Sri Lankan School

P e r io d

Ca

Fr

(2 2 3 )

F r a n c iu m

133
87

Cs

C a e s iu m

85
55

Rb

R u b id iu m

Ra

Ti

Hf

La
Unq

A c tin id e
e le m e n ts

Ta

59

Pr

58

(2 3 1 )

232

238

U r a n iu m

Pa

P r o ta c tin iu m

T h o r iu m

Th

144
92

141
91

N e o d im iu m

P r a s e o d y m iu m

140
90

Nd

60

(2 6 3 )

Unh

U n n i lh e x iu m

184
106

T u n g s te n

96
74

M o

M o ly b d e n u m

52
42

Cr

C h r o m iu m

24

C e r iu m

(2 6 2 )

Ce

(2 6 1 )

U n n il p e n t iu m

Unp

181
105

T a n ta lu m

93
73

Nb

N io b iu m

51
41

V a n a d iu m

23

U n n ilq u a d iu m

178
104

Ac

(2 2 7 )

A c tin iu m

139
89

H a f n iu m

91
72

L a n th a n u m

89
57

Z ir c o n iu m

Zr

48
40

Y ttr iu m

45
39

T it a n iu m

Sc

S c a n d iu m

22

21

L a n th a n id e
e le m e n ts

(2 2 6 )

R a d iu m

137
88

Ba

B a r iu m

88
56

Sr

S tr o n tiu m

40
38

C a lc iu m

24
20

39
37

P o t a s s iu m

23
19

M a g n e s iu m

M g

9
12

B e r y liu m

S o d iu m

Na

7
11

L ith iu m

Be

Li

H
H y d ro g e n

Tc

Np

(2 3 7 )

N e p tu n iu m

(1 4 7 )
93

P r o m e th iu m

Pm

61

186

Re

R h e n iu m

(9 9 )
75

T e c h n e tiu m

55
43

M n

M anganese

25

Pu

(2 4 2 )

P lu to n iu m

150
94

S a m a r iu m

Sm

62

190

O s

O s m iu m

101
76

Ru

R u th e n iu m

56
44

Iro n

Fe

26

A to m ic N u m b e r
S ym bol
Nam e
M o la r m a s s in
g m o l 1

K ey

G ro u p

Ir

Am

(2 4 3 )

A m e r ic iu m

152
95

E u r o p iu m

Eu

63

192

Ir id iu m

103
77

Rh

R h o d iu m

59
45

Co

C o b a lt

27

Ni

Pd

Pt

Cm

(2 4 7 )

C u r iu m

157
96

G a d o lin iu m

G d

64

195

P la t in u m

106
78

P a lla d iu m

59
46

N ic k e l

28

Cu

S ilv e r

G o ld

Bk

(2 4 5 )

B e r k e liu m

159
97

T e r b iu m

Tb

65

197

Au

108
79

Ag

6 3 .5
47

C opper

29

T H E P E R IO D IC T A B L E

Z in c

Cd

Hg

Cf

(2 5 1 )

C a lifo r n iu m

163
98

D y s p r o s iu m

Dy

66

201

M e rc u ry

11 2
80

C a d m iu m

6 5 .4
48

Zn

30

Si

Al

In

Ti

Es

(2 5 4 )

E in s te in iu m

165
99

H o lm iu m

Ho

67

204

T h a ll iu m

11 5
81

In d iu m

70
49

G a

G a lliu m

27
31

A lu m in iu m

T in

Lead

Fm

(2 5 3 )

F e r m iu m

167
100

E r b iu m

Er

68

207

Pb

11 9
82

Sn

73
50

G e

G e r m a n iu m

28
32

S ilic o n

12
14

C a rb o n

11
13

B o ro n

Bi

M d

(2 5 6 )

M e n d e le v iu m

169
101

T h u liu m

Tm

69

209

B is m u th

122
83

Sb

A n t im o n y

75
51

As

A r s e n ic

31
33

P h o s p h o ru s

14
15

N itr o g e n

Te

Po

No

(2 5 4 )

