IN THIS TOPIC, THE STUDENTS WILL LEARN:

1) THE CHARACTERISTICS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE.

2) THE BASIC KNOWLEDGE OF STEEL
REINFORCEMENT.
3) THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CONCRETE AND STEEL.
3.1 BASIC CONCEPT OF REINFORCED
CONCRETE
3.1.1 DEFINE THE REINFORCED CONCRETE
1) Concrete in which steel is embedded in such a manner that the two materials
act together in resisting forces.
2) The reinforcing steelrods, bars, or meshabsorbs the tensile, shear, and
sometimes the compressive stresses in a concrete structure.
3) Plain concrete does not easily withstand tensile and shear stresses caused by
wind, earthquakes, vibrations, and other forces and is therefore unsuitable in
most structural applications.
4) Concrete is strong in compression, but weak in tension, thus adding
reinforcement increases the strength in tension.
5) In reinforced concrete, the tensile strength of steel and the compressive
strength of concrete work together to allow the member to sustain these
stresses over considerable spans.
6) In addition, the failure strain of concrete in tension is so low that the
reinforcement has to hold the cracked sections together.


3.1.2 REINFORCED CONCRETE USED IN CONSTRUCTION
1) Concrete is reinforced to give it extra tensile strength; without reinforcement,
many concrete buildings would not have been possible.
2) Reinforced concrete can encompass many types of structures and components,
including slabs, walls, beams, columns, foundations, frames and more.
3) Reinforced concrete can be classified as precast or cast in-situ concrete.
4) Much of the focus on reinforcing concrete is placed on floor systems.
5) Designing and implementing the most efficient floor system is key to creating
optimal building structures.
6) Small changes in the design of a floor system can have significant impact on
material costs, construction schedule, ultimate strength, operating costs,
occupancy levels and end use of a building.

3.1.3 PROPERTIES OF REINFORCED CONCRETE
1) Reinforced concrete structures are typified by their strength, beauty, bulk and
longevity.
2) It is the material of choice for many structures where these characteristics are
required.
3) For a strong, ductile and durable construction the reinforcement shall have the
following properties:
High strength.
High tensile strain.
Good bond to the concrete.
Thermal compatibility.
Durability in the concrete environment.
In most cases reinforced concrete uses steel rebars that have been inserted
to add strength.


1) :
4) However, reinforced concrete structures have several shortcomings which may
preclude it as a building material, including:
a) It needs mixing, casting and curing, all of which affect the final strength of
concrete.
b) The cost of the forms used to cast concrete is relatively high.
c) It has low compressive strength as compared to steel (the ratio is about 1:10
depending on material) which leads to large sections in columns/beams of
multistory buildings cracks develop in concrete due to shrinkage and the
application of live loads.
3.2 STEEL REINFORCEMENT
3.2.1 INTRODUCTION
1. A rebar (short for reinforcing bar), also known as reinforcing steel, reinforcement steel, or
a deformed bar, is a common steel bar, and is commonly used as a tensioning device in
reinforced concrete and reinforced masonry structures holding the concrete in
compression.
2. It is usually formed from carbon steel, and is given ridges for better mechanical anchoring
into the concrete.
3. Concrete is very strong in compression, but has almost no strength in tension. To
compensate for this inequity in concrete's behavior, rebar steel are placed into it to
support the heavy loads.
4. Masonry structures and the mortar holding them together have close to the properties of
concrete, and as well have a limited ability to carry a tensile load.
5. Some masonry blocks and bricks are made with strategically placed spaces to allow for
rebar steel, which is then grouted into place. This is what is known as reinforced masonry.

3.2.2 CHARACTERISTIC OF STEEL REINFORCEMENT
1. Rebar steel have a series of ridges that bind it automatically to the concrete with
friction, but it can still be pulled out of the concrete with enough force, an
occurrence that often comes before a collapse of the building.
2. To prevent such a failure, rebar is either deeply inserted into surrounding structural
areas, or bent and hooked at the ends which locks it around the rebars and concrete.
3. Rebar steel that are made of unfinished steel make it easy to rust.
4. Rust causes very harsh internal pressure on the surrounding concrete, leading to
cracking, splintering and finally structural failure.
5. This is a noticeable problem where the concrete is exposed to salt water, or in bridges
built in areas where roadways are salted in winter, or in marine applications.
6. Stainless steel rebar may be used in these occurrences at greater initial cost, but
drastically lowers the cost for the servicing life of the project.

