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IntegratedMobile
SM
Solution: 2G and 3G Mobile
Solutions for ETSI Markets
tellabs.com
2 Tellabs
IntegratedMobile
SM
Solution 2G and 3G ETSI Solutions Primer
www.tellabs.com/solutions/integratedmobile/
Foreword ......................................................................................... 3
Executive Summary.......................................................................... 4
The Evolving Mobile Market .............................................................. 4
Evolution of Mobile Data Services ..................................................... 5
Evolution of the Mobile Network ....................................................... 6
3GPP R99 ................................................................................ 7
3GPP R4.................................................................................... 8
3GPP R5.................................................................................... 8
3GPP Future Releases and LTE ................................................... 9
Challenges for Mobile Operators ..................................................... 10
Enabling Cost Reduction by Converging 2G/3G Transport
from Cell Sites to the Core ........................................................ 11
Cell Site Requirements ............................................................. 12
Aggregation Site Requirements ................................................. 12
RNC Site Requirements ............................................................ 15
Mobile Core Requirements ........................................................ 16
Enabling Cost Savings with Ethernet ......................................... 16
Enabling Microwave Transport Optimization ............................... 18
Enabling Hybrid Transport for Smooth,
Cost-Effective 2G to 3G Migration ............................................. 19
Enabling Technology: A Single End-to-End
Management System for 2G and 3G .......................................... 20
Enabling a Forward-Looking RAN for All-IP R6 and LTE .............. 21
Tellabs Mobile Data Network Solutions ............................................ 22
Service Provisioning and Monitoring with
the Tellabs
IntegratedMobile
SM
Solution Product Portfolio .................... 24
Tellabs
IntegratedMobile
SM
Solution:
2G and 3G Mobile Solutions for ETSI Markets
However, these trends have created challenges for mobile
operators, including erce competition and margin pressure.
These challenges typically are reected in metrics such as
Average Revenue Per User (ARPU), percentage of customer
turnover (churn) and net additions to the user base (net
adds). Mobile operators, investors, press and analysts all
focus on these metrics when assessing the operators
competitive position and outlook.
In order to optimize these metrics and improve both their
prot margins and competitive positions, mobile operators
are increasingly focusing their attention in three areas:
IntegratedMobile
SM
Solution 2G and 3G ETSI Solutions Primer 3
www.tellabs.com/solutions/integratedmobile/
4 Tellabs
IntegratedMobile
SM
Solution 2G and 3G ETSI Solutions Primer
www.tellabs.com/solutions/integratedmobile/
time, operators can prepare for migration to a packet-based
architecture, which achieves bandwidth savings through
statistical aggregation of non-voice data services.
This migration can be accomplished as slowly or as quickly as
the operator desires. For example, some operators may wish to
begin an aggressive transition to a network based on Internet
Protocol/Multiprotocol Label Switching (IP/MPLS) technology.
With IP/MPLS, wireless operators can signicantly reduce their
transport costs and thus improve both their competitive position
and protability. Other operators may prefer a grow-into-it
strategy where their rst step is to establish an infrastructure
of their own to save the leased-line cost and then transition to a
packet-centric architecture.
The Tellabs
IntegratedMobile
SM
Solution provides operators
with the exibility to choose the migration model that best
ts their needs. The Tellabs IntegratedMobile solution also
lets operators leverage Tellabs industry leadership in the
development of IP/MPLS network technology, as well as
the companys 30-plus years of carrier network design,
implementation and support experience. Tellabs customer
base shows that the company is widely perceived as a leader
in telecom throughout the world. Customers include Cingular,
Verizon Wireless, Vodafone Hungary, Vodacom South Africa,
China Mobile and TeliaSonera.
This primer is designed to educate readers on mobile network
evolution and the challenges mobile operators face, as well as
provide a comprehensive overview of the Tellabs full-service
mobile portfolio. This primer will also illustrate how easily
higher margins can be realized, how quickly revolutionary new
revenue-generating services can be introduced, and the key
benets and differentiators of the Tellabs IntegratedMobile solu-
tion. Lastly, well demonstrate how the Tellabs IntegratedMobile
solution can empower mobile operators to expand the scope of
their network while reducing the number and complexity of
network elements and the corresponding OpEx and CapEx
that negatively impact prots.
Executive Summary
For mobile operators, the evolution to 3G brings challenges and
opportunities. Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
(UMTS), High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and
High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) enable an almost
limitless range of new voice, data and multimedia services,
providing operators with additional revenue streams, new
market differentiators and the opportunity to compete on
services rather than on price alone.
But the evolution to 3G also means increased spending on
transport to accommodate new bandwidth-intensive services.
The evolution also includes a period of at least a few years
when operators must support both 2G and 3G customers,
services and infrastructure simultaneously. That overlap
increases cost and complexity, which make it difcult for
mobile operators to price their 2G and 3G services
competitively yet protably.
But savvy mobile operators recognize that these challenges
can be turned into opportunities. For example, by using
3G evolution as the opportunity to redesign networks
around a packet-oriented architecture, mobile operators
can begin reducing overhead costs today while setting the
stage for tomorrows technologies, including IP Multimedia
Subsystem (IMS).
The Tellabs IntegratedMobile solution meets these and other
challenges with a full-service portfolio of products and services
specically designed for the mobile market. This solution
empowers mobile operators to reduce OpEx and CapEx,
improve service quality and develop alternative products and
services to deliver exciting new revenue-generating content.
The Tellabs Integrated Mobile solution includes industry-leading
hardware, software, engineering and support services that
have been validated time and again in some of the largest carrier
networks in the world. With major deployments in more than
150 mobile networks worldwide, along with strong cooperation
and joint development with leading mobile infrastructure
vendors, Tellabs is a leader in the development of mobile
communication technology.
The Evolving Mobile Market
GSM is a dominant, worldwide standard. As of August 2006,
more than 2 billion people 29% of the worlds population
were customers of GSM-based networks, including UMTS,
according to the GSM Association.
4
That is approximately 82%
of all mobile users, making the GSM family of technologies the
worlds de facto wireless standard.
GSMs customer growth has signicantly increased over the
past few years. Although GSM took 12 years to amass 1 billion
customers by early 2004, it took only 30 months to pass 2
billion by mid-2006.
One drawback to this growth rate and penetration is that some
markets are becoming saturated. For example, wireless pen-
etration is 91% in Australia and 96% in Germany, according to
ITU research.
5
In some countries, such as Singapore, Israel and
the United Kingdom, penetration has hit 100% (see Figure 1).
4
www.gsmworld.com/news/statistics/index.shtml
5
www.itu.int/ITU-D/icteye/Reporting/ShowReport.aspx?ReportName=%2FWTI%2FCellular
SubscribersPublic&RP_intYear=2005&RP_intLanguageID=1&ShowReport=true
Tellabs
IntegratedMobile
SM
Solution 2G and 3G ETSI Solutions Primer 5
www.tellabs.com/solutions/integratedmobile/
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
P
e
n
e
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
%
Country
CAGR% (20002005) 2005 Penetration Rate
(Per 100 Inhabitants)
Australia
1
6
.
6
9
1
.
3
9
Singapore
9
.
8
1
0
3
.
4
1
Hong
Kong
9
.
8
1
2
3
.
4
7
Bahrain
2
9
.
5
1
0
3
.
0
4
Israel
1
2
.
0
1
1
2
.
4
2
Germany
1
0
.
4
9
5
.
7
8
UK
8
.
9
1
0
2
.
1
6
Czech
Republic
2
2
.
1
1
1
5
.
2
2
Figure 1. Global mobile penetration rates.
Source: ITU, 2005.
$180,000
$160,000
$140,000
$120,000
$100,000
$80,000
$60,000
$40,000
$20,000
0
M
i
l
l
i
o
n
s
(
U
S
D
)
Multimedia Entertainment Information
2010 2006 2005 2007 2008 2009
Figure 2. Worldwide data-oriented mobile revenue.
Source: Ovum, 2007.
As a result of this saturation, mobile operators in many parts
of Asia-Pacic, Latin America and Western Europe face
increasingly erce competition for existing wireless users.
This competition is exerting signicant pressure on key metrics
such as ARPU, churn and net-adds. All else equal, the market
will trend toward zero growth in ARPU and net-adds, while
churn will grow exponentially.
