CALCULATIONS:

Table 1: Experimental Data

Barometric Pressure = 74.7 mm Hg

In the below table;

Tair (˚C) = Average Air Temperature
M (mm Hg) = Manometer Reading

Test Test Test Test Test Test

1* 2 3 4 5 6
Tair = Tair = Tair = Tair = Tair = Tair =
21.8 21.35 21.35 21.25 21.15 21.8
M= M= M= M= M= M=
1.5 1.3 1.21 1.05 0.7 1.3
Time( T Time( T Time( T Time( T Time( T Time( Temp
s) emp s) emp s) emp s) emp s) emp s) (˚C)
(˚C) (˚C) (˚C) (˚C) (˚C)
20 66 0 85 0 79.4 0 78.7 0 79.7 0 78.2
30 59.1 10 78.3 10 74.9 10 76.3 10 76.5 10 75
40 55.4 20 69.9 20 67.6 20 69.8 20 70.1 20 68
50 47.8 30 62.1 30 60.6 30 62.9 30 63.8 30 60.7
60 43.3 40 55.5 40 55 40 56.7 40 58 40 54.9
70 39.5 50 50.1 50 49.3 50 51.7 50 53.3 50 49
80 36.4 60 45.1 60 44.6 60 46.7 60 48.7 60 44.1
90 33.6 70 40.9 70 40.6 70 42.6 70 44.7 70 38
100 31.6 80 37.5 80 37.3 80 39.1 80 41.1 80 36.7
110 29.8 90 34.6 90 34.5 90 36.3 90 38.2 90 33.9
120 28.3 100 32.2 100 32.2 100 33.7 100 35.6 100 31.7
130 27.2 110 30.2 110 30.3 110 31.6 110 33.5 110 29.7
140 26.1 120 28.6 120 28.6 120 29.9 120 31.5 120 28.2
150 25.3 130 27.2 130 27.3 130 28.3 130 30 130 26.9
160 25.1 140 26 140 26.2 140 27.2 140 28.5 140 25.7
170 24.5 150 25.1 150 25.3 150 26 150 27.3 150 25.4
180 23.9 160 24.8 160 24.9 160 25.2 160 26.3 160 24.6

* = The test was initiated a little later than expected and so readings were
taken at t = 20 s (only for test 1)
Tables 2 & 3: Tabulated Values for Time(s) and In (θ/ θi)

Test 1 Test 2 Test 3

20 s 0 0s 0 0s 0
30 s -0.16973 10 s -0.11122 10 s -0.08068
40 s -0.27419 20 s -0.27080 20 s -0.22724
50 s -0.53062 30 s -0.44594 30 s -0.39135
60 s -0.72607 40 s -0.62263 40 s -0.54529
70 s -0.91516 50 s -0.79476 50 s -0.73088
80 s -1.10770 60 s -0.98581 60 s -0.91499
90 s -1.32062 70 s -1.18042 70 s -1.10379
100 s -1.50634 80 s -1.37147 80 s -1.29184
110 s -1.70928 90 s -1.56940 90 s -1.48485
120 s -1.91692 100 s -1.76923 100 s -1.67713
130 s -2.10232 110 s -1.97298 110 s -1.86965
140 s -2.33010 120 s -2.17239 120 s -2.08030
150 s -2.53596 130 s -2.38695 130 s -2.27791
160 s -2.59480 140 s -2.61653 140 s -2.48232
170s -2.79547 150 s -2.83164 150 s -2.68758
180s -3.04678 160 s -2.91502 160 s -2.79435

Test 4 Test 5 Test 6

0s 0 0s 0 0s 0
10 s -0.04267 10 s -0.05620 10 s -0.05841
20 s -0.16832 20 s -0.17908 20 s -0.19948
30 s -0.32161 30 s -0.31685 30 s -0.37147
40 s -0.48279 40 s -0.46302 40 s -0.53293
50 s -0.63482 50 s -0.59946 50 s -0.72925
60 s -0.81419 60 s -0.75387 60 s -0.92788
70 s -0.98986 70 s -0.91075 70 s -1.24745
80 s -1.16891 80 s -1.07665 80 s -1.33110
90 s -1.33953 90 s -1.23373 90 s -1.53926
100 s -1.52919 100 s -1.39918 100 s -1.73993
110 s -1.71392 110 s -1.55622 110 s -1.96560
120 s -1.89335 120 s -1.73289 120 s -2.17617
130 s -2.09788 130 s -1.88946 130 s -2.40322
140 s -2.26752 140 s -2.07518 140 s -2.67149
150 s -2.49277 150 s -2.25342 150 s -2.75153
160 s -2.67719 160 s -2.43088 160 s -3.00285

Experimental graphs for In(θ/ θi) vs Time(s)

 Test 1: In(θ/ θi) vs Time(s)

0.5
0
-0.5 0 50 100 150 200

-1
In(θ/ θi)

Series1
-1.5
Linear (Series1)
-2
-2.5
y = -0.0193x + 0.4238
-3
-3.5
Time(s)

Fig.1

Test 2: In(θ/ θi) vs Time(s)

0.5
0
-0.5 0 50 100 150 200

-1
In(θ/ θi)

Series1
-1.5
Linear (Series1)
-2
-2.5
-3 y = -0.0191x + 0.1133

-3.5
Time(s)

Fig.2
 Test 3: In(θ/ θi) vs Time(s)

0.5
0
0 50 100 150 200
-0.5
In(θ/ θi)

-1 Series1
-1.5 Linear (Series1)

-2
y = -0.0184x + 0.1394
-2.5

-3
Time(s)

Fig.3

Test 4: In(θ/ θi) vs Time(s)

