Khondoker Alam

CIE 326
Due 2/27/14
HW 6
5.1) The three geological classifications of rocks are igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic. Igneous:
Formed from hardening or crystallizing molten material, magma through volcanic action.
Sedimentary: Coalesce from deposits of disintegrated existing rocks or inorganic remains of marine
animals.
Metamorphic: Form from igneous or sedimentary rocks that are drawn back into the earths crust and
exposed to heat and pressure, re-forming the grain structure.

5.2 One desirable aggregate characteristic of Portland concrete is to have round, smooth aggregate to
improve the workability of the fresh concrete during mixing (this is because the stability if the concrete
is from the cementing action and aggregate interlock). Another characteristic that is important is the
aggregates ability to resist weathering, or durability. This is important because the aggregate needs to
resist the pressure from water freezing in voids. A third characteristic is toughness, so that the aggregate
will not disintegrate, crush, or degrade when being mixed into the concrete. Absorption is also
important Portland cement concrete because moisture trapped in the voids is not available to react with
the cement and improve the workability of plastic concrete. A final characteristic is the specific gravity of
the aggregate in the concrete mix design.
5.3) One desirable aggregate characteristic of Asphalt concrete is to have angular and rough particles
because the stability of asphalt concrete is mostly in the aggregate interlock. These aggregate have to
meet an angularity and texture requirement, the angularity and texture of fine particles is another
characteristics of Asphalt concrete that should be considered, as there is a specific gradation needed for
fine particles. Another desirable characteristic is the adsorption of water because adsorbed asphalt is
not available to act as a binder, therefore, low adsorption aggregates are desirable for asphalt concrete.
The aggregates should also have the same strength and modulus as the concrete so the strength is
uniform throughout. Finally, aggregate must be able to withstand the force of mixing the asphalt
concrete and not disintegrate; this is called toughness.
5.4) The standard specifications for fine aggregates in New York are, fine aggregate shall consist of
natural sand or manufactured sand, all fine aggregates shall consist of hard, strong, durable particles,
which are free from a coating or any injurious material and injurious amounts of class, loam, or other
deleterious substances. Fine aggregate shall not contain substances, which when mixed in Portland
cement concrete, produce an unacceptable level of chloride ions in the final product.
5.5) a. in Portland cement concrete, round and smooth aggregate is preferred in order to increase the
workability of the cement. This is because the stability of PCC is mostly developed by the cementing
action of the cement and by the aggregate interlock.
b. Angular and rough particles are preferred to increase stability in the field and reduce rutting. This is
because the stability of HMA is mostly developed by the aggregate interlock only.

5.6) a) Saturated surface-dry condition of aggregates is when the aggregates voids are filled with
moisture but the main surface area of the aggregate particles is dry.
b) Absorption of aggregates is defined as the moisture content in the SSD condition. Moist aggregates
have moisture content in excess of the SSD condition.
c) Free water aggregates is the difference between the actual moisture content of the aggregate and the
moisture content in the SSD condition.
d) The moisture captured in the voids in the aggregates is not available.
5.31) The fineness modulus of aggregate measures the fine aggregates gradation and it is used mostly
for Portland cement concrete mix design.
5.39) Alkali-silica reactivity is the reaction between the active silica in the aggregate and the alkalis in the
cement. This is the most common reaction with cement in concrete, and is common in humid and warm
climates. This reaction causes excessive expansive, cracking, and pop-outs in the concrete. Ways to
minimize ASR is limiting the alkali content of the cement and but keeping the concrete as dry as
possible.
5.40) Typical deleterious substances in aggregate that affect Portland cement concrete include organic
impurities, coal, lignite, clay lumps, friable particles, soft particles, low density material, and particles
smaller than 0.075mm. Coal lignite and low-density materials can reduce durability and may cause pop-
outs or stains. Clay clamps, friable particles, and soft particles result in pop-outs, reduce durability and
wear resistance. Small particles weaken the bond between the cement and aggregate and may increase
water materials requirements. Organic impurities can delay settling and hardening, reduce strength
gain, and can cause deterioration.