Name: Althea Paulyne T.

Cu
Program &Year : BS PHARM 1
Class Schedule: ChemA! "1#:$#a.m.%1:$#&.m.'
Solutions and their Electrical Conductivities
Materials:
The mater(als used )ere* +&cs. Crystals o, -lue .(tr(ol"same s(/e'0 Ta-le Salt "NaCl'0 Na&hthalene
&o)der "C1#H1'0 $M Sul,ur(c Ac(d "HSo+'0 2thyl Alcohol "CH3'.
1# m! o, 1 M o, each o, the ,,. solut(ons ",or &art C' :
Sod(um acetate "NaCH3$C33' Ammon(um chlor(de "NH+Cl'
Hydrochlor(c ac(d "HC!' Acet(c ac(d "C4H+3'
Ammon(um hydro5(de NH+"3H' Sod(um hydro5(de "Na3H'
Sugar solut(on "C4H134' Sod(um chlor(de "NaCl'
6(st(lled )ater "H#' Ta& )ater "H#'
Apparatuses:
7or the a&&aratuses are* 1 &cs o, Test tu-es0 Mortar and &estle0 Cal(-rated test tu-e0 Sa,ety glasses0
St(rr(ng rod0 Sto&)atch and Conduct(.(ty a&&aratus.
6(scuss(on o, Result:
A.Solu-(l(ty o, 6(,,erent Solutes (n 6(,,erent Sol.ents
By &utt(ng m(cros&atulas o, ta-le salt and na&hthalene (n a 8m! o, ta& )ater "sha9en )ell' (n the
1
st
test tu-e and 8m! o, 9erosene (n another test tu-e. The ta-le salt (s solu-le (n )ater and not (n
9erosene and na&hthalene (s (nsolu-le (n )ater and (s solu-le (n 9erosene. :n the ne5t &rocedure0 a
8m! o, )ater (n a test tu-e )as added )(th a m! o, 9erosene and a m! o, ethyl alcohol (n
another test tu-e. The )ater )as (nsolu-le (n 9erosene and (s solu-le (n ethyl alcohol. The recorded
o-ser.at(on (s sho)n (n the ta-le -elo).
Solute
Sol.ent"Solu-le0 sl(ghtly
solu-le or (nsolu-le'
;ater <erosene
3
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Ta-le Salt Solu-le :nsolu-le Ta-le and )ater are &olar0 <erosene (s non%
&olar.
Na&hthalene :nsolu-le Solu-le Na&hthalene d(d not d(ssol.e (n )ater
)h(le (n 9erosene0 (t (s m(sc(-le
<erosene :nsolu-le Solu-le <erosene (s (mm(sc(-le (n )ater and (s
m(sc(-le to 9erosene
Solute
Sol.ent"Solu-le0 sl(ghtly
solu-le or (nsolu-le'
;ater <erosene
3
-
s
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r
.
a
t
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2thyl alcohol Solu-le :nsolu-le 2thyl alcohol (s m(sc(-le (n )ater and
(mm(sc(-le to 9ersosene.
B. Factors that influence dissolving velocity
7our crystals o, -lue .(tr(ol )ere selected and + test tu-es )ere &re&ared. The ,(rst $ test tu-es a
8m! o, ta& )ater )as added and + dro&s o, $M Sul,ur(c ac(d. "Note: -e,ore conduct(ng the
e5&er(ment (t=s (m&ortant to record the t(me (t ta9es to com&letely d(ssol.e'. :n the ,(rst test tu-e a
crystal -lue .(tr(ol )as dro&&ed and (t too9 longer t(me ,or (t to -e d(ssol.ed. :n the second
&rocedure a crystal o, -lue .(tr(ol )as gr(nned (n a mortar and &estle and then &ut (t (n the test tu-e
