Blood types and parentage 2013

Because the antigens on the red blood cells are controlled by genes, you can
determine the possible blood types of children produced by a given pair of
parents.
Each person receives an A, a B, or an O gene from each parent. In this system
the A and B genes are co-dominant (equally dominant, and the O gene is
recessive. !his means that a person "hose genetic type is either AA or AO "ill
have blood type A# those "ith genetic type BB or BO "ill have blood type B, and
those "ith genetic type OO "ill have blood type O.
Blood tests can also be used "hen trying to determine paternity, or rather to
e$clude some men from being the fathers of some children. %or instance, if the
parents both have blood type O, then the children must all have blood type O. If a
child "ere to have blood type A, B, or AB, then the presumed father cannot be
the real father. If the child&s blood type "as O, then the presumed father could be
the real father - but so might millions of other men, so this is certainly not
conclusive proof. !he table lists possible and impossible situations'
Parents' Blood Types Possible Children Impossible Children
A ( A (genetically AA)AO (
AA)AO
A, O B, AB
A ( B (genetically AA)AO
( BO)BB
A, B, AB, O none
A ( AB (genetically AA)AO
( AB
A, B, AB O
A ( O (genetically AA)AO
( OO
A, O B, AB
B ( B (genetically BB)BO
( BB)BO
B, O A, AB
B ( AB (genetically BB)BO
( AB
A, B, AB O
B ( O (genetically BB)BO
( OO
B, O A, AB
AB (AB A, B, AB O
AB ( A, B AB, O
O ( O O A, B, AB
It must be *ept in mind that there are rare incidences "here the protein that
anchors the A and B antigens to the red blood cell is absent and the person may
possess the genes and can pass them on but their blood group "ill appear to be
O.
In the +hesus system, positive dominates negative, so if your genetic type is ,,
or ,-, your blood type "ill be +h positive. -ou "ill be +h negative only if your
genetic type is --. If both parents have +h positive blood and ,- genes, they could
have children "ho are ,,, ,-, or --. In other "ords, their children could be either
+h positive or +h negative. .hildren "ho are +h negative can have parents "ho
are either +h positive or +h negative.
!here are in fact more than a do/en complete blood group systems other than
the ABO and the +h systems. !his means you can be very precise "hen loo*ing
at inheritance and family trees, and can ma*e paternity testing far more accurate.
0egally, the only acceptable "ay of determining paternity is by using a system
called 1uman 0eu*ocyte group A antigen typing, or 10A typing, "hich loo*s at
the "hole complement of proteins found on the surface of "hite blood cells, and
on most cells throughout the body. A person&s 10A type is li*e a genetic
fingerprint.-
!his table lists "hat *ind of blood can be donated and received by each blood
group'
Blood type Can receive Candonate to
O Positive Blood Type O 2ositive O 2ositive
O Negative Blood Type O 3egative O 2ositive# O 3egative# A
2ositive# A 3egative# B
2ositive# B 3egative# AB
2ositive# AB 3egative

A Positive Blood Type A 2ositive# A 3egative#
O2ositive# O 3egative
A 2ositive# AB 2ositive
A Negative Blood Type A 3egative# O 3egative A 2ositive# AB 2ositive# A
3egative# AB 3egative
B Positive Blood Type B 2ositive# B 3egative# O
2ositive# O 3egative
B 2ositive# AB 2ositive# B
3egative# AB 3egative

B Negative Blood Type B 3egative# O 3egative

B 2ositive# AB 2ositive# B
3egative# AB 3egative

AB Positive Blood Type A 2ositive# A 3egative# B
2ositive# B 3egative# O
2ositive# O 3egative# AB
2ositive# AB
AB 2ositive
AB Negative Blood Type A 3egative# B 3egative# O
3egative# AB 3egative