1: WATER TREATMENT

Water treatment is, collectively, the industrial-scale processes that makes water more
acceptable for an end-use, which may be drinking, industry, or medicine. Water treatment is
unlike small-scale water sterilization that campers and other people in wilderness areas
practice. Water treatment should remove existing water contaminants or so reduce their
concentration that their water becomes fit for its desired end-use, which may be safely
returning used water to the environment.
The processes involved in treating water for drinking purpose may be solids separation using
physical processes such as settling and filtration, and chemical processes such as disinfection
and coagulation.

Biological processes are employed in the treatment of wastewater and these processes may
include, for example, aerated lagoons, activated sludge or slow sand filters.


Water purification is the removal of contaminants from untreated water to produce drinking
water that is pure enough for the most critical of its intended uses, usually for human
consumption. Substances that are removed during the process of drinking water treatment
include suspended solids, bacteria, algae, viruses, fungi, minerals such as iron, manganese and
sulfur, and other chemical pollutants such as fertilisers.

Measures taken to ensure water quality not only relate to the treatment of the water, but to its
conveyance and distribution after treatment as well. It is therefore common practice to have
residual disinfectants in the treated water in order to kill any bacteriological contamination
during distribution.

World Health Organisation (WHO) guidelines are generally followed throughout the world for
drinking water quality requirements. In addition to the WHO guidelines, each country or
territory or water supply body can have their own guidelines in order for consumers to have
access to safe drinking water.

Processes for drinking water treatment
WATER TREATMENT PROCESSES:-


A combination selected from the following processes is used for municipal drinking water
treatment worldwide:
1.1:Screening and Centrfugation - for algae control and arresting any biological growth
1.2:Coagulation - for flocculation using diff. coagulant aids, also known as polyelectrolytes - to
improve coagulation and for thicker floc formation
1.3:Sedimentation - for solids separation, that is, removal of suspended solids trapped in the
floc
1.4:Filtration - removing particles from water
1.5:Disinfection - for killing bacteria.

There is no unique solution (selection of processes) for any type of water. Also, it is difficult to
standardise the solution in the form of processes for water from different sources. Treatability
studies for each source of water in different seasons need to be carried out to arrive at most
appropriate processes.

Technologies for potable water treatment are well developed, and generalised designs are
available that are used by many water utilities (public or private). In addition, a number of
private companies provide patented technological solutions.Automation of water and waste-
water treatment is common in the developed world. Capital costs, operating costs available
quality monitoring technologies, locally available skills typically dictate the level of automation
adopted.

FLOWCHART:-
WATER FROM
BORE WELL
RAW WATER
STORAGE TANK
COAGULATOR
TANK
INTERMEDIATE
TANK
PRESSURE
SAND FILTER
ACTIVE
CARBON FILTER
MICRON
FILTER
PRODUCT WATER
STORAGE TANK





1.1:SCREENING AND CENTRIFUGATION
Screening is the intial step towards water cleaniness . It is provided with a bar screen at the end
of the outlet of of the supply water i.e. from borewell to the inlet of raw storage tank which has a
capaicity of 10 kl. It's purpose to:
Protect the structure downstream against large objects which could
create obstructions in some of the facility's units,
Easily separate and remove large matter carried along by the raw
water, which might negatively affect the efficiency of later treatment
procedures or make their implementation more difficult.
The efficiency of the screening operation depends of the spacing between
screen bars:
Fine screening, for a spacing under 10 mm
Medium screening, for spacing of 10 to 40 mm
Coarse screening, for spacing of over 40 mm
Usually the fine screening is preceded by a preliminary screening operation
for purposes of protection

After flowing through the bar water goes for centrifuging in the system with
the help of centrifugal pump.Centrifugation is a separation process which
uses the action of centrifugal force to promote accelerated settling of
particles in a solid-liquid mixture. Two distinct major phases are formed in
the vessel during centrifugation :
The sediment
Usually does not have a uniform structure.
Find below an example of a sediment deposit :

The centrifugate or centrate which is the supernatant liquid.
Often clear though sometimes cloudy, due to the presence of very fine
colloidal particles that are not readily settled. However it may also contain
several phases if the mixtures interstitial liquid contains element with
different densities, such as oils for example.
Pre chlorination the term refers to the provision of disinfectant [chlorine] before providing the
water for further processes for algae control and arresting any biological growth generating in
the water.The water which has been processed with screening and pre chlorination wil lead
their way towards coagulator tank for the process of coagulation and flocculation.