3.2.3 TYPES OF STEEL REINFORCEMENT
1. Reinforcing bars are produced in three (3) grades:
a) Hot Rolled Mild Steel which have a yield strength by 250 N/mm
2
.
b) Hot Rolled High Yield Steel have a yield strength by 460 N/mm
2
.
c) Cold Worked High Yield Steel have a yield strength by 460 N/mm
2
.
2. Hot-rolled mild steel usually has a smooth surface. Therefore, this type of steel is bent
easily and requires a small radius. For example, wire bonding steel poles or small logs.
3. Hot rolled high yield steel is steel with a carbon content of more than mild steel. It is
manufactured with a rough surface that overlap.
4. Cold Worked High Yield Steel have overlapping surface-shaped spindles, also known as
"deformed bar..
5. Bar for reinforcement are available with diameters of 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 25, 35 and 40
mm.
6. Type of steel reinforcement are indicated by the code R for mild steel and Y for the high
yield steel.


3.2.3 PROPERTIES OF STEEL REINFORCEMENT
1. All reinforcement shall be clean and free from rust, oil, grease, paint or layers of other
steel before it is placed in the concrete.
2. Reinforcement used should be compatible with the latest British Standard (BS)
specification for the design of the structure.
3. The reinforcement should not be heated or burned.
4. All the reinforcement defects such as bent, twisted, cracked and others, if they are in need
of repair, shall be made in cold condition.
3.2.3.1 MINIMUM DISTANCE BETWEEN STEEL BARS
1. Reinforcement distance in structural members is important because if too close, it is
difficult for the compression work to be done.
2. Cause of that, the required concrete strength is not reached.
3. If the distance too long, the possibility of shear failure will occur.
4. Therefore, practical codes in CP 110 have suggested the following:
a) Individual Bar Horizontal distances not less than H
agg
= maximum aggregate size.




b) Pairs Bar Horizontal distances not less than H
agg
+ 5 mm. Vertical
distances not less than 2/3 H
agg
. If the bar is paired side by side, the vertical
distance must be not less than H
agg
+ 5 mm.
c) A Group of Bar Horizontal and vertical distances not less than H
agg
+ 15
mm.

3.2.4 ADVANTAGES OF STEEL REINFORCEMENT
a) Steel reinforcement is easy to place.
b) It minimizes random cracking.
c) Curling and displacement can be minimized with steel reinforced concrete.
d) Steel reinforcement reduces and controls crack width.
e) It can increases reserve strength of concrete slab up to 16 %.
f) Steel reinforcement saves costs over lifespan of the concrete slab.





3.3 DIFFERENCES STEEL & CONCRETE
3.3.1 COMPARISON BETWEEN STEEL AND CONCRETE










Tensile Tegangan.
Compression Mampatan.
Shear Ricihan.
PROPERTIES CONCRETE STEEL
Tensile Strength WEAK GOOD
Compression
Strength
GOOD BETTER
(Slender Steel will Bend & Loose)
Shear Strength AVERAGE GOOD
Durability GOOD WILL CORRODE IF NOT PROTECTED
Fire Resistant GOOD WEEK
(To Lose Strength Rapidly at High Temperature)
3.3.2 THE REINFORCEMENT USED DUE TO TENSION & COMPRESSION FORCE









1) If the load is applied in the center
of plane, bending will occurs.
2) When bending occurs, the surface
of the plane is compress due to
the COMPRESSION FORCE
and the bottom is a state of
stretcher caused by TENSION
FORCES.
3) Max. force is occurred in the arch
bottom of bending surface.
4) If plane is made without the
rebar, it will crack and
eventually collapse.
5) Adding the rebar at bottom plane
can prevent the plane from
collapse.
3.3.3 THE REINFORCEMENT USED DUE TO SHEAR FORCES









A shear load is a force that tends to produce a
sliding failure on a material along a plane that is
parallel to the direction of the force.
Shear strength of a plane is held in a plane that is
connected between the compression force of
concrete & steel tension force.
One way to overcome this shear is inclined to the
steel rebar to the right angle (90) of the crack.
Rebar in the longitudinal plane is to withstand
bending and to resist shear especially if it is
combined with metal fasteners (see Figure A)
The most effective method to overcome this
problem is to have a 45 bend bar across the
plane which crack is expected to grow.
3.3.3.1 CANTILEVER BEAM (BALAK JULUR)





3.3.3.2 SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM (BALAK TERIKAT)









A cantilever is a beam supported on only one
end. The beam carries the load to the
support where it is resisted by compression
and tension stresses.
Simply supported is beam that supported on
both ends. Normally, reinforcement is
provided in the compression & tension zone.
A, C and E have a tensile stress.
B, D and M has a compressive stress.
3.3.3.3 CONTINUOUS BEAM (BALAK SELANJAR)












i. A continuous beam is a structural component that provides resistance to bending
when a load or force is applied.
ii. These beams are commonly used in bridges.
iii. A continuous beam has more than two points of support along its length.
iv. These are usually in the same horizontal plane, and the spans between the
supports are in one straight line.