To escape that situation, mobile operators must reduce
overhead expenses such as transport costs in order to
improve their protability even as pricing pressure increases.
They also must leverage 3G in order to offer a wider range
of market-differentiating services and develop new revenue
streams. In fact, technologies such as UMTS could not come
at a better time because by enabling a variety of broadband
services, 3G gives operators a way to escape the
commoditization of voice.
Evolution of Mobile Data Services
In order to improve both their competitive positions and bottom
lines, mobile operators are increasingly focusing development
efforts on applications and services such as real-time multime-
dia, full-motion video, high-quality audio, Web browsing, e-mail
and instant messaging. These offerings have four key benets:
IntegratedMobile
SM
Solution 2G and 3G ETSI Solutions Primer
www.tellabs.com/solutions/integratedmobile/
RNC
Node B
Node B
RNC
IP/ATM
3G-SGSN
GGSN
IP
ATM: nxE-1 IMA
TDM
ATM
IP
ATM: Microwave
ATM
Access
Packet-Switched Backbone
Circuit-Switched Backbone
UTRAN
PSTN/
ISDN/
PLMN
TDM
ATM
MGW MGW
MSC-S MSC-S
Public
Internet
Corporate
Intranets
Cell
Cell
Media
Gateway
Media
Gateway
applications. This is a major step for the RAN, where multiple
technologies TDM, Frame Relay, ATM and IP must
coexist. This diversity challenges operators to either build an
overlay network for the Node B-to-RNC connectivity or select
a platform that can handle all the requirements of the evolution.
In the core network, a converged backbone for all mobile
services (IMS) becomes an alternative for operators. Figure 8
illustrates this architecture.
Application servers, dened at the service plane, connect to
the framework through an interface to the control plane. At
the control plane, the Call Session Control Function (CSCF)
controls session setup, modication and release through
Session Initiation Protocol (SIP). Supporting services at
the control plane include the Media Resource Function
(MRF), Media Gateway Control Function (MGCF) and Home
Subscriber Server (HSS). The MRF, composed of a Media
Resource Function Controller (MRFC) and Media Resource
Function Processor (MRFP), is responsible for dening and
controlling media stream bearers. The MGCF controls all
signaling functions for external network connectivity
through the MGW.
Figure 7. 3GPP R4 network architecture.
3GPP R4
3G R99 is followed by 3GPP Release 4 (R4), which begins
to incorporate more IP in the mobile network backbone, as
illustrated (see Figure 7). In R4, the RAN remains ATM-centric.
In the R4 network, the traditional Mobile Switching Center
(MSC) functions are separated and allocated to the MSC
Server (MSC-S) and the Media Gateway (MGW). The MSC-S
assumes responsibility for all call signaling and control func-
tions, while the MGW performs call transmission and media
adaptation. In general, the interfaces connecting the MSC-S
and MGW to the mobile network are equivalent to those of the
traditional, monolithic MSC.
3GPP R5
The next iteration, 3GPP Release 5 (R5), also offers an
option of IP in both the access and core network, providing
a single converged network for voice and data services and
Tellabs
IntegratedMobile
SM
Solution 2G and 3G ETSI Solutions Primer 9
www.tellabs.com/solutions/integratedmobile/
TDM
ATM
IP
IP Access
3G-SGSN
TDM
GGSN
MGW
Operators
IP Backbone
Mobile Cells
UTRAN
IMS
SIP
SIP
ISUP
PSTN/
PLMN
Public
Internet
SIP Terminals
Corporate
Intranets
Laptop
PDA
Laptop
PDA
Node B
Node B
RNC
IP
RNC
Application Environment
MGCF
CSCF
Figure 8. 3GPP R5 network architecture.
The HSS maintains the subscriber Home Location Register
(HLR), along with Domain Name System (DNS), security and
network access databases. At the core network transport
plane, devices such as the MGW, routers and GGSN facilitate
access to the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN),
core packet backbone and RAN, respectively.
In general, the objective of IMS is to provide a common
framework within the mobile network for enabling and
extending multimedia applications to the user in the most
efcient, cost-effective manner possible. The IMS architecture
broadly assumes that all applications and services will be
IP-based, including video, audio and any real-time data
applications. Referred to as IP multimedia applications,
these applications comprise sessions that may be added
or dropped in real time using SIP.
Dened by the transport area working group of the Internet
Engineering Task Force (IETF), SIP has been selected as
the primary signaling protocol for the IMS architecture for its
exible syntax. Ultimately, SIP, coupled with open settlement
processes, will drive the interconnection and arbitration
between mobile and xed IP networks.
3GPP Future Releases and LTE
Beyond R5, full integration with other wireless technologies
such as WLAN (IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi), WiMAX (based on
IEEE 802.16d and 802.16e) and Mobile Adhoc Networking
(MANET)
10
will drive future generations of the integrated
mobile network. Some wireline services also will be integrated
as part of xed-mobile convergence, where a common core
handles all types of trafc. Figure 9 illustrates how the topology
of this type of converged networks might look.
3GPP evolution is followed by Long-Term Evolution (LTE),
which uses advanced air interface technologies such as
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) and
Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA)
to peak download rates that are expected to be approximately
100 Mbps. LTE generally is considered a 4G technology
because of its data rates, which meet the ITUs current
denition for 4G, and because it represents a major
evolutionary step beyond 3G technologies such as
HSDPA/HSUPA.
10
www.ietf.org/html.charters/manet-charter.html
10 Tellabs
IntegratedMobile
SM
Solution 2G and 3G ETSI Solutions Primer
www.tellabs.com/solutions/integratedmobile/
LTE currently is under development in standards bodies, with
anticipated commercial deployments after 2010. The increased
throughput will lead to the development of advanced, band-
width-intensive services that signicantly impact both the RAN
and core network. For example, in LTE, RNC functions are
distributed to the Node Bs. The 3GPP also is considering
bypassing the SGSN in order to eliminate data bottlenecks
there. Figure 10 illustrates LTE logical architecture.
The mobile evolution that is taking place today and through
the rest of this decade creates several challenges for operators
implementing the transport platform for 3G. The coexistence
of several technologies TDM and Frame Relay for 2G, ATM
for R99 and R4 and the R5-based IP requirement forces
operators to invest in parallel platforms or seek solutions that
support all of these technologies simultaneously. The IP-centric
releases R5 and R6 and the bandwidth demands of LTE will
create additional requirements for transport platforms.
Challenges for Mobile Operators
The RAN is an ideal place for mobile operators to reduce
overhead costs. Backhaul/transport spending on leased lines
represents up to 25 percent of mobile operators OpEx,
according to a March 2006 report by Heavy Reading,
11
an
independent analyst rm. By building their own infrastructure
fully or in partly instead of just leasing capacity, mobile
operators may drastically reduce their OpEx. With a wholly
owned end-to-end RAN, network operators need only maintain
their network and not leased lines. Even with a partially owned
solution in which operators still rely on some leased capacity,
introducing aggregation in the packet domain before transport
through the leased capacity may reduce OpEx substantially.
This is especially true as non-voice trafc grows and becomes
the dominating element. In either case, mobile operators can
signicantly reduce their transport costs and thus improve
both their competitive positions and protability.
Based on discussions with mobile operators, Tellabs
estimates that operators outside of North America currently
spend about 420 Euros ()per month to lease a single E-1 line.
A major mobile operator typically has at least 30,000 base
stations, and with most sites currently requiring one to four
E-1s, an operator may spend well over 151 million annually
on transport leases.
Figure 9. Diversity of access methods in future mobile networks architecture.
Mobile
Terminals
WLAN
WiMAX etc.
UMTS
IP
SGSN GGSN
UTRAN
GERAN
GPRS
IP
IP
IP
Operators
IP Backbone
Common
IP Network
Operator
Infrastructure
IMS
Mobility
Servers
Application
Servers
Call
Servers
ISDN
PSTN
GSM
SGSN GGSN
Public
Internet/
Corporate
Intranet
Others
Application
Infrastructure
11
www.heavyreading.com/details.asp?sku_id=999&skuitem_itemid=880&
promo_code=&aff_code=&next_url=%2Fdefault%2Easp%3F
Tellabs
IntegratedMobile
SM
Solution 2G and 3G ETSI Solutions Primer 11
www.tellabs.com/solutions/integratedmobile/
3G LTE E-Node B
Radio Control Features
embedded in Node B
MME
UPE
3GPP Anchor SAE Anchor
Evolved Packet Core
(IP/MPLS)
SGSN
3G HLR/Radius
Database
GW Node
Single E-UTRAN Architecture Application Domain
End-to-End E-UTRAN QoS
Packet-based + CoS aware E-UTRAN
Backhaul Protocols to be Optimised
IMS
Rel 99-R6
Node B
Maximum
100 Mbps
2G BTS
GERAN
UTRAN
Evolved UTRAN
All IP
Figure 10. LTE architecture.