1.2: COAGULATION AND FLOCCULATION
The coagulation-flocculation processes facilitate the removal of SS and
colloidal particles.Its used in the first stage of solids-liquids separation:
settling, flotation or filtration.
Coagulation is the destabilization of colloidal particles brought about by the
addition of a chemical reagent called as coagulant.
Flocculation is the agglomeration of destabilized particles into microfloc
and after into bulky floccules which can be settled called floc. The addition of
another reagent called flocculant or a flocculant aid may promote the
formation of the floc.
The factors, which can promote the coagulation-flocculation, are the
velocity gradient, the time, and the pH. The time and the velocity gradient
are important to increase the probability of the particles to come together.
Moreover the pH is a prominent factor in the removal of colloids.


The process happens by providing the water from storage tank to coagulation tank where it has
pumped with three different supplies of ferrous suphate, cal. Hypochloride and lime. Ferrous
sulphate are provided as 10 kg for 4l water . They are basically used for trapping of insoluble
particles present in coagulator tank so that they can be separated out.lime is also provided for
the maintaince of ph value in the water tank . The trapping of insoluble particles results in the
generation of dense material called floc. All the floc and water goes to the intermediate tank
for the settling of floc material.



1.3: SEDIMENTATION
Sedimentation is the tendency for particles in suspension to settle out of the fluid in which they
are entrained, and come to rest against a barrier. This is due to their motion through the fluid in
response to the forces acting on them: these forces can be due to gravity, centrifugal acceleration
or electromagnetism. In geology sedimentation is often used as the polar opposite of erosion, i.e.,
the terminal end of sediment transport. In that sense it includes the termination of transport by
saltation or true bedload transport. Settling is the falling of suspended particles through the
liquid, whereas sedimentation is the termination of the settling process.
Sedimentation may pertain to objects of various sizes, ranging from large rocks in flowing water
to suspensions of dust and pollen particles to cellular suspensions to solutions of single
molecules such as proteins and peptides. Even small molecules supply a sufficiently strong force
to produce significant sedimentation.
The term is typically used in geology, to describe the deposition of sediment which results in the
formation of sedimentary rock, and in various chemical and environmental fields to describe the
motions of often-smaller particles and molecules. Process is also used in biotech industry to
separate out cells from the culture media.

Sedimentation is basically provided after the flocculation in the material and water is transferred
to a large tank called as intermediate tank where they have been kept for sometime until the floc
generated before gets stuck down completely in the tank.the complete generation of
sedimentation leads to the next step termed as filtration . the clear water from the intermediate
tank lead itself to the new one called as presure sand filter tank where the remaining light
insoluble particles or impurities are tracked down.




1.4: FILTRATION

Filtration is commonly the mechanical or physical operation which is used for the separation of
solids from fluids (liquids or gases) by interposing a medium through which only the fluid can
pass. The fluid that passes through is called the filtrate. Oversize solids in the fluid are retained,
but the separation is not complete; solids will be contaminated with some fluid and filtrate will
contain fine particles (depending on the pore size and filter thickness). Filtration is also used to
describe some biological processes, especially in water treatment and sewage treatment in
which undesirable constituents are removed by absorption into a biological film grown on or in
the filter medium as in slow sand filtration.
Diagram of simple filtration: oversize particles in the feed cannot pass through the lattice
structure of the filter, while fluid and small particles pass through, becoming filtrate.

1.4.1:Slow sand filtration process is used in the removal of impurities in the PSF tanks
[pressure sand filter] tanks when the water supply is provided through the PSF it will follow the
mechanism of slow sand filtration. The raw water is let in to the filter room slowly from the
pipe on the right. The water will pass through the sand layers down to the bottom of this room.


Slow sand filters work through the formation of a gelatinous layer (or biofilm) called the hypogel
layer or Schmutzdecke in the top few millimetres of the fine sand layer. The Schmutzdecke is
formed in the first 1020 days of operation and consists of bacteria, fungi, protozoa, rotifera and
a range of aquatic insect larvae. As a Schmutzdecke ages, more algae tend to develop and larger
aquatic organisms may be present including some bryozoa, snails and Annelid worms. The
Schmutzdecke is the layer that provides the effective purification in potable water treatment, the
underlying sand providing the support medium for this biological treatment layer. As water
passes through the Schmutzdecke, particles of foreign matter are trapped in the mucilaginous
matrix and dissolved organic material is adsorbed and metabolised by the bacteria, fungi and
protozoa. The water produced from a well-managed slow sand filter can be of exceptionally
good quality with 90-99% bacterial reduction.
Slow sand filters slowly lose their performance as the Schmutzdecke grows and thereby reduces
the rate of flow through the filter. Eventually it is necessary to refurbish the filter. Two methods
are commonly used to do this. In the first, the top few millimetres of fine sand is scraped off to
expose a new layer of clean sand. Water is then decanted back into the filter and re-circulated for
a few hours to allow a new Schmutzdecke to develop. The filter is then filled to full depth and
brought back into service. The second method, sometimes called wet harrowing, involves
lowering the water level to just above the Schmutzdecke, stirring the sand and thereby
suspending any solids held in that layer and then running the water to waste. The filter is then
filled to full depth and brought back into service. Wet harrowing can allow the filter to be
brought back into service more quickly.

