Shue
ve n lu. ssoc|a|ed Itess. Apr 22, 20ll.
l67 McAster (20ll).
l68 Legere, Luuru. Ater bovout, most evucuuted umes return to ther homes n
rudord County. Sctan|on 1|mes 1t|bune. Apr 2l, 20ll.
l69 Northrup (August 20l0).
l70 Csborn et u. (20ll) ut l.
l7l Lustgurten, Abruhm. \hy gus euks mutter n the hydruuc ructurng debute.
ItoIub||ca. August 2, 20l0.
l72 Luvtts, Steven. Nev York Cty Depurtment o Lnvronmentu lrotecton.
(Letter). Re: Drut Suppementu Cenerc Lnvronmentu lmpuct Stutement
on the C, Cus und Souton Mnng Reguutory lrogrum (duted 9/30/2009).
Submtted to NYSDLC ureuu o C & Cus Reguuton. December 22, 2009 ut
7 to 8.
l73 Rubn, luu. Hydroquest. Comments on the Scope o LlA's lroposed Study o
Hydruuc lructurng. August l0, 20l0.
l74 Nev York Stute Depurtment o Lnvronmentu Conservuton (2009) ut 4-25 to
4-26.
l75 Luvtts (2009) ut 7 to 8.
l76 Rubn (20l0) ut 4.
l77 Croundvuter lrotecton Counc und ALL Consutng (2009) ut 66.
l78 Supen, }ouqun. \th nuturu gus drng boom, lennsyvunu uces un on-
suught o vustevuter. ItoIub||ca. Cctober 3, 2009.
l79 Croundvuter lrotecton Counc und ALL Consutng (2009) ut 68.
l80 L.S. LlA (lebruury 20ll) ut 40, Levy, Murc. lu. usks nuturu gus drers to stop
tukng vustevuter to l5 treutment punts or dschurge. ssoc|a|ed Itess. Apr
l9, 20ll.
l8l Levy (20ll).
l82 L.S. LlA (lebruury 20ll) ut 40.
l83 Voz (20ll) ut l, 2, 5 to 7, Cuyton (20l0), L.S. LlA (lebruury 20ll) ut 40.
l84 Croundvuter lrotecton Counc und ALL Consutng (2009) ut 70 to 7l.
l85 Lrbnu (lebruury 20ll).
l86 Supen (2009).
l87 Lrbnu (lebruury 20ll).
l88 Curuso (20ll).
l89 Levy (20ll).
l90 lb|d.
l9l Lrbnu (lebruury 20ll).
l92 Curvn, Shuvn. Letter Submtted to Mchue lruncer, Actng Secretury o
lennsyvunu Depurtment o Lnvronmentu lrotecton. Murch 7, 20ll.
l93 Voz (20ll).
l94 luko, 1m. Sty, suty Mononguheu Rver ut rsk rom poutunts. I|||sbutgh
1t|buneRev|ev. August 24, 20l0.
l95 lb|d.
l96 Levy (20ll).
l97 Curuso (20ll).
l98 Lrbnu, lun. \ustevuter recycng no cure-u n gus process. 1he !ev \otl
1|mes. Murch l, 20ll.
l99 lb|d.
200 lb|d.
20l Consdne, 1mothy }., lh.D. et u. 1he Lconomc lmpucts o the lennsyvunu
Murceus Shue Nuturu Cus luy: An Lpdute. Muy 24, 20l0.
202 Muykuth, Andrev. lu. tupped, drers not. Ih||ade|ph|a lnqu|tet. Cctober 25,
2009.
203 Henke-\oe, leggy. Drng cun dg nto und vuue. Oen|on Recotd
Chton|c|e. September l8, 20l0.
204 Cruce, 1om. Ctsego commttee reects hydro-ruckng bun. Cneon|a (!ev
\otl) Oa||y S|at. Muy 27, 20l0.
205 lhps Long, urburu. Lectures: No tme to vuste n ruckng decsons.
Cat||s|e (Iennsy|van|a) Sen||ne|. lebruury l3, 20ll.
206 urth, }unnette M. lhD., Hydroruckng oers short-term boom, ong-term
bust. Ing|neet|ng !evsRecotd. Murch 7, 20ll.
207 urth, }unnette M. lhD., }M urth & Assocutes, lnc. Lnunsvered uestons
ubout the Lconomc lmpuct o Cus Drng n the Murceus Shue: Don't }ump
to Concusons. Murch 22, 20l0 ut 4.
208 leurs, Durry. Sttng utop huge gus reserve, Md. debutes drng pructce.
\ash|ng|on Ios|. Murch 28, 20ll.
209 urth (20ll).
2l0 Voz (20l0).
2ll Cuuchon, Denns. Aentovn ppene exposon revves nuturu gus vorres.
IS 1oday. lebruury l2, 20ll.
2l2 Hum, }m. Coupe regrets gus ve euse. \!II. Cctober 28, 20l0.
2l3 Lustugruten, Abruhum. l6 cutte drop deud neur mysterous ud ut gus drng
ste. ItoIub||ca. Apr 30, 2009.
2l4 lennsyvunu quuruntne cutte over gus drng ud. Reu|ets. }uy l, 20l0.
2l5 uckock, Coeen. lotentu lmpucts o Cus Drng on Agrcuture n the
Murceus Shue Regon o Nev York Stute. December ll, 2008.
2l6 Reco, Muru. Cbumu, 1. oone lckens push nuturu gus us energy x. ldaho
S|a|esman. Apr 2l, 20ll, H.R. l380, ll2
th
Congress lntroduced Apr 6,
20ll.
2l7 L.S. Depurtment o Lnergy. lress reeuse. Secretury Chu 1usks
Lnvronmentu, lndustry und Stute Leuders to Recommend est lructces or
Sue, Responsbe Deveopment o Amercu's Cnshore Nuturu Cus Resources.
Muy 5, 20ll.
2l8 Schneder, leth und Cunter, }. Choke lont: L.S. Lnderstundng the 1ghtenng
Conct etveen Lnergy und \uter n the Lru o Cmute Chunge. Crce o
ue. Chnu Lnvronment Seres. \oodrov \son lnternutonu Center or
Schours. lssue ll, 20l0/20ll ut 40.
2l9 Specu Report Renevube Lnergy Sources (SRRLN). Summury or
locymukers. llCC. 5-8 Muy, 20ll, ut l8.
220 Hurvey, lonu. loss ue rms use bused' study n mussve gus obbyng
push. 1he (Iondon) Cuatd|an. Apr 20, 20ll.
22l \utts, }onuthun. Chnu tukes step tovurds tuppng shue gus potentu vth rst
ve. 1he (Iondon) Cuatd|an. Apr 2l, 20ll, Sturr, Luke. Controversu gus
ruckng' extructon heuded to Lurope. 1he (Iondon) Cuatd|an. December l
20l0.
222 Hongvune, Spho. Lnvronmentusts, urmers reoce us Cubnet puts
brukes on luroo ruckng. 1he Oa||y Mavet|cl (South Arcu). Apr 2l, 20ll,
Hongvune, Spho. Royu Dutch She reuy vunts to ruck up the luroo.
1he Oa||y Mavet|cl. (South Arcu). lebruury 8, 20ll, Ruvensbergen, }un.
Mxed reucton to mposed shue reeze. 1he Caze||e. (Montreu, Cunudu).
Murch 9, 20ll,Munsed, Mchu. 1he vuges o southern lrunce tuke on
Surkozy over shue gus. 1he (Iondon) Cuatd|an. Apr 20, 20ll, Hurvey
(20ll).
Food & Water Watch
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