However, its important to note that because 3G enables
bandwidth-intensive applications such as streaming multime-
dia, mobile operators transport requirements and expenses
also will increase over the next few years. If an operator has
to add two or more E-1 lines to each cell site to accommodate
demand for 3G services, transport costs could double or
quadruple.
It is important to note that the addition of one or two E-1 lines is
a conservative estimate. According to Heavy Readings report,
Carriers are typically basing their initial HSDPA/Evolution Data
Optimised (EV-DO) deployment plans around four T-1/E-1
transport circuits per cell site; but as capacity expands, they
are talking about having to support as many as ten such
circuits. So for an operator with 10,000 3G base stations,
each served by up to 10 E-1 lines, monthly transport costs
could approach 42 million.
What all these numbers add up to is pressure on prot margins.
The following sections discuss mobile operators options for
reducing that pressure by leveraging new technologies and
solutions such as the Tellabs IntegratedMobile solution.
Enabling Cost Reduction by Converging 2G/3G Transport
from Cell Sites to the Core
In 2G and 2.5G, the capacity of a single E-1 always exceeded
the capacity of any single radio transceiver, regardless of
whether it was running GSM or GPRS. With the arrival of 3G
radio technologies such as HSDPA, each Node B transceiver
can now support peak subscriber data rates in excess of
3.6 Mbps and eventually more than 10 Mbps. Both are well
beyond the 2 Mbps capacity of an E-1 line.
Depending on the air interface technologies used, diverse
transport technologies may be required. For example, a
GSM-based RAN uses TDM circuits (typically E-1 links), while
a 3GPP R99- and/or R4-based RAN uses ATM. The use of
ATM for bandwidth exibility does not, however, imply any
changes to the fact that transport is still mainly based on
nxE-1, now just with ATM cells inside. The Node B is still
equipped with a physical E-1 interface(s), and in the near
future an Ethernet interface. Another 3GPP evolutionary
step is support for IP-based transport technologies once
R5, R6 and R7 become available, and the physical transport
will indeed become all-Ethernet based. Eventually Ethernet
and IP transport will reduce transport costs and will better
accommodate Ethernet-attached devices should the operator
offer WLAN or WiMAX services co-located with the Node Bs.
12 Tellabs
IntegratedMobile
SM
Solution 2G and 3G ETSI Solutions Primer
www.tellabs.com/solutions/integratedmobile/
To accommodate all of these requirements, operators must
consider a transport network that can accommodate not
only the increased capacity and multiple protocols of 2G
and 3G, but also the unique scalability needs of each part
of the network. Connectivity requirements and infrastructure
cost points vary according to the location of the node in the
network. To reect that situation, this chapter divides the
RAN into four parts cell sites, aggregation sites, RNC
sites and core sites and examines the connectivity and
functionality requirements of each.
Cell Site Requirements
Given the typical distribution of trafc in a mobile network,
transport links are frequently underutilized. As a result, leased-
line OpEx is unnecessarily elevated as the operator pays for
bandwidth that lays fallow rather than producing revenue.
Naturally, if the last mile part of the network belongs to the
operator, the issue is how to most efciently use that resource.
On the positive side, 3G evolution is an opportunity for wireless
operators to change their transport technologies and business
models. Figure 11 shows one example of how an operator can
use transport consolidation and grooming to reduce the cost
and complexity of transport for both 2G and 3G networks.
Side A of Figure 11 shows a migration from dedicated E-1s
for 2G and 3G to an optimized and shared E-1 infrastructure.
These changes save either leased-line costs or capacity in
operator-owned networks. Side B of the gure shows the
evolution toward Ethernet-based infrastructure, rst at the
transport side of the network and later toward the Node Bs.
Provided the operator has got their own ber all the way to the
cell site, the simplest approach is to aggregate the E-1s coming
from both 2G and 3G and backhaul them together. Alternatively,
a cell-site node that converts separate trafc types into a com-
mon uplink that can be implemented (e.g., with pseudowires)
over a common Layer 2 or Layer 3 (L2/L3) protocol such as
ATM, Ethernet or IP/MPLS will optimize trafc by eliminating
idle or unused channels, or optionally by overbooking data
trafc. Bandwidth can then be dynamically shared across the
transport between different RAN technologies. This process of
statistically multiplexing the RAN trafc transport signicantly
reduces the wireless operators leased-line OpEx.
Operators with 2G networks that continue to have solid growth
in terms of customers and revenue should not assume that
they have no immediate need to plan for 3G. Instead, they
should begin investing in a single platform that will allow them
to accommodate growth or changes in their 2G requirements
and their eventual migration to 3G. For operators with their
own ber, the simplest way is to add Ethernet interfaces
towards the Node B and carry both 2G and 3G trafc.
The ideal long-term platform should support 2G transport
optimization, Abis optimization and 3G transport in a single
device. Over the long term, this strategy provides exibility
and helps minimize overhead costs.
In summary, mobile operators should look for a cell-site
platform that provides the following features and benets:
Service consolidation at the cell site into a single uplink.
This approach should:
Support TDM, ATM and Ethernet
Reduce idle trafc to minimize the use of expensive leased lines
Delay capacity upgrades for operator-owned transport
infrastructure, leased lines or radios
Combine 2G and 3G trafc into a single uplink
Decouple the mobile infrastructure from the transport network,
enabling a single transport for multi-vendor environments
Support Abis optimization for 2G trafc together with
3G transport requirements to avoid short-term tactical
investments for 2G
Ethernet-based transport
xDSL-based transport
IntegratedMobile
SM
Solution 2G and 3G ETSI Solutions Primer 13
www.tellabs.com/solutions/integratedmobile/
Ethernet
STM-1
Controllers
Controllers
4xE-1
4xE-1
4xE-1
2xE-1
2G
3G
2G
3G
2G
3G
2G
2xE-1
8605
Controllers
Ethernet
4xE-1
2xE-1
3G
8605
Controllers
Ethernet
2xE-1
2G
3G
8605
Controllers
STM-1
4xE-1
2xE-1
Controllers
Ethernet
Ethernet
Ethernet
2xE-1
2G
3G
A. E-1 Evolution B. Ethernet Evolution
6325
6325
Figure 11: RAN transport evolution.
Figure 12. Optimized cell-site architecture.
SDH, DWDM, Fiber
Ethernet
IP/MPLS
Service Core
RNC
SGSN
BSC
PWE3,TE LSP
8660 8630
8630
ATM BRAS
8660
SDH, DWDM, Fiber
Ethernet
IP/MPLS
Service Core
RNC
SGSN
BSC
PWE3,TE LSP
8660 8630
8630
ATM BRAS
8660
8605
8605
8605
8605
8605
8605
Leased lines
Microwave radios
DSL transport
Ethernet
E-1/T-1
E-1/T-1
with ATM/IMA
8630
14 Tellabs
IntegratedMobile
SM
Solution 2G and 3G ETSI Solutions Primer
www.tellabs.com/solutions/integratedmobile/
Figure 14. Packet aggregation/hub optimization architecture.
SDH, DWDM, Fiber
Ethernet
IP/MPLS
Service Core
RNC
SGSN
BSC
PWE3,TE LSP
ATM BRAS
IP/MPLS
Service Core
RNC
SGSN
BSC
ATM BRAS
8660 8630
8630
8630
8660
Figure 13. NG-SDH aggregation optimization architecture.