N o b e liu m

173
102

Y tte r b iu m

Yb

70

(2 1 0 )

P o lo n iu m

128
84

T e l lu r iu m

79
52

Se

S e le n iu m

32
34

S u lp h u r

16
16

O xygen

Cl

At

Lr

(2 5 7 )

L a w r e n c iu m

175
103

L u t e tiu m

Lu

71

(2 1 0 )

A s ta tin e

127
85

Io d in e

80
53

Br

B r o m in e

3 5 .5
35

C h lo r in e

19
17

F lu o r in e

Xe

Rn

(2 2 2 )

R adon

131
86

Xenon

84
54

Kr

K ry p to n

40
36

Ar

A rg o n

20
18

N eon

Ne

10

He
H e liu m

1.

2.

When concentrated sulfuric acid is added to solid sodium bromide, bromine is produced. When
concentrated sulfuric acid is added to solid sodium chloride, no chlorine is produced.
The reason for this difference is
A

sulfuric acid is a strong acid.

hydrogen chloride is a weak acid.

the chloride ion is a weaker reducing agent than the bromide ion.

bromine is less volatile than chlorine.

(Total 1 mark)

3.

Compound X is a white solid. On heating this compound, a colourless, acidic gas is the only
gaseous product. A flame test is carried out on the solid residue and a reddish flame is observed.
Compound X is
A

calcium nitrate.

calcium carbonate.

magnesium carbonate.

strontium nitrate.
(Total 1 mark)

4.

Which of the following does not apply to the elements Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba in Group 2 of the
Periodic Table?
A

Their oxides, MO, are all basic.

Their metal hydroxides, M(OH)2, become more soluble down the group.

Their oxides, MO, react with water to form the metal hydroxide, M(OH) 2.

Their carbonates, MCO3, all decompose on gentle heating.

(Total 1 mark)

Sri Lankan School

5.

Which of the following statements about the elements in Group 7 is incorrect?

A

They all show variable oxidation states in their compounds.

They all form acidic hydrides.

Electronegativity decreases as the group is descended.

They all exist as diatomic molecules.

(Total 1 mark)

6.

What are the products, other than water, when chlorine is passed through cold, dilute aqueous
sodium hydroxide solution?
A

NaCl and NaClO

NaClO and NaClO3

NaCl and NaClO3

NaClO and NaClO4

(Total 1 mark)

7.

When solutions of iodine are titrated with aqueous sodium thiosulfate solution, Na 2S2O3(aq),
the thiosulfate ions are oxidized to
2

S2O4

S2O6

S2O8

S4O6

(Total 1 mark)

Sri Lankan School

8.

This question is about the chemistry of some halogenoalkanes.

Halothane is a colourless and sweet-smelling liquid. It has a boiling temperature of 50C.
Halothane vapour was used as a general anaesthetic in hospitals during the mid to late 20th
Century. Patients inhaled the halothane vapour under medical supervision.
However, halothane was found to have some adverse side-effects and was therefore replaced by
other halogenoalkane anaesthetics.
Halothane has the structure

In an experiment, halothane was heated in a test tube with aqueous silver nitrate and ethanol,
using a water bath. Compound X and bromide ions were formed. The structure of compound X
is shown below.

Compound X

(a)

(i)

Give the systematic name of halothane.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Suggest the types of intermolecular force present between molecules of liquid

halothane.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

Sri Lankan School

(iii)

In the above experiment, suggest ONE reason why a water bath was used rather
than heating the test tube containing the reaction mixture directly over a Bunsen
flame.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iv)

Suggest why ethanol was used in this experiment.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(v)

What would be seen in the test tube as the reaction progressed?

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(vi)

Write an ionic equation to show the reaction between aqueous silver ions and
aqueous bromide ions. Include state symbols in your equation.
(1)

Sri Lankan School

(b)

Chloroethane, C2H5Cl, can also be used as an anaesthetic. In an experiment, chloroethane

was hydrolysed by aqueous sodium hydroxide, NaOH.
(i)

Name, and give the structural formula of, the organic product of the hydrolysis of
chloroethane.
Name................................................................................................................
Structural formula.............................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

The hydrolysis of chloroethane is an exothermic reaction which takes place in a

single step.
On the diagram below, draw the energy profile for the reaction. Label clearly the
activation energy for the reaction.