1.5: DISINFECTION

Disinfection is accomplished both by filtering out harmful micro-organisms and also by adding
disinfectant chemicals. Water is disinfected to kill any pathogens which pass through the filters
and to provide a residual dose of disinfectant to kill or inactivate potentially harmful micro-
organisms in the storage and distribution systems. Possible pathogens include viruses, bacteria,
including Salmonella, Cholera, Campylobactr and Shigella, and protozoa, including Giardia
lamblia and othercryptosporidia. Following the introduction of any chemical disinfecting agent,
the water is usually held in temporary storage often called a contact tank or clear well to allow
the disinfecting action to complete.
1.5.1 Chlorine disinfection
The most common disinfection method involves some form of chlorine or its compounds such
as chloramine or chlorine dioxide. Chlorine is a strong oxidant that rapidly kills many harmful
micro-organisms. Because chlorine is a toxic gas, there is a danger of a release associated with
its use. This problem is avoided by the use of sodium hypochlorite, which is a relatively
inexpensive solution that releases free chlorine when dissolved in water. Chlorine solutions can
be generated on site by electrolyzing common salt solutions. A solid form, calcium hypochlorite,
releases chlorine on contact with water. Handling the solid, however, requires greater routine
human contact through opening bags and pouring than the use of gas cylinders or bleach which
are more easily automated. The generation of liquid sodium hypochlorite is both inexpensive and
safer than the use of gas or solid chlorine.
All forms of chlorine are widely used, despite their respective drawbacks. One drawback is that
chlorine from any source reacts with natural organic compounds in the water to form potentially
harmful chemical by-products. These by-products, trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic
acids (HAAs), are both carcinogenic in large quantities and are regulated by the United States
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Drinking Water Inspectorate in the UK. The
formation of THMs and haloacetic acids may be minimized by effective removal of as many
organics from the water as possible prior to chlorine addition. Although chlorine is effective in
killing bacteria, it has limited effectiveness against protozoa that form cysts in water (Giardia
lamblia and Cryptosporidium, both of which are pathogenic).


In disinfection the water that is brought from the pressure sand filter is provided the remaining
flock that is not filtered that part is provided to the PWST tank . The disinfection is also
provided to remove the bacteria or any micro-organism present in the water.The disinfection
mainly involves with chlorine and its compounds in this section cal. Hypochloride is added in the
water which with water releases chlorine in the system which can be used for disinfectant
purposes the chlroine is maintained in the system or the tank with 3-5ppm value because of the
presence of excess chorine in the water can also lead to several amount of diseases because of its
toxic nature.

After that water is provided with the ACF tank[active carbon filter].The chloine is then
removed from the water because of its toxic nature carbon sheets made up of activated
charcoal is provided in the tank which stuck out chlorine from the system. Chlorine and
otherimpurities are removed in this section.

Then the water is transfer to lead and lag tank chlorine has the tendency of making some
compounds with the ater which cant be removed from the acf tank componds like 3
halomethane, haloacetic acids etc.the tanks are follows the same phenomenon in each other
they are provided with layer of sand granular ,carbon and belt of stones or pebbles which acts
as obstruction for these chemicals as they get stuck in there .Thus providing water free from
harmful chemicals and pesticides. The tanks are formed in series with each other when the
water flows through the primary bed it will obstruct the harmful chemicals if there is any
pesticicdes left it will be taken care of in lag tank i.e. polisher bed. After the removal of chlorine
and its compounds and various bacterial disinfection the water for further purification goes to
uv dsinfection section.




1.5.2: UV DISINFECTION
Ultraviolet disinfection of water consists of a purely physical, chemical-free process. UV-C
radiation attacks the vital DNA of the bacteria directly. The bacteria lose their reproductive
capability and are destroyed. Even parasites such asCryptosporidia or Giardia, which are
extremely resistant to chemical disinfectants, are efficiently reduced. UV can also be used to
remove chlorine and chloramine species from water ; this process is called photolysis
Ater the process the water is transferred to 10 micron filter to remove impurities up to 10
micron after wards 5 micron and then 1 micron filter all these filters are based upon the
principle of UV DISINFECTION PHENOMENON.




The water teated is then supplied to two different departments :
PARAMIX
SYRUP ROOM