IP/MPLS
Service Core
RNC
SGSN
BSC
ATM BRAS
E-1/Ethernet backhaul over
NG-SDH/CWDM
IP/MPLS
Service Core
RNC
SGSN
BSC
ATM BRAS
6325
6325
6325
6325
8660
Handles IMA ofoad before the RNCs in order to optimize
RNC utilization and reduce transport needs
Achieves savings in transport with switching and statistical
gain that reduce the transported capacity over leased links
or L1/L2 network
Creates the opportunity to select the optimal transport
solution based on cost and availability, as well as enables:
Enhanced utilization of existing SDH or Ethernet over SDH
(EoSDH) infrastructure
New leased-line alternatives with optimized E-1s, Ethernet
and xDSL transport
The opportunity to use dark ber
The opportunity to optimize radio infrastructure with statistical
gain and Ethernet support
Enhanced scalability for new broadband services, such as
HSDPA, with packet handling before L1 transport
Another way to optimize these monthly costs, as well as
transport network utilization, is to do packet aggregation
closer to the network edge before the trafc arrives to central
locations such as RNC sites (see Figure 14). In this approach,
leased or owned transport capacity is made more efcient by
exploiting the fact that most of the packet trafc in 3G is delay
tolerant. This results in more efcient bandwidth sharing than
just adding bandwidth to accommodate peak rates of trafc
potentially generated in each Node B. This approach essen-
tially is a distributed aggregation scenario in which the job of
optimizing the capacity is done at the network edge.
Distributed aggregation or hub-site strategy architecture
provides several key benets to operators:
Enhances scalability at the RNC site by moving the
low-capacity port termination away from these crowded
central sites
Tellabs
IntegratedMobile
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Solution 2G and 3G ETSI Solutions Primer 15
www.tellabs.com/solutions/integratedmobile/
New carrier-class protection scenarios, such as Operations
and Maintenance (OAM)-based Label Switched Path (LSP)
1+1 trafc priorities
Common transport infrastructure for all mobile releases
Efcient network operations and management via
end-to-end Network-Management Systems (NMS)
Network convergence with additional services such
as Wi-Fi, WiMAX and IP Television (IPTV) that can
be terminated to a common transport already at
lower parts of the network hierarchy
Figure 14 illustrates this type of aggregation architecture,
which optimizes the high-capacity RAN transport.
RNC Site Requirements
The connectivity and functionality requirements of RNC sites
pose several challenges during the migration to 3G. Fortunately,
there are many similarities between the existing 2G transport
needs next to the BSC and the new requirements of the RNC
for 3G. For example, mobile operators must overcome RNC
underutilization, enhance scalability and optimize port costs,
an issue that was solved with the TDM cross-connects located
next to BSCs in 2G.
New challenges brought on by 3G include:
Parallel support of Iub interface optimization between Node
Bs and RNCs, and Abis interface optimization between 2G
base stations and BSCs
Support for ATM switching and IMA ofoad from RNCs to
the transport elements to increase the number of Node Bs
per RNC
Better scaling for multiple co-located RNCs
At the same time, operators also should be able to optimize the
costs related to the RNCs. For example, to improve scalability
and lower costs, operators can choose unchannelized STM-1
ATM interfaces instead of more expensive channelized STM-1
in RNCs. A common way to overcome these challenges is to
allocate an ATM switch or in a design that is more forward-
looking a Multiservice Router (MSR) next to the RNC to
add scalability and optimize the total cost of transport.
The ideal RNC site transmission solution should also be fu-
ture-proof and exible, support easy operations/maintenance,
enable network scalability, support carrier-class protection
scenarios such as MSP 1+1 or Subnetwork Connection
Protection (SNCP) and have the ability to accommodate
trafc between core edge RNC-MGW, SGSN-GGSN, Data
Communication Network (DCN) and core Provider Edge
(PE) routers. Finally, the RNC solution should provide mobile
operators with the ability to optimize costs by choosing the
best transport option, such as expansion of existing SDH
or EoSDH network, metro Ethernet, ber, Digital Subscriber
Line Access Multiplexer (DSLAM) or microwave.
Figure 15 illustrates this type of RNC access architecture.
Operators that prefer a more forward-looking architecture also
should consider the technology migration related to 3G when
selecting platforms for RNC sites. In these cases, support
for future network connectivity has a key role when dening
an RNC site transport solution. The platform should not only
handle ATM or E-1 transport requirements, but also help the
operator with a smooth migration toward Ethernet connectivity
and all-IP standards.
IP/MPLS
Service Core
RNC
SGSN
BSC
ATM BRAS
8660
Backhaul Alternatives
LL
2G/3G TDM
MW
2G TDM
3G ATM
NG-SDH
2G TDM
3G TDM/Ethernet
DSL/Ethernet
2G TDM/Ethernet
3G ATM/Ethernet
New Infra xWDM
2G TDM/Ethernet
3G ATM/Ethernet
Figure 15. RNC site architecture.
all-IP network because operators can accommodate legacy
and IP technologies cost-effectively. This approach signicantly
lowers the operational cost of the core network by collapsing
multiple network elements into one multifunctional platform.
It can provide a smooth migration required as the backbone
networks change from TDM and Frame Relay to ATM and,
ultimately, to IP/MPLS.
Enabling Cost Savings with Ethernet
The growing availability of Ethernet-based transport services
creates a major opportunity for mobile operators to reduce
transmission expenses. For example, mobile operators can
build their own Ethernet backhaul network, or they may
leverage the fact that metro Ethernet networks are already
widely deployed, so mobile operators increasingly have the
option of leasing Ethernet private lines instead of traditional
leased lines. Ethernet interfaces in base station radios allow
operators to allocate bandwidth more exibly and fully utilize
features such as adaptive modulation. At the same time,
Ethernet interfaces are emerging in Node Bs and eventually
in RNCs.
Mobile Core Requirements
At the mobile core, all trafc is disaggregated and switched to
the appropriate destination. To perform these functions, a wide
selection of network elements is required including, but not
limited to, ATM switches, IP routers and SDH switches. Voice
trafc is directed to the circuit-switched network, while data
trafc is directed to the packet-switched network.
Due to the number of different network interfaces required,
mobile operators may be faced with the relatively high costs
associated with interconnecting the transport, circuit-switched,
and packet-switched networks. These costs can be exacerbated
by the high costs of channelized optical facilities and IP-over-
ATM core network elements typically found only in a
combination of high-cost routers. The amount of individual
high-cost network elements can be signicantly reduced by
using MSRs, as shown in Figure 16.
By using an MSR that combines the functions of a high-
performance IP/MPLS router and ATM switch, operators can
consolidate multiple network overlays within the core network
to effectively reduce the number of network elements required
to run full-service ATM, Frame Relay and IP networks. This
exibility is a major asset during the migration to 3G and an
8830
IP/MPLS
Backbone with
IP/MPLS/ATM Tunnels
Operator Application
Infrastructure
Public
Internet
Corporate Intranets
MSR
MSR MSR
MSR 8840
2G SGSN
3G SGSN
2G MSC
3G MSC-S
TDM
ATM
IP
8860
Network Management Mobility Servers Call Servers HLR Application Servers
8840
Figure 16. Mobile data center and backbone network.
16 Tellabs
IntegratedMobile
SM
Solution 2G and 3G ETSI Solutions Primer
www.tellabs.com/solutions/integratedmobile/
As a transport technology, Ethernet is expected to have a
per-Megabit cost 25-50 percent lower than E-1 lines. However,
many Ethernet transport services currently do not meet the
strict QoS parameters for jitter and latency required by some
legacy RAN technologies. To meet those requirements,
Ethernet transport services must support deterministic QoS.
RAN technologies require TDM-like performance across the
transport network. This performance level can be delivered
using ATM technology via per session QoS mechanisms that
meet the requirements for service guarantees. ATM provides
bandwidth reservation and guarantees delivery of each
session with regard to latency, jitter and availability. Ethernet
services must be able to match these service levels before
mobile operators will adopt them on a widespread basis.
By developing a transport strategy that leverages carrier-
class Ethernet and MPLS, mobile operators can signicantly
reduce their overhead costs by reducing their reliance on E-1
lines. By deploying managed, QoS-aware systems between
Node Bs and RNCs, the transport infrastructure can be
optimized via Ethernet interfaces. Available bandwidth can
be utilized in a more efcient way by allowing overbooking
for data services. Ethernet interfaces can be used to enable
new metro Ethernet services and Ethernet leased lines for
transport. This use of Ethernet transport can further lower
the RANs total cost by using a single transport network that
carries both xed and mobile trafc.
The ideal managed edge solution should address synchroniza-
tion and service quality management. These abilities are critical
for making low-cost Ethernet a carrier-class transport alternative
because metro Ethernet deployments typically lack the required
QoS capabilities, and thus require extensive over-provisioning.