(3)

Sri Lankan School

(c)

In the early 1900s, the CFC with formula CCl2F2, was identified as a refrigerant which
was both non-flammable and non-toxic.
(i)

What does the term CFC stand for?

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Suggest ONE use for CFCs other than as a refrigerant.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

In the stratosphere, CFCs are broken down by absorption of UV radiation to form

chlorine free radicals.
The following two reactions occur.
Cl + O3

ClO + O2

ClO + O

Cl + O2

Combine these two equations to give the overall equation for the reaction of ozone
in the stratosphere. State the role played by the chlorine free radical in the overall
reaction. Hence explain why many scientists consider the effect of CFCs on ozone
to be harmful.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(5)

Sri Lankan School

(d)

The compound of formula CH2F2 has replaced several CFCs for commercial use. If
molecules of CH2F2 reach the stratosphere, they do not break down to produce fluorine
free radicals.
(i)

Suggest why CF bonds are not broken in the stratosphere.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

The compound CH2F2 acts as a greenhouse gas when it absorbs a particular type of
radiation.
Name the type of radiation and explain why a molecule of CH2F2 is able to absorb
this radiation.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 22 marks)

9.

Which of the following successive ionization energies (values in kJ mol ) could have come
from a transition element?
A

496

4563 6913 9544 13352 16611

20115

25941

590

1145 4912 6474 8144 10496

12320

14207

717

1509 3249 4940 6985 9200

11508

18956

2081 3952 6122 9370 12177 15239

19999

23069
(Total 1 mark)

Sri Lankan School

10.

The first ionization energies, in kJ mol , of four elements with consecutive atomic numbers are
shown below.
A

1680

2080

496

738

(a)

Which element could be an inert gas?

A
B
C
D
(1)

(b)

Which element could be X in a covalent compound with formula HX?

A
B
C
D
(1)

(c)

Which element could be Y in an ionic compound with formula YH 2?

A
B
C
D
(1)
(Total 3 marks)

Sri Lankan School

11.

The graph below shows the second ionization energy of a series of elements with consecutive
atomic numbers.

Which element could be lithium?

A
B
C
D
(Total 1 mark)

12.

Going across Group 1 from sodium to aluminium

A

the melting temperature increases.

the radius of the atom increases.

the radius of the metal ion increases.

the bonding in the element changes from metallic to covalent.

(Total 1 mark)

Sri Lankan School

10

13.

Going down Group 1 from lithium to rubidium

A

the radius of the atom decreases.

the radius of the ion decreases.

the first ionization energy decreases.

the polarizing power of the ion increases.

(Total 1 mark)

14.

Magnesium chloride can be made by reacting solid magnesium carbonate, MgCO 3, with dilute
hydrochloric acid.
(a)

Write an equation for the reaction, including state symbols.

(2)

(b)

Give TWO observations you would make when the reaction is taking place.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

In an experiment to make crystals of hydrated magnesium chloride, MgCl 2.6H2O,

3

magnesium carbonate was added to 25 cm of hydrochloric acid with concentration 2.0

3
1
mol dm . The molar mass of magnesium carbonate is 84.3 g mol .
(i)

How many moles of acid are used in the reaction?

(1)

(ii)

What mass of magnesium carbonate, in grams, reacts with this amount of acid?
(1)

(iii)

Suggest why slightly more than this mass of magnesium carbonate is used in
practice.
...........................................................................................................................

Sri Lankan School

11

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

Sri Lankan School

12

(iv)

How would you separate the magnesium chloride solution from the reaction
mixture in (iii)?
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(v)

The magnesium chloride solution was left to crystallise. The crystals were
separated and dried carefully. A sample of 3.75g of hydrated crystals, MgCl 2.6H2O,
1

which have molar mass 203.3 g mol , was obtained. Calculate the percentage