ARC425 11/16/2012

By: Manish Singh 1

Communication and Traffic Control
Manish Singh
Lecture
ARC425
The Need
Rapid growth of any city depends on Network of roads that is
communication.
Le Corbusier As open spaces are lungs, Roads are arteries.
Road/Street plan is foundation of town planning
Evolution of traffic since head load/animals to cars/trains
Most cities are suffering from problem of traffic congestion
In many western countries automobile population is half of human
population but the space allocation is not sufficient or planned
Functions of Roads
Channel for movement of people/goods
Means of approach for all residential places
Air & Light for buildings
Space for laying public utility services
Requirements of Ideal City Road
Haulage & Speed
Sufficient Width
Impervious wearing surface to keep base coarse dry
Resting of yielding soil
Straight alignment
Smooth curves, proper junctions, visibility
Plantation lighting, signages
Pedestrian safety Footpath etc
Aesthetics of Road
Clean and tidy surface
Footpath with nicely dressed
curbed stones
Decorated traffic islands
Trees and greenery on either side
of road
Ornamental lighting with proper
spacing
Smooth curves
Pleasing Vistas
Design Factors
1) Nature of Traffic Study of vehicles, intensity, peak hours, parking etc.
2) Utility Services Utility for neighborhood areas and dimensions of
other facilities.
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By: Manish Singh 2
Classification of Roads
1) Type of construction Earth, metallic, asphalt, concrete roads
2) Jurisdiction Local roads, district roads, state highways, national
highways
3) Geometric shape Rectangular roads, ring roads, diagonal roads,
radial/circular roads.
4) Dominant Functions Avenue, Promenade, Boulevards etc
Classification of Urban Roads
a. Arterial Roads
b. Secondary or Sub-Arterial roads
c. Local Roads
d. Others
i. By pass roads
ii. Outer/Inner ring roads
iii. Express ways
iv. Freeways
Arterial Roads
They connect town to state/national highways
Should be planned straight as they carry huge traffic
No obstruction should be there
They should not reach to the heart of the city.
Not less than 25-30 m wide
Town
NH
Arterial Roads
Secondary/Sub - Arterial Roads
Run within town to connect important centers
Link between arterial roads and local roads
Core
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Secondary Roads
Local Roads
Local Roads
Approach to buildings, offices, shops, colleges
No through traffic should be there on local roads
Need not to be straight
Not less than 7-10 m
Building Local Road
By Pass Roads
To avoid traffic to reach congested area
To avoid ribbon development in town
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By: Manish Singh 3
Outer and Inner Ring Road
Outer ring road to divert the through traffic from town (as By Pass
road)
Inner Ring road is to divert local from through traffic helpful in
large towns
Bangalore
Express Ways
Arterial Roads for metropolitan.
2/3 expressways are necessary for
any metropolitan for speedy traffic
Not part of regular street system but
linked
Free Ways
Special routes meant to carry fast
moving traffic
Designed with high standards
It has no access from adjacent
properties so no obstruction
Types of Street or Road Systems
a. Rectangular or Grid-ion street system
b. Rectangular combined with diagonal street system
c. Concentric and Radial street system
d. Rectangular combined with radial street system
e. Organic street system
f. Irregular medieval street system
g. Combination of rectangular and irregular street system
Rectangular or Grid-ion street system
Suitable for fairly plain
area without and
predominant natural
feature
Street cross each other
at right angles
Ex. Jaipur (India)
Advantages
Speedy & Free traffic
Houses are efficient
No negative spaces
Disadvantages
No shortcuts or direct access for any shopping centers/trade etc.
In uneven country System becomes expensive
Too many junctions Accidents
Too mathematical Monotonous effect
Jaipur (India)
Rectangular combined with diagonal street system
Designed by Peter Charles
LEnfant
Its an improved version of
rectangular street system
Ex. Washington DC (USA)
Advantages
Direct communication for distant
parts
Aesthetics can be added where
diagonals meet
Minimum obstacles
Disadvantages
Dangerous intersections of diagonals and rectangular streets
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By: Manish Singh 4
Washington DC
Concentric and Radial street system
Also called Spiders Web system
Ring roads are connected with radial roads
Represents most natural growth
Each city has a part of it
Ex. Vienna (Austria)
Advantages
Direct access to heart of city
Circular road functions as the intermediary
Helps to distribute traffic (Local) to different through fares
Useful for economic expansion of city Central features
Disadvantages
Plot sizes are trapezoidal wasted spaces
Not economical for the construction of habitable spaces
Vienna (Austria)
Rectangular combined with radial street system
Has both advantages of rectangular and radial system
Can be adopted if topographical features are favorable
Ex. New Delhi (India)
New Delhi (India)
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By: Manish Singh 5
Organic street system
Also called topographical or informal street pattern
Unplanned Studied irregularities
Conformity with natural resources
Ex. Carcassonne (France)
Carcassonne (France)
Irregular medieval street system
Most old cities are
irregular
Without planning
Ex. Varanasi (India)
Combination of rectangular and irregular street system
Mix of earlier development and recent development
When the old system is found difficult to rectify to suit the modern
needs the combination is adopted
Ex. Edinburgh (UK)
Utilize the road system to the fullest
extent in comfort, convenience and
safety
Covers study of regulation, controlling,
guiding measures of traffic, flow of
traffic at junctions, providing parking
etc.
Traffic Management Traffic Surveys Traffic Volume Study
Annual average daily volume of traffic (ADT) Represents avg
of 365 days. To find out ADT, 24 hrs count are made at every five or
fifteen minutes interval.