For example, synchronization plays an important role in mobile
networks because the base stations must be well-synchronized
in order to ensure good voice quality and manage call hand-
overs. GSM and Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
(WCDMA) networks typically obtain synchronization with the
cell site from the E-1 or T-1 leased line or the microwave link
to which they are connected. When the connectivity is TDM,
synchronization is not an issue. However, when Ethernet is
used, timing extraction could be challenging because traditional
Ethernet networks do not have the ability to provide a clock-
based signal to a cell site. With NG-SDH based solutions, this
is not an issue since the Ethernet being embedded in a TDM
structure will ensure synchronization throughout the network.
For pure packet networks, standardization bodies are addressing
this issue. Existing options include the IEEEs 1588 Precision
Time Protocol (PTP) and synchronous Ethernet. Optimally,
mobile operators should look for a vendor that integrates
synchronization standards into their equipments support for
synchronous Ethernet. For example, with Tellabs, synchroniza-
tion can be relayed to the cell site by means of adaptive timing,
where a TDM interface in the transmission element can obtain
synchronization through a TDM pseudowire. In fact, the
transmission elements are part of the synchronization network,
so it can distribute the clock to other elements in the network.
When a legacy packet network prevents Primary Reference
Clock (PRC) distribution via line signals, packet-based clock
recovery methods must be used. The commonly used method
is adaptive timing, which is typically based on the frequency of
the received packets. Mobile operators can use adaptive timing
over the legacy asynchronous Ethernet network, while in new
parts of the network, synchronous Ethernet can be utilized to
convey the timing reference.
Adaptive timing recovery can be used to provide timing that
is fully compliant with the G.823/G.824 jitter and wander
specications. Adaptive timing recovery methods may be
vulnerable to any low-frequency components in the Packet-
Switched Network (PSN) packet delay variation, potentially
resulting from protection switching or extremely slow time scale
load variation in the course of the day. The adaptive clock
recovery method used in the transmission elements can be
designed to improve wander performance in the presence of
low-frequency components in PSN packet delay variation.
Tellabs
IntegratedMobile
SM
Solution 2G and 3G ETSI Solutions Primer 17
www.tellabs.com/solutions/integratedmobile/
18 Tellabs
IntegratedMobile
SM
Solution 2G and 3G ETSI Solutions Primer
www.tellabs.com/solutions/integratedmobile/
Adaptive timing
for timing
emulated TDM
interface separately
PRC
8600
Asynchronous
Metro Ethernet
8600
8600
8600
8600
As these tables show, the migration from E-1 to Ethernet-based
transport enables operators to either add more capacity to their
network with steady costs or lower the total cost of transport
remarkably. This type of cost reduction, which is tied to the
capacity increase generated by 3G data trafc, is a key
component in a protable 3G deployment.
Ethernet support is rapidly becoming a key component of RAN
infrastructure. For example, weve seen an emergence of the
rst Node Bs on the market that have Ethernet interfaces.
Meanwhile, in 2007 and 2008, most infrastructure vendors
will add Ethernet support to Node Bs and later to other parts
of their product portfolios, such as RNCs. These changes give
operators more opportunities to begin leveraging Ethernet
throughout their 3G migration.
Figure 17. Adaptive timing recovered for each emulated TDM interface.
Enabling Microwave Transport Optimization
Most mobile operators use microwave to collect last-mile trafc
from BTSs. As a result, microwave optimization is an important
requirement for mobile operators as they migrate to 3G. Like
wired transport technologies, microwave must be scalable in
order to accommodate the bandwidth demands of 3G and, in
the future, LTE.
Figure 17 shows an example of adaptive timing from TDM inter-
faces and Figure 18 shows timing distribution via pseudowire.
Once the synchronization problems are solved operators can
fully utilize the cost benets that Ethernet transport provides.
Tables 2, 3 and 4 illustrate the OpEx savings that are achieved
when E-1 leased lines are converted to Ethernet leased lines.
Table 2 indicates how the cost per bit varies for E-1 and
Ethernet leased lines while Tables 3 and 4 show the savings
per individual cell sites.
15,000
12,000
3,000
3x E-1 rental
10M Ethernet
1
st
year savings
25,000
12,000
13,000
5x E-1 rental
10M Ethernet
1
st
year savings
Table 2. Ethernet and E-1 pricing.
Table 3. Ethernet savings vs. 3 E-1s. Table 4. Ethernet savings vs. 5 E-1s.
Price per Mbit/s/Y
2,500 (100%)
1,200 (48%)
150 (6%)
Annual Rental
5,000
12,000
15,000
Example Pricing
Per E-1 leased line
10M Ethernet line
100M Ethernet line
Solution for
2G+3G
2G+3G
2G+3G
Tellabs
IntegratedMobile
SM
Solution 2G and 3G ETSI Solutions Primer 19
www.tellabs.com/solutions/integratedmobile/
PRC
Recovered timing
injected to
TDM line signal
8600
Synchronization
Pseudowire
Asynchronous
Metro Ethernet
8600
8600
8600
8600
Adaptive timing
used for timing
recovery from
synchronization
pseudowire
Figure 18. Adaptive timing recovered from synchronization pseudowire.
For example, HSDPAs last-mile capacity requirements will grow
steadily through the rest of this decade, from approximately 4
Mbps in 2006 to 8 Mbps in 2007 and eventually tens of Mbps.
At the same time, large microwave branches collect trafc from
several Node Bs. With HSDPAs maximum rate of 14.4 Mbps,
hops of 126 Mbps are likely, thus requiring signicant microwave
optimization or additional investments to deliver this bandwidth.
One way to optimize the radio infrastructure is to use transmission
nodes in large branch sites. This ensures that the capacity
requirements of the radios can be dimensioned based on
statistically multiplexed trafc that takes QoS into account
rather than receiving the full payload for best-effort data
from each site.
Another way to save CapEx is to use such cell-site aggregators
in front of the microwave that support both E-1s and Ethernet.
This allows the continued use of E-1 radios that are capable
of providing the link capacity necessary to support optimized
trafc even when the number of best effort E-1s go beyond the
radio link capacity. E-1 radios also can be used when the Node
B is Ethernet by using E-1 uplinks and Multilink Point-to-Point
Protocol (MLPPP) toward the radio side and Ethernet toward
the Node B. Similarly, if more capacity is needed at the radio,
it can be upgraded to Ethernet even if the Node B side is
E-1-based. For example, pseudowires can be used in this
type of design.
Another consideration is QoS. This can be addressed via
techniques such as adaptive modulation, which adjusts the link
capacity based on weather and other line-of-sight conditions.
For example, during a storm, the link might provide 2 Mbps,
but when the weather is clear, adaptive modulation increases
throughput to 10 Mbps. QoS on microwave links is particularly
important for voice to ensure that it always has the capacity it
requires to provide a good user experience. Using the storm
example, the network would give voice priority access to the
2 Mbps available. Once the weather has cleared and the full
10 Mbps link is available, non-voice trafc is allocated more
bandwidth.
Enabling Hybrid Transport for Smooth, Cost-Effective
2G to 3G Migration
Except for greeneld deployments, few mobile operators can
make a business case for replacing their existing transport
network at the beginning of their migration to 3G. Instead, the
transition from legacy transport technologies to an all-IP RAN
may take several years. During this period, the mobile operator
may choose to separate HSDPA and R99 voice trafc at the
cell site. The voice trafc can be transported over the legacy
TDM transport network, while HSDPA is routed over a DSL
network. One of the existing transport alternatives for data is
xDSL, which currently is used primarily for residential data
services.
Many mobile operators are considering or implementing DSL
transport. One example is T-Mobile U.K., which said at a
December 2006 conference:
12
Everyone is evaluating DSL.
Its widely available, and the performance is improving and
can lead to OpEx expansion costs that are up to 80 percent
cheaper [than leased lines].
12
www.lightreading.com/document.asp?doc_id=112739
20 Tellabs
IntegratedMobile
SM
Solution 2G and 3G ETSI Solutions Primer
www.tellabs.com/solutions/integratedmobile/
A hybrid strategy, illustrated in Figure 19, provides mobile
operators with the exibility necessary to remain competitive
during their migration to 3G. For example, a hybrid strategy
allows operators to leverage excess capacity in existing E-1
infrastructure for 3G voice trafc while also taking advantage
of the fact that DSL is a viable, highly cost-effective transport
solution for 3G data trafc such as HSDPA.