0.5
0
0 50 100 150 200
-0.5
In(θ/ θi)

-1 Series1
-1.5 Linear (Series1)

-2
y = -0.0173x + 0.1726
-2.5
-3
Time(s)

Fig.4
 Test 5: In(θ/ θi) vs Time(s)

0.5
0
0 50 100 150 200
-0.5
In(θ/ θi)

-1 Series1
-1.5 Linear (Series1)

-2
y = -0.0156x + 0.1343
-2.5

-3
Time(s)

Fig.5

Test 6: In(θ/ θi) vs Time(s)

0.5
0
-0.5 0 50 100 150 200

-1
In(θ/ θi)

Series1
-1.5
Linear (Series1)
-2
-2.5 y = -0.0196x + 0.1788
-3
-3.5
Time(s)

Fig.6

Properties of the cylinder:

ρ = density of the copper cylinder = 8933 kg/m3

V = volume of the copper cylinder = 1.15095E-5 m3

As = surface area of the copper cylinder = 3.7068E-3 m2

Cp = specific heat of the pure copper cylinder = 385 J/kg.K

D = Diameter of the copper cylinder = 0.01242 m

Table 4: Ħ and U∞ values

ĦLUMPED CAPACITANCE (W/m2.K) U∞ (m/s)

206.09 24.85

203.96 22.78

196.48 21.96

184.79 20.39

166.58 16.58

209.30 23.27

We neglect the last value, since it is a repeat.

Plotting the graph of Ħ vs U∞, we have:

 Ħ vs U∞

250

200
y = 5.1454x + 81.921 Series1
Ħ (W/m2.k)

150 Series2
y = 4.3953x + 53.42
100 Linear (Series1)
Linear (Series2)
50

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
U∞ (m/s)

Series 1 = ĦLUMPED CAPACITANCE (W/m2.K)

Series 2 = ĦHILPERT’S EQUATION (W/m2.K)

Fig.7

Table 5: Evaluation of Fluid Properties

Through interpolation of certain values in Table A-4 in text and calculation

for ReD, Pr and Nu, we have:

Tsavg(˚ Tf(K) ρ(kg/ Cp K NuDex μ(107) Pr ReD NuDHilpert

C) m3) (kJ/kg. (103) p (Ns/m
K) (W/m 2)

k)
T 36.64 302. 1.154 1.007 26.46 96.7 185.6 0.70 19185. 76.23
est 22 0 0 3 4 65 9
1
T 44.3 305. 1.142 1.007 26.73 94.7 187.3 0.70 17245. 71.35
est 83 0 2 7 5 59 9
2
T 43.44 305. 1.143 1.007 26.69 91.4 187.1 0.70 16664. 69.87
est 40 4 2 3 4 62 2
3
T 44.86 306. 1.140 1.007 26.74 85.8 187.4 0.70 15401. 66.54
est 05 1 2 2 6 61 85
4
T 46.28 306. 1.139 1.007 26.79 77.2 187.7 0.70 12491. 58.46
est 72 0 3 3 7 60 18
5
The NuDexp was calculated using C = 0.193 and M = 0.618

Table 6: Tabulation of lnReD, lnNuD , Ħhilpert equation and lnNuDHilpert

lnReD lnNuDexp Ħhilpert equation Percent lnNuDHilpert

(W/m2K) deviation
(%)
9.8619 4.571 162.40 21.20 4.334
9.7553 4.551 153.55 24.71 4.268
9.7210 4.516 150.15 23.58 4.247
9.6422 4.452 143.26 22.47 4.198
9.4327 4.346 126.10 24.30 4.068

LnReD vs LnNuD

4.7
4.6
y = 0.5581x - 0.9165
4.5 Series1
LnNuD

4.4 Series2
4.3 Linear (Series2)
y = 0.6182x - 1.7629
4.2 Linear (Series1)

4.1
4
9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9
LnReD

Fig.8

Series 1 = NuDHilpert
Series 2 = NuDexp
From graph of NuDexp:
m = 0.5581
C = 0.449
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:

The following sample calculations were performed using test 1:

(1) ĦLUMPED CAPACITANCE (W/m2.K) = {Slope*(ρVCp) / As}

= {-0.0193*(8933 kg/m3*1.15095E-5
m3*385 J/kg.K)/ 3.7068E-3 m2}
= 206.09 W/m2.K

(2) U∞(m/s) = Tair*{(M/ρair)^0.5}

= 21.8 *{(1.5/ 1.1540 kg/m3)^0.5}
= 24.85 m/s

(3) Tf(K) = {(Ts+Ta)/2} + 273 K

Where Ts = (T1 + T2+ T3 +……..+ Ti)/n
= {(36.64 + 21.8)/2} + 273 K
= 302.22 K

(4) NuDexp = (ĦLUMPED CAPACITANCE*D)/K

= (206.09 W/m2K.* 0.01242m)/(26.46E-3 W/mK)
= 96.73

(5) Constant = ln(Cexp) + (1/3)lnPr

-0.9165 = ln(Cexp) - 0.116
0.449 = (Cexp)

(6) NuDHilpert = C*ReDm*{Pr^(1/3)}

= (0.193)*{19185.9^(0.618)}*{0.7061^(1/3)}
= 76.23
(7) ĦHILPERT’S EQUATION (W/m2.K) = (NuDHilpert* K)/(D)
= (76.23 * 26.46E-3 W/mK)/ (0.1242m)
= 162.40 W/m2.K

(8) ReD = (ρ* U∞*D)/(μ)

= (1.1540 kg/m3*24.85 m/s*0.1242 m)/( 185.64E-7 Ns/m2)
= 19185.9