Seasonal average daily traffic At place like business,
commercial, recreational centers, traffic surveys are conducted to
find out the maximum volume of seasonal traffic.
Hourly average traffic volume For peak hours of the day in
different months.
Pedestrians volumes Helps in determining width of
footpath/crossing.
Classified traffic volumes intensity/number of vehicles of
different categories are determined tongas, cycles, cars etc.
Manual counting/Automatic recording.
Origin Destination Studies (O & D Surveys) Origin,
destination of passengers/goods, mode of travel, time, halts are
inquired/surveyed. Helps in providing speedy traffic, fixing routes
and to provide one way traffic wherever required.
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By: Manish Singh 6
O & D Survey Methods
Roadside interview method drivers/persons are contacted
Parking method drivers of parked vehicles are contacted
License plate method Registration number & data is required
Return post card method Prepaid blank post card are used
Tag on card method Pre-coded tags are attached to vehicles to
record the data
Home interview method Go to homes of drivers/persons to
inquire
Workshop interview method Interview at workshop, offices,
factories etc.
Traffic Congestion in Cities
Roads are not functionally differentiated
Mixture of slow and fast traffic
Separation & required space is not there
Conflicting directions
Night traffic overloading, alcohol, improper lighting
All above resulting in chaotic, congested condition of traffic
Remedies for Traffic Congestion Traffic Control
Providing different roads/routes for different type of traffic
One way traffic
Car parks and sideways at convenient places
Terminal bus stops
Parking places at commercial, recreational spaces
Facilities for pedestrians
Prohibiting invalid parking road side
Adopting time and place segregation of traffic
Education & publicity of traffic rules
Enforcement of traffic rules and punishment for defaulters
Speed restrictions
Controlling devices signs
Traffic islands, round about, smooth curves visibility
Traffic control traffic lights/manual
Segregation of traffic
Place segregation
By keeping the tracks on different levels called Grade separators
Keeping the tracks on same level but separating them by physical
obstruction footpath, fencing, color bands etc.
Constructive measures
Time segregation
Traffic at crossing is allowed to pass at different timings/intervals
Restrictive measures
Road Junctions
Factors Governing
Volume & type of traffic
Number of intersecting roads
Traffic control devices availability
Funds available
A road junction in Moscow
Guidelines for Design
Angle of crossing should not be acute, right angle is preferred
Conflicting points should be reduced, lines of traffic should
cross at right angles
Entry speed should not halt the main roads traffic, only allow to
slow down the high entry speed.
Kerbs indicate boundary between pavements and footpaths.
They help the traffic to remain in through the traffic lanes
Pedestrian Crossings Zebra crossings for pedestrians. In case
of heavy traffic hand rails should be provided around the junctions
with opening at pedestrian crossing.
Sight distance Clear view across the corner
Grade separator If roads intersect at different levels, grade
separator is provided.
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By: Manish Singh 7
Types of Road Junctions
T Junction
Y Junction
Acute angled junction
Staggered junction
Right angled junction
Multiple Junction
Grade separator
T Junction
It is formed when a local road meets another local road or main
road at right angles
9 conflicting points reducing by traffic island
Also called safety islands or refuse islands (RI)
They can serve as pedestrian crossing (PC)
Usually 20 cm higher than the usual level
Y Junction
It is formed when one road meets the other at an acute angle
It is very dangerous with higher number of conflicting points
More dangerous when both roads are main roads
Acute Angled Junction
When two types of roads cross each other on an acute angle
Due to poor sight, it should be avoided
Staggered Junction
When two roads cross each other at right angles at different places
Necessary that staggered roads should be at least 100 m apart.
Right Angled Junction
When two roads cross each other at right angle
24 conflicting points
Control Round about or traffic island. Traffic is compelled to go
clockwise in a gyratory manner.
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By: Manish Singh 8
Design Speed Vehicles need to slow down to 40 km/h & 30 km/h
for rural and urban area respectively to approach rotary
Radii of Entrance and Exit curves For entry 40 km//h 20-35m,
30 km/h 15-25m.
Rotary Island Shape Circular, elliptical, turbine and tangent.
Radius of central island should be less than of entry curve radii, that
should be raised at least 20 cm (painted kerb B & W). Landscaping
and visibility is important.
Width of carriage way around island should be slightly more than
the average of width of crossing roads.
Pedestrian traffic Refuge island in center. Subway/over bridge
can also be provided.
Design Factors
Multiple Junction
When more than 2 roads cross
each other.
Highly undesirable and dangerous
Large island to avoid accidents
Safety measures as in right angled
junction
Grade Separators
When traffics cross at different levels leaving no chance of
collision.
Using bridges/flyovers
Interchanges When two through roads are interconnected by link
roads to help the traffic to pass through. Such grade separators
are called interchanges.
Diamond Interchange/Crossing 4 leg, no right turns, fast
traffic from over bridge
Y type Interchange/Crossing 3 leg
Trumpet type Interchange/Crossing 3 leg, Disadvantage
- small radii for vehicles
Clover leaf Interchange/Crossing 4 leg, most effective,
no conflicting points, no slow down speed.
Diamond Interchange/Crossing
Y type Interchange/Crossing
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By: Manish Singh 9
Trumpet type Interchange/Crossing
Clover leaf Interchange/Crossing
The Kathipara cloverleaf interchange in Chennai, India is the largest in Asia
The Puxi Viaduct in Shanghai
Thank You