Table 5 highlights the business case for using xDSL as a
transport technology. The savings achieved are critical for
operators because they reduce overhead costs and in turn
improve the operators ability to price its services competitively
yet protability. These savings are particularly important for
operators in price-sensitive markets.
Enabling Technology: A Single End-to-End Management
System for 2G and 3G
Integrated provisioning and management simplify day-to-day
operations of a multiservice network. For example, wireless
operators should seek solutions that provide an end-to-end
view of not only each transport circuit, but also the services
using that link. If a transport connection experiences an
outage, the operators Network Operations Center (NOC) can
quickly and easily determine the service impact. For instance,
the NOC can view all of the alarms for everything associated
with that outage from a single vantage point and pull up all
related circuits.
Speed is important because an outage typically has a ripple
effect, forcing neighboring cell sites to pick up trafc usually
handled by the base station that lost its transport link. So
the faster the NOC can identify and resolve the problem, the
fewer calls and data sessions that will be dropped or blocked.
This directly improves overall network quality and customer
satisfaction. It also can help reduce overhead costs because
the operator doesnt have to staff its call centers to eld calls
about frequent service problems.
Table 5. TDM and DSL transport savings.
300
4
0
420
0
504.000
6.048.000
0
0%
RAN over DSL RAN over E-1
# Cell sites for mid-size city
# 3G E-1s required per cell site
# Ethernet interfaces per cell site
Cost per E-1 per month
DSL transport cost per month (6M equiv)
Monthly cost
Yearly cost
Savings per annum
RAN over packet cost advantage
300
1
1
420
30
135.000
1.620.000
4.428.000
73%
Mobile operators should also look for a single, end-to-end
management system that covers both their 2G and 3G net-
works, which signicantly reduces complexity and overhead
costs. For example, when an operator has to maintain only a
single management system, time and training costs are saved
as the NOC staff does not have to learn multiple management
consoles and tools. With that complexity out of the way, staff
can focus more of their attention on maintaining high-quality
2G and 3G networks.
The ideal end-to-end management system should also feature:
A central database that documents the entire network
and every element, reducing a need for a separate
inventory system
Support for packet- and circuit-loop testing and test
reports, ensuring that SLA requirements are met
The ability to manage all transport technologies with
a single management system, including ATM, Ethernet,
Frame Relay, IP/MPLS and TDM
Low integration cost due to well-documented and
open interfaces toward other software tools
A Graphical User Interface (GUI), ensuring easy
process ow and minimized mistakes in everyday
tasks such as provisioning
Figure 19. TDM and DSL transport.
E-1
RNC
R99 voice over
TDM
HSDPA data over
xDSL
Ethernet
8605
8660
Tellabs
IntegratedMobile
SM
Solution 2G and 3G ETSI Solutions Primer 21
www.tellabs.com/solutions/integratedmobile/
IMS
PSTN
Radio Access Network Mobile Core
Ethernet, Fiber, NG-SDH
Ethernet, TDM
NG-SDH
IP/MPLS
Tellabs
IntegratedMobile
SM
Solution 2G and 3G ETSI Solutions Primer
www.tellabs.com/solutions/integratedmobile/
Tellabs Mobile Data Network Solutions
In the mobile market, the only constant is change. In some
regions, such as Western Europe, operators must compete
for subscribers in markets that are approaching saturation or
have already surpassed 100% wireless penetration. In other
regions, such as China, India and Latin America, operators
must develop services that can be sold into price-sensitive
markets. In all regions, operators also face three common
challenges:
Maintain or reduce OpEx and CapEx
Enhance overall service quality
Increase revenue through alternative products and services
that offer access to compelling new content
The Tellabs IntegratedMobile solution gives operators in all
markets a powerful, exible and cost-effective way to overcome
these challenges. With Tellabs portfolio of IP/MPLS-enabled
network solutions, mobile operators can deploy a single
converged network to transport voice and data services with
differentiated levels of service quality. Tellabs empowers the
operator with a network that is exible and adaptable to the
endless, unpredictable demands of the subscriber base and
marketplace.
Ultimately, the Tellabs IntegratedMobile solution can help the
mobile operator maintain OpEx and CapEx, increase overall
service quality and provide a foundation for the development
of innovative, high-margin products and services.
Figure 20. NMS/Element Management System (EMS) integration under OSS umbrella.
Network
Management
System
Element
Management
System
Network
Elements
Business
Support
System
Billing Ordering Accounting
Operational
Support
System
Operational Umbrella FMS Provisioning
NMS X NMS Y
EMS EMS EMS
Mediation and Brokering Middleware
Tellabs intelligent access, transport, edge and aggregation
platforms are ideal for integrating voice and data for transport
between the base station network and the main switching
centers. They support all of the major data and voice
transmission technologies and provide MPLS encapsulation
and switching to enable all types of trafc to be tunneled
across the access and aggregation network.
Tellabs platforms are managed by a single, standards-based
NMS, which provides network and connectivity management
including provisioning and monitoring. It provides exible
and open interfaces and can be integrated with the leading
Operational Support System (OSS)/Business Support System
(BSS) platforms used by mobile operators for provisioning,
monitoring and billing.
This section provides an overview of Tellabs mobile data net-
work solutions, including how the solutions operators evolve to
meet the challenges of todays and tomorrows wireless market.
Figure 20 illustrates the Tellabs IntegratedMobile solution for
E-1 markets, including the locations of key network elements
supporting the multiservice core, scalable RNC and edge
aggregation, transport optimization with hub applications and
cell-site aggregation. The features and benets of each Tellabs
element are discussed in the following sections.
Tellabs
IntegratedMobile
SM
Solution 2G and 3G ETSI Solutions Primer 23
www.tellabs.com/solutions/integratedmobile/
Element Management
Tellabs network elements
Tellabs
8000 open
database
Other network elements
C
O
R
B
A
N
B
I
Network Management
Service Management
Operational Support System
8000
6300 8600 8800 8100
S
N
M
P
C
L
I
Figure 21. Tellabs
8600 Managed
Edge System, the Tellabs
IntegratedMobile
SM
Solution 2G and 3G ETSI Solutions Primer
www.tellabs.com/solutions/integratedmobile/
Adaptive network capabilities. Changes in bandwidth
usage caused by unpredicted use of new data services
can be quickly agged and analyzed at the service level
so that appropriate actions can be taken.
Network modeling and optimization. Elements, physical
and virtual links can be visualized without physical imple-
mentation. This enables different network planning options
to be modeled and analyzed prior to implementation.
A single NMS. NMS should operate and integrate all
technologies in evolving mobile networks.
Tellabs
IntegratedMobile
SM
Solution Product Portfolio
Tellabs offers a full-service portfolio of network solutions
designed for mobile voice and data service delivery. Each
is modular and scalable, so that they can be extended and
optimised to suit a mobile operators particular network
requirements. This end-to-end capability is shown in
Figure 20 and includes:
The Tellabs
8800
MSR series high density and capacity enables mobile
operators to aggregate hundreds of cell sites at the central
ofces and to interconnect multiple mobile switching
ofces over an IP/MPLS network.
The Tellabs
8100 system
includes a full range of cell site access, hubbing and
aggregation elements that empower the mobile operator
with exceptional control of network resources.
The Tellabs
ServiceAssured
upgrades, thus
ensuring that mobile trafc is always transported even when
there network failures and system upgrades.
Each MSR features a wide range of interfaces to provide
unmatched service exibility (see Table 6). The Tellabs 8800
MSR series enables service providers to converge networks
at their own pace while simultaneously supporting ATM,
Frame Relay and TDM/private leased-line networks at speeds
from DS-1/E-1 to OC-192c/STM-64 and Ethernet interfaces
from 10 Mbps to 10 Gbps. All of the Tellabs 8800 MSR series
network elements are based on the same hardware and
software technologies and share a common CLI and NMS, thus
enabling mobile operators seamless operation of the network.
Tellabs
IntegratedMobile
SM
Solution 2G and 3G ETSI Solutions Primer 25
www.tellabs.com/solutions/integratedmobile/
Figure 25. Tellabs
8830
Multiservice Router (MSR).
aggregate hundreds of cell sites, BSCs, MGWs, call servers
and other devices present in a mobile operator switching
ofce. In addition, the Tellabs 8860 MSR can interconnect
multiple intra-city, regional and national switching ofces
over new IP/MPLS networks as well as legacy ATM networks.
