STUDY GUIDE #1: CHAPTERS 1-3 10/15/14

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Chapter 1: Probe!"
1# $hat happe%" &he% the bo'( )" *%abe to !a)%ta)% ho!eo"ta")"+ $hat are
"o!e ,a-tor" that !).ht -o%tr)b*te to a ,a)*re o, ho!eo"ta")"+
When the body fails to maintain homeostasis, then normal function is disrupted and a disease
state, or pathological condition may result.
Homeostasis failure:
Factors of homeostasis failure are the two types of disease state, which are the internal
dysfunction of the bodys regulation and the external factor that causes the imbalance to the
bodys regulation.
The body is able to overcome these factors of homeostasis failure by restoring the body bac to
its normal condition. However, when the restoration fails, the body will be in a diseased state.
Pathoph(")oo.(: The "t*'( o, bo'( ,*%-t)o%" )% a ')"ea"e "tate#
!. What types of physiological processes re"uire energy# Why#
$atabolism is the breadown of big molecules. %t re"uires energy to brea the high&energy covalent
bonds in the molecules. Thus, it will re"uire energy.
'. %n an experiment, which are independent variables# Which are dependent variables#
%ndependent variable is an element in an experiment that a scientist uses to manipulate. %n other
words, the scientist has a control over this part of the experiment.
(ependent variable is when the scientist measures the observation resulted from the experiment he
or she conducted. The observation is a result of the independent variable that was determined by the
scientist.
). Why should every experiment have a control#
* control functions to enable scientists to detect changes made by a particular independent variable.
+y comparing a control group to an experimental group, it allows scientists to now that the
particular independent variable causes an observation to occur, not influenced by other factors.
,. How does a scientific theory differ from a hypothesis#
* scientific theory differs from hypotheses on the basis that scientific theory is constructed and
proven to be a fact by a number of experiments. Hypothesis, on the other hand, is a statement made
by a scientist that will be proven right or wrong based on the experiments that will be conducted.
-. * scientist wants to study the effects of the cholesterol&lowering drug pravastin in rats
a. What might be the hypothesis in this experiment#
The hypothesis can be: the drug pravastin, while lowers the cholesterol content, increases
the fat content in rats.
b. The scientist decides to use four different doses of pravastin. What would be an
appropriate control for this experiment#
The appropriate control would be to not administer pravastin to a group of rats.
STUDY GUIDE #1: CHAPTERS 1-3 10/15/14
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/. What ind of graph would be most appropriate for the following data sets# What labels go on the
x&axis and y&axis#
a/ .ro&th )% bo(" a%' .)r" ,ro! a.e" 1-15 a" )%')-ate' b( !ea"*re!e%t"
o, he).ht a%' &e).ht
b. the effect of food intae on body weight, measured in a population of people selected at
random
0catter plot. The x&axis is the food intae and y&axis is the body weight. 1very point
represents an individual selected at random.
2. What is physiology#
3hysiology is the study of the normal functioning of a living organism and its component parts,
including all its chemical and physical processes
4earning goals for $hapter !
5. 6nderstand the differences between the four different biomolecules
!. 6nderstand anabolic and catabolic reactions with regards to:
a. use or production of water
b. bonds and energy
'. 6nderstand "uantitative basis of molarity, osmolarity, and percent solutions
). 6nderstand factors that affect protein activity: agonists, antagonists, inhibitors, modulators
,. 6nderstand protein interactions: specificity, competition, and saturation
$hapter !: 3roblems
1# $hat )" the ')0ere%-e bet&ee% a !oe-*e a%' a -o!po*%'+
1# $hat )" the ')0ere%-e bet&ee% hydrophobic a%' hydrophilic+ $h( )" )t "o
)!porta%t to 2%o& th)" ')0ere%-e )% h*!a% ph(")oo.(+
(ifference between hydrophobic and hydrophilic is that hydrophobic refers to a characteristic of a
molecule. * hydrophobic molecule does not dissolve well in water. %n contrary, a hydrophilic
molecule is soluble in water.
Hydrophobic substances are usually nonpolar molecules that cannot form hydrogen bonds with water
molecules.
%t is important to understand this concept because a human body is about -78 water, apart from all
the other molecules and ions present.
