States Of Matter IV:

Solutions & Solubility

 NaCl Dissolving in Water

2
http://www.chem.iastate.edu/group/Greenbowe/sections/projectfolder/flashfiles/thermochem/solutionSalt.sw
next
A saturated solution contains the maximum amount of a
solute that will dissolve in a given solvent at a specific
temperature.
An unsaturated solution contains less solute than the
solvent has the capacity to dissolve at a specific
temperature.
A supersaturated solution contains more dissolved solute
than will ordinarily dissolve at a specific temperature.
Sodium acetate crystals rapidly form when a seed crystal is
added to a supersaturated solution of sodium acetate.

3
Super Saturated Sodium Acetate

4
next
 Factors Affecting Solubility
Solubility - the maximum amount of solute than can
dissolve in 100 g of solvent at a given temperature.

1.Structure
2.Temperature
3.Pressure

5
 Structure
• Attractivity
– Solubility increases as attractivity
between solvent and solute increases
• Accessibility
– Larger molecules w/ fewer attractive
sites are less soluble (solvent less
able to isolate and surround larger
solutes)

6
7
 Methanol vs Butanol
Attractive sites
(Hydrogen Bonding)

Unattractive Sites
(nonpolar)
• Methanol molecules are small enough to be completely
surrounded by water (and form hydration cells)
• As the ease of a solvent to isolate solute molecules decreases,
solubility decreases
8
 Glucose: High Solubility Due To Structure
Hydrogen bonding site

Glucose and other

sugars have many
attractive sites for polar
solvent interaction

9
More Examples

10
 The Cleansing Action of Soap
Some dissolution processes are quite complex and depend on
different sides of a molecule doing different things.
Ex: Soap with grease

11
 Temperature
For liquids and solids solubility generally
•
increases as temperature increases.

For gases, solubility decreases as

•
temperature increases.

Solubility can be displayed as solubility curves

•

12
 Temperature and Solubility: Solids
Solid solubility and temperature

solubility increases
with increasing
temperature
solubility decreases
with increasing
temperature

13
 Reading Solubility Curves

Saturated Solution
supersaturated (ratedissolution = rate deposition )

Q: 65 g of KNO3 is dissolved
in 100g of H2O at 60°C.
a)How many g of KNO3 can
be dissolved to make a
saturated solution?
unsaturated b)How many g of KNO3 will
precipitate when solution is
cooled to 20°C?
14
Fractional crystallization is the separation of a
mixture of substances into pure components on
the basis of their differing solubilities.
Suppose you have 90 g
KNO3 contaminated with
10 g NaCl.
Fractional crystallization:
1. Dissolve sample in 100
mL of water at 600C
2. Cool solution to 00C
3. All NaCl will stay in
solution (s = 34.2g/100g)
4. 78 g of PURE KNO3 will
precipitate (s = 12
g/100g). 90 g – 12 g =
78 g
15
 Temperature and Solubility: Gases
O2 gas solubility and temperature

solubility
usually
decreases
with
increasing 16
17
 Pressure
• Pressure has very little effect on the solubility of
liquids and solids.

• Pressure is very important to the solubility of

gases however.

18
 Henry’s Law
The solubility of a gas is directly proportional to its
partial pressure above the solution.

C = kP
Applies most accurately for dilute
solutions of gases that do not
dissociate or react with the
solvent
William Henry
Yes  CO2, N2, O2 1775 –1836

No  HCl, HI
19
 Henry’s Law
The solubility of a gas in a liquid is proportional
to the pressure of the gas over the solution.
c is the concentration (M) of the dissolved g
c = kP
P is the pressure of the gas over the solution
k is a constant for each gas (mol/L•atm
that depends only on temperature

low P high P

low c high c

20
 Henry’s Law Sample Problem

• The solubility of pure N2 (g) at 25oC

and 1.00 atm pressure is 6.8 x 10-4
mol/L. What is the solubility of N2
under atmospheric conditions if the
partial pressure of N2 is 0.78 atm?

21
• The solubility of pure N2 (g) at 25oC and 1.00 atm
pressure is 6.8 x 10-4 mol/L. What is the solubility
of N2 under atmospheric conditions if the partial
pressure of N2 is 0.78 atm?

Rearrange Henry’s law to

solubility solubility1 solubility2
k= = a constant = =
Pressure P1 P2
and plug in the values
Solubility1 = 6.8x10-4 mol/L P1 = 1.00 atm
Solubility2 = P2 = 0.78 atm

6 .8 ×10−4 mol / L S2
=
1.00atm 0.78atm
S2 = 10−4 mol / L
5 .3 ×
22
 Factors that Affect Dissolving Rate
Any factor that can increase the solvent’s ability to
interact and isolate solute will increase dissolving rate

1.Temperature
2.Stirring & Agitation
3.Surface Area

23
NaCl Dissolving in Water

http://www.learnerstv.com/animation/chemistry/molvie1.swf
next 24
 Temperature & Rate
• As temp. increases, solvent moves
faster
- collision frequency w/ solute
increases
- force of collision w/ solute increase

25
 Agitation & Rate
• Stirring moves
solvent-solute
complexes away from
solute surface
- ‘fresh’ solute surface
is continually exposed
to ‘fresh’ solvent

26
 Surface Area & Rate
• Increasing surface area of solute increases the
probability of solvent-solute collision/interaction
• grinding (pulverizing) the solute into smaller size
particles
Smaller particles have more
surface area than larger size
particles. Since dissolving occurs at
the surface of the solute, this allows
more solvent to come in contact
with more solute.

27
Nucleation - Diet Coke & Mentos

28
next
Chemistry In Action: Scuba Diving

29
Chemistry In Action: The Killer Lake
Lake Nyos, West Africa
8/21/1986
CO2 Cloud Released
1700 Casualties

30
next
 Homework

p. 550 # 57, 60
31
 Announcements
• Get handouts from Unit 6 – Nuclear Chem folder
• LAB QUIZ #5 (Labs 10, 12, 13) on Wed 1/6/10
• RXN Quiz #5 (includes COMPLEXATION rxns) on
Fri 1/8/10
– No complex ion nomenclature tested!
• FINAL EXAM 1/14/10 or 1/15/10

32