The Tellabs 8860 MSR can accommodate up to 64
hot-swappable Physical Line Modules (PLM).
The Tellabs 8860 MSR combines both IP-routing and time-
tested ATM-based QoS levels with the efciencies of MPLS
trafc engineering. State-of-the-art, custom ASIC technology
provides 10 Gbps line rate packet forwarding and switching
while performing complex lookup and ltering tasks. It enables
mobile operators to support their existing 2G revenue-generat-
ing services, while facilitating the migration to new data-rich,
higher-revenue-generating 3G services.
Tellabs
8840
Multiservice Router (MSR).
Figure 23. Tellabs
8860
Multiservice Router (MSR).
OC-192c/STM-64
Channelized
OC-48/STM-16
(down to DS-3/E-3)
OC-48c/STM-16c
Channelized
OC-12/STM-4
(down to DS-3/E-3)
OC-12c/STM-4c
OC-3c/STM-1c
Channelized
OC-3/STM-1
(down to DS-0)
Channelized
OC-3/STM-1 IMA
(down to T-1/E-1)
DS-3/E-3
Channelized
DS-3/E-3 (3/1/0)
(down to DS-0)
10 GigE
GigE
10/100BaseT
Ports
per shelf/
ETSI rack
12/24
48/96
48/96
192/384
192/384
192/384
96/192
96/192
288/576
288/576
12/24
192/384
1152/2304
Ports
per shelf/
ETSI rack
4/24
16/96
16/96
64/384
64/384
64/384
32/192
24/144
96/576
96/576
4/24
64/384
384/2304
16/32
64/128
64/128
256/512
256/512
256/512
128/256
128/256
384/768
384/768
16/32
256/512
1536/3072
Ports
per shelf/
ETSI rack
1/1
1/4
1/4
4/16
4/16
4/16
2/8
2/8
6/24
6/24
1/1
4/16
24/96
Module
Ports
per shelf/
ETSI rack
PLM/ULC 8860 8840 8830
Table 7. Tellabs 8800 series port densities.
26 Tellabs
IntegratedMobile
SM
Solution 2G and 3G ETSI Solutions Primer
www.tellabs.com/solutions/integratedmobile/
42 Gbps
3.5 Gbps
12
600 mm x
440 mm x
300 mm
3
3.5 Gbps
3.5 Gbps
1
88 mm x
440 mm x
280 mm
25
300 Mbps
300 Mbps
Fixed ports
44 mm x
440 mm x
280 mm
50
14 Gpbs
3.5 Gbps
4
222 mm x
440 mm x
286 mm
9
Tellabs 8630
switch
Tellabs 8660
switch
Switching capacity
(full duplex)
Bandwidth per slot
Number of IFMs
per chassis
Mechanical
dimensions
(W x D x H)
Number of chassis
per ETSI rack
Tellabs 8605
switch
Tellabs 8620
switch
Table 8. Tellabs
8620
Access Switch and the Tellabs
8660
Edge Switch is more suited to deployment in the regional
network for aggregating trafc from the RAN network to
the RNC site. Compact and cost-efcient, the Tellabs
8605
Access Switch is optimized for cell-site aggregation. All of
the network elements are based on the same technology
platform which guarantees interoperability and provides/has
features required in large-scale access network deployments.
Tellabs
IntegratedMobile
SM
Solution 2G and 3G ETSI Solutions Primer 27
www.tellabs.com/solutions/integratedmobile/
Table 9. Tellabs 8600 system supported interfaces.
Figure 27. Interface module Concentrator (IFC).
chE-1/chT-1 (nx64k) Multiservice
chE-1/chT-1 (nx64k)
Multiservice (high density)
E3/DS3 Multiservice
chSTM-1/chOC-3
(down to nx64k) Multiservice
chSTM-1/chOC-3
(down to nx64k) Multiservice
STM-1/OC-3 ATM
STM-1/OC-3 POS
STM-4/OC-12 POS
STM-16/OC-48 POS
10/100M Ethernet
100M Ethernet (optical)
2+6 10/100/1000M Ethernet combo
Gigabit Ethernet
Gigabit Ethernet (high density)
Tellabs
8630
switch
64
192
48
8
32
32
64
32
4
64
64
16+48
16
64
Tellabs
8620
switch
16
48
12
2
8
8
16
4
16
16
4+12
4
16
192
576
144
24
96
96
192
96
12
192
192
48+144
48
192
Tellabs
8660
switch
Ports per System
8
24
6
1
4
4
8
4
1
8
8
2+6
2
8
Ports
per IFM
Interface Type
To increase the exibility and scalability of the chassis, every
line card can be loaded with up to two interface modules as
different combinations. Several interfaces support multiple
protocols, which make the system very exible and allow a
mixture of protocols within one interface. As a result, the
entry cost of the device is very low compared to traditional,
centralized switch-based architectures. The backplane itself
is passive and contains no active components.
This distributed switching architecture has several advantages:
Simplies the basic mechanics and radically decreases
the entry cost of the Tellabs 8660 switch
Eliminates the potential of a single point of failure in
the element
Gives more space for line cards that can deliver services
and revenue
Each IFC contains up to two Interface Modules (IFM) and
provides a bidirectional interface capacity of 3.5 Gbps. The
total capacity of the node depends on the number of populated
interface slots. When the node is fully loaded, the total bidirec-
tional interface capacity is 42 Gbps. For future scalability, the
backplane can handle 10 Gbps interface modules such as
10 Gbps Ethernet or STM-64/SONET 192c. Due to the hard-
ware-based design, all trafc can be forwarded at wirespeed.
The Tellabs 8660 switch is fully compliant with carrier-class
reliability requirements because it has been built specically
for use in telecom service provider networks. Not only can
the common logic be duplicated for resiliency in the element,
but trafc protection can also be added at various layers.
MPLS protection schemes deliver failover times that are
equivalent to those in protected SDH networks. All IFCs
(see Figure 27) and CDCs are hot swappable.
If an IFC fails, it can be replaced without disrupting the trafc
on the other cards. The system automatically takes care of
copying the previous parameters into the new IFC. Embedded
software in the CDC can be upgraded with no impact to the
trafc owing through the element.
IFCs can be easily removed and reconnected with the help
of hooks placed at the top and bottom of each card. In the
lower part of the network element there are cable ducts,
forced cooling modules with lters and an air intake gap.
Fan trays are also controllable via the backplane.
The Tellabs 8660 switch can operate at temperatures between
-5C and +45C, which is within the typical climate of a
telecom equipment room. Table 9 lists IFMs for the Tellabs
8600 system.