3# $hat roe 'oe" "hape pa( )% a !oe-*e3" ,*%-t)o%+ $h( )" th)" "o )!porta%t
)% ho!eo"ta")" a%' h*!a% ph(")oo.(+
Shape o, a !oe-*e 'eter!)%e" the t(pe o, &or2 )t 'oe" )% the bo'(# A ,o*r
o, the b)oo.)-a !oe-*e ha" ')0ere%t ,or!at)o%4 a%' ea-h ha" ')0ere%t
,*%-t)o% )% the bo'(#
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$hat ,*%-t)o%" 'oe" &ater ,*8 )% !a)%ta)%)%. ho!eo"ta")"+ $hat !a2e"
STUDY GUIDE #1: CHAPTERS 1-3 10/15/14
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&ater "o e0e-t)5e a" the !a)% )%.re')e%t o, the -(to"o a%' the e9tra-e*ar
:*)'+
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pho"pho)p)'" -a% be h('rophob)- a" &e a" h('roph))-
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ea-h t(pe#
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11# $hat )" "o*b))t(+ $hat ,a-tor" a0e-t "o*b))t(+
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ee-tro(te"+
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ea-h a-)')- or ba")- "o*t)o%# There are 3 'e8%)t)o%" o, a-)'" a%' ba"e"#
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to o*r heath+
A*0er
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pre')-t)%. ), a%( -ha%.e" )% -e 5o*!e &o*' o--*r ), (o* are .)5e% ID
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boo'"trea! to the t)""*e &here )t -a% ta2e )t" e0e-t# Ho& )" th)" e9pa)%e'
b( Bprote)% )%tera-t)o%"C+
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the boo'"trea! 5)a !e!bra%e tra%"porter"4 &h)-h !o5e the !oe-*e" ,ro!
STUDY GUIDE #1: CHAPTERS 1-3 10/15/14
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the ').e"t)5e *!e%4 )%to the boo' 5e""e# A)%')%. prote)%" o, the !oe-*e
the% b)%' a%' tra%"port the"e !oe-*e" thro*.ho*t the bo'(# S)%-e
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a%' e)ther 'e-rea"e or )%-rea"e the rea-t)o% o, -erta)% a-t)5)t(#
16# $hat are 6 e9a!pe" o, -ate.or)e" ,or "o*be prote)%"+
)# e%E(!e" )5# re-eptor" 5))# Re.*ator(
prote)%"
))# !e!bra%e tra%"porter" 5# b)%')%. prote)%"
)))# ").%a !oe-*e" 5)# I!!*%o.ob*)%
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)" a t(pe o, ).a%' that o%( b)%'" to e%E(!e" or !e!bra%e tra%"porter"
1@# $hat )" Bprote)% aG%)t(C+ Bprote)% "pe-)8-)t(C+ Bprote)% a-t)5at)o%C+
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be atere' a%' ea' to a ')"ea"e "tate4 )2e ')abete"#
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prote)%"#
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&o*' happe% to -e ,*%-t)o% ), prote)%"4 %*-eot)'e"4 a%' )p)'" &ere !)"")%.
,ro! o%e o, tho"e -e -o!part!e%t" (o* )"te'+
!'. What is the fate of an apple when you eat one#
a. How do you get energy from it#
b. How does it contribute to the structure of your body#
c. How do you get it into your body#
d. (o you tae all of it into your body#
e. How did the apple obtain the energy that it gives you#
$hapter ': 0ample 3roblems
5. %n some diseases lie cystic fibrosis, a cell membrane receptor fails to function. %n the ma9ority of
cases, the problem comes from a change in the receptor so that it cannot reach the cell surface. The
STUDY GUIDE #1: CHAPTERS 1-3 10/15/14
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site in the cell where membrane proteins are synthesi:ed and assembled builds up with the abnormal
protein. This site would liely be the:
*. nucleus
+. mitochondria
C# e%'opa"!)- ret)-**!
(. lysosome
!. ;ost cells have a nucleus. However, the developing <+$ loses its nucleus during the maturation
process. (oes being anuclear explain the life span of the mature <+$ to be limited to about 5!7 days
=maximum. compared to most other cells lie muscle cells and neurons which can last longer than
months# (efend your answer.
'. What functional advantage do membranous organelles have =over nonmembranous.#
%t can function on its own.
). (efend the following statement: Structure determines function
a. *s it relates to proteins
b. *s it relates to organelles and cellular structures. For example, explain how the function of the
nucleus versus the cytoseleton is reflected by its structure.
c. *s it relates to tissue types. For example, explain how the function of each type of epithelium
=exchange, transporting, etc. is reflected by its structure. (o the same when comparing across
tissue types =i.e, muscle, nervous, connective, and epithelia.
,. Which organelle, if separated from its cell, would have the highest probability of existing and
evolving into a functional life form# 1xplain your reasoning.
;itochondria would have the highest probability of existing and evolving into a functional life
form without the presence of the cell. * uni"ue characteristic of mitochondria is that it has its
own (>*, which enables it to synthesi:e its own protein. This characteristic allows
mitochondria to survive without the need for the cells protein to perform a activities. *part from
that, it also has two membrane layers namely, the outer membrane and inner membrane, which
can be used to protect the mitochondria from foreign invaders. 4astly, scientists have come up
with the theory of proaryotic endosymbiont stating that mitochondria is a primitive cell that is
similar to in its (>* se"uence to bacteria, than it is to humans. This theory strengthens the
reason that a mitochondria is able to exist on its own without the presence of cell.