0 And (t too9 lesser t(me than test tu-e 1. :n test tu-e $ a gr(nned crystal )as &laced (n (t and
st(rred0 (t ta9es less than second ,or the crystal to -e d(ssol.ed com&letely0 ,aster than the test tu-e
. :n the last test tu-e0 8 m! o, hot )ater )as &laced and m! o, Sul,ur(c ac(d )as added and
st(rred. A crystal o, -lue .(tr(ol )as dro& a,ter)ard. :t d(ssol.ed less than a m(nute ma9(ng (t ,aster
than the ,(rst test tu-e0 the -lue .(tr(ol crystal. To understand clearly the results see the ta-le -elo).
>ar(at(ons Ran9
"d(ssol.(ng .eloc(ty'
7actor?25&lanat(on
Blue .(tr(ol crystal + No ,actors are (n.ol.e. Th(s
set u& (s &urely )ater and
the solute.
@round -lue .(tr(ol Sur,ace area a,,ects the
solu-(l(ty rate. Hence0 more
sur,ace &art(cles are e5&osed
to the sol.ent.
St(rred ground -lue
.(tr(ol
1 Sur,ace are and ag(tat(on
a,,ected the solu-(l(ty rate.
More sur,ace &art(cles are
e5&osed to the sol.ent and
at the same t(me -y st(rr(ng
9(net(c energy o, the
&art(cles are -e(ng
(ncreased.
Hot )ater A -lue
.(tr(ol crystals
$ The tem&erature a,,ected the
solu-(l(ty rate. <2 )as
(ncreased -ecause o, the hot
tem&erature.
C. 2lectrolytes and Non%2lectrolytes
The recorded o-ser.at(on (s sho)n (n the ta-le -elo).
Su-stance 3-ser.at(on
":ntens(ty o, l(ght
-ul-'
Ty&e o, &art(cles
":ons0 molecules0
-oth'
Ty&e o, electrolyte
"Strong0 )ea90
non%electrolyte'
1.# M hydrochlor(c
ac(d
H(gh
(ntens(ty?Br(ght
:ons Strong
1.# M acet(c ac(d !o)
(ntens(ty?6(m
Both ;ea9
1.# M sod(um
hydro5(de
H(gh
(ntens(ty?Br(ght
:ons Strong
1.# M ammon(um
hydro5(de
!o)
(ntens(ty?6(m
Both ;ea9
1.# M ammon(um
chlor(de
H(gh
(ntens(ty?Br(ght
:ons Strong
1.# M sod(um
acetate
H(gh
(ntens(ty?Br(ght
:ons Strong
1.# M sod(um
chlor(de
H(gh
(ntens(ty?Br(ght
:ons Strong
1.# M sucrose No (ntens(ty ?No
l(ght
Molecules Non B 2lectrolyte
6(st(lled )ater No (ntens(ty? No
l(ght
Molecules Non% 2lectrolyte
Ta& )ater !o)
(ntens(ty?6(m
Both ;ea9
To chec9 the electr(cal conduct(.(ty use the electr(cal conduct(.(ty a&&aratus. "See -elo) 7(g.1'
Parts of Electrical conductivity :

!(ght Bul-
2lectrodes
>oltmeter
AdCustment 9no-
7(g.1 2lectr(cal Conduct(.(ty
C3NC!DS:3N:

There,ore0 These are t)o ty&es o, su-stances accord(ng to electr(cal conduct(.(ty0
2lectrolyte )(th ,ree (ons (n solut(ons )h(le non% electrolytes )(thout ,ree (ons and
usually solut(ons o, co.alent com&ounds. Strong electrolytes )h(ch are strong ac(ds and
-ases and solu-le salts. They ha.e (ons so they result to -r(ght l(ght )hen tested (n a
conduct(.(ty a&&aratus. ;ea9 electrolytes )h(ch are )ea9 ac(ds and -ases ha.e lesser
(ons so they ha.e a d(m l(ght )hen tested (n a conduct(.(ty.
Su-m(tted to: 6r. Cam(lo A. Ta-(nas0 Ph.6