28 Tellabs
IntegratedMobile
SM
Solution 2G and 3G ETSI Solutions Primer
www.tellabs.com/solutions/integratedmobile/
Figure 29. Tellabs
IntegratedMobile
SM
Solution 2G and 3G ETSI Solutions Primer 29
www.tellabs.com/solutions/integratedmobile/
Figure 30. Tellabs
IntegratedMobile
SM
Solution 2G and 3G ETSI Solutions Primer
www.tellabs.com/solutions/integratedmobile/
12.5 G
4
40
2
16
16
84
12
4
441 mm x
260 mm x
44 mm
40 G
8
4
4
16
64
72
48*
1008*
144*
36*
500 mm x
280 mm x
474 mm
100 G
20
2
10
40
160
160
96*
8192*
160
80
500 mm x
280 mm x
950 mm
15 G
14
3
2
16
58
48*
1008*
288*
24*
445 mm x
266 mm x
474 mm
Tellabs
6340 node
Tellabs
6325 node
Switch capacity
# of trafc modules
per subrack
# of chassis per rack
Max. STM-64
Max. STM-16
Max. STM-4
Max. STM-1
Max. E-3/DS-3
Max. E-1
Max. FE
Max. GE
Mechanical
dimensions
(W x D x H)
Tellabs
6350 node
Tellabs
6345 node
Figure 34. Tellabs
IntegratedMobile
SM
Solution 2G and 3G ETSI Solutions Primer 31
www.tellabs.com/solutions/integratedmobile/
32 Tellabs
IntegratedMobile
SM
Solution 2G and 3G ETSI Solutions Primer
www.tellabs.com/solutions/integratedmobile/
EDGE Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution
(2.5G)
EMS Element Management System
EoSDH Ethernet-over-SDH
EPL Ethernet Private Line
EPN Ethernet Private Network
FDDI Fiber Distributed Data Interface
(ISO/IEC 9314)
FE Fast Ethernet
FMS Fault Management System
FR Frame Relay
GigE Gigabit Ethernet
Gbps Gigabits per second
(1 Gigabit = 1,000 Megabits = 1,000,000,000 bits)
GERAN GSM/Edge Radio Access Network
GFP Generic Framing Procedure
GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node
(2G/3G)
GPRS General Packet Radio Service
GSHDSL Global Standard for High-bit rate
Digital Subscriber Line
GSM Global System for Mobile communication
HDSL High-speed Digital Subscriber Line
HLR Home Location Register
HSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet Access
HSS - Home Subscriber Server
HSUPA High Speed Uplink Packet Access
IETF Internet Engineering Task Force
IFC Interface module Concentrators
IFM Interface Modules
IMA Inverse Multiplexing over ATM
IMS IP Multimedia Subsystem
IP Internet Protocol
IS-IS Intermediate System to Intermediate System
(L3 routing protocol)
ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network
Kbps Kilobits per second
(1 Kilobit = 1,000 bits)
LAN Local Area Network
Glossary
3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project
ADM Add-Drop Multiplexer
ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
ARPU Average Revenue Per User
ASIC Application Specic Integrated Circuit
ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode
BGP Border Gateway Protocol
(L3 IP routing protocol)
BSC Base Station Controller
BSS Base Station Subsystem
(2G)
BSS Business Support System
(TNM)
BRAS Broadband Remote Access Server
BTS Base Transceiver Station
CAMEL Customized Applications for Mobile
network Enhanced Logic (3G R5)
CDC Control and DC power feed Card
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
CIR Committed Information Rate
CLI Command Line Interface
CMIP Common Management Information Protocol
(ISO/IEC 9596-1)
CMTS Cable Modem Termination System
CORBA Common Object Request Broker Architecture
CPE Customer Premise Equipment
CSCF Call Session Control Function
CSMA/CD Carrier Sense Multiple Access with
Collision Detection (Ethernet)
CWDM Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing
DCN Data Communication Network
DNS Domain Name System
DQDB Distributed Queue Dual Bus
(SMDS)
DSL Digital Subscriber Line
DSLAM Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer
DWDM Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing
Tellabs
IntegratedMobile
SM
Solution 2G and 3G ETSI Solutions Primer 33
www.tellabs.com/solutions/integratedmobile/
LCAS Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme
(SDH/SONET)
LDP Label Distribution Protocol
(MPLS)
LER Label Edge Router
(MPLS)
LLC Logical Link Control
(ISO/IEC 8802-2)
LSP Label Switched Path
(MPLS)
LSR Label Switch Router
(MPLS)
LTE Long-Term Evolution
MAC Media Access Control
(Ethernet)
MAN Metropolitan Area Network
Mbps Megabits per second
(1 Megabit = 1,000 Kilobits = 1,000,000 bits)
MBS Maximum Burst Size
MGCF Media Gateway Control Function
MGW Media Gateway
MIB Management Information Base
(SNMP)
MLPPP Multilink Point-to-Point Protocol
MPLS Multiprotocol Label Switching
MME Mobility Management Entity
MMS Multimedia Message Service
MDU Multi-Dwelling Unit
(residential)
MRF Media Resource Function
MRFC Multimedia Resource Function Controller
MRFP Media Resource Function Processor
MSC Mobile Services Switching Center
(2G/3G)
MSC-S MSC Server
MSO Mobile Serving Ofce
MSPP Multiservice Provisioning Platform
MSTP Multiservice Transport Platform
MTSO Mobile Telephone Switching Ofce
MTU Multi-Tenant Unit
(commercial)
NBI Northbound Interface
NE Network Elements
NG-SDH Next Generation Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
NMS Network Management System
NOC Network Operations Center
OAM Operations and Maintenance
OC Optical Carrier
(OC-1 = 51.84 Mbps, OC-3 = 155.52 Mbps)
OFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
(wireless)
OSI Open Systems Interconnection
(ISO/IEC 7498-1)
OSPF Open Shortest Path First
(L3 IP routing protocol)
OSS Operational Support System
PDH Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy
PE Provider Edge
PIR Peak Information Rate
PLMN Public/Private Land Mobile Network
POC Packet over Cellular
POS Packet (or PPP) over Sonet/SDH
PPP Point-to-Point Protocol
(L2 Data link)
PPVPN Provider Provisioned Virtual Private Network
PRC Primary Reference Clock
PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network
PTP Precision Time Protocol
PVC Permanent Virtual Circuit
(ATM or FR)
PW Pseudowire
PWE3 Pseudowire Emulation Edge to Edge
QoS Quality of Service
RFC Request for Comments
RNC Radio Network Controller
RSVP Resource Reservation Protocol
34 Tellabs
IntegratedMobile
SM
Solution 2G and 3G ETSI Solutions Primer
www.tellabs.com/solutions/integratedmobile/
SAE System Architecture Evolution
SAR Segmentation and Reassembly
(ATM)
SBI Southbound Interface
SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access
SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
(non-US)
SDSL Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line
SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node
(2G/3G)
SIP Session Initiation Protocol
(RFC 3261)
SLA Service Level Agreement
SMDS Switched Multimegabit Data Service
SMS Short Message Service
(2G)
SME/SMB Small Medium Enterprise/Small Medium Business
SNCP Subnetwork Connection Protection
SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol
SONET Synchronous Optical Network
(US)
STM-x Synchronous Transfer Module
(STM-1 = 155.52 Mbps)
STS-x Synchronous Transport Signal
(STS-1 = 51.84 Mbps)
STP Spanning Tree Protocol
(Ethernet)
SVC Switched Virtual Circuit
(ATM or FR)
Tbps Terabits per second
(1 Terabit = 1,000 Gigabits = 1,000,000,000,000 bits)
TDM Time Division Multiplexing
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access
TE Trafc Engineering
TLS Transparent LAN Service
(see also VPLS)
TMN Telecommunications Management Network
T-MLPS Transport Multiprotocol Label Switching
UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication System
(3G)
UPE User Plane Entity
UTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
(3G)
VC Virtual Circuit
(ATM)
VCG Virtual Concatenation Group
VCAT Virtual Concatenation
VLAN Virtual LAN
(Ethernet)
VLL Virtual Leased Line
(see EPL)
VoIP Voice over IP
VPLS Virtual Private LAN Services
(L2 Ethernet VPN)
VPWS Virtual Private Wire Services
VPN Virtual Private Network
VRF VPN Routing and Forwarding
(BGP)
WAN Wide Area Network
WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
(3G)
WDM Wavelength Division Multiplexing
Tellabs
IntegratedMobile
SM
Solution 2G and 3G ETSI Solutions Primer 35
www.tellabs.com/solutions/integratedmobile/
Tellabs
IntegratedMobile
SM
Solution 2G and 3G ETSI Solutions Primer 35
www.tellabs.com/solutions/integratedmobile/
Statements herein may contain projections or other forward-looking statements regarding future events, products, features, technology and resulting commercial or technological benefits and advantages.
These statements are for discussion purposes only, are subject to change and are not to be construed as instructions, product specifications, guarantees or warranties. Actual results may differ materially.
The following trademarks and service marks are owned by Tellabs Operations, Inc., or its affiliates in the United States and/or other countries: TELLABS
, and T symbol
.
Any other company or product names may be trademarks of their respective companies.
2007 Tellabs. All rights reserved.
74.1511E Rev. C 2/07
North America
Tellabs
One Tellabs Center
1415 West Diehl Road
Naperville, IL 60563
U.S.A.
+1 630 798 8800
Fax: +1 630 798 2000
Latin America & Caribbean
Tellabs
1401 N.W. 136th Avenue
Suite 202
Sunrise, FL 33323
U.S.A.
+1 954 839 2800
Fax: +1 954 839 2828
Europe, Middle East & Africa
Tellabs
Abbey Place
24-28 Easton Street
High Wycombe, Bucks
HP11 1NT
United Kingdom
+44 870 238 4700
Fax: +44 870 238 4851
Asia Pacific
Tellabs
3 Anson Road
#1401 Springleaf Tower
Singapore 079909
Republic of Singapore
+65 6215 6411
Fax: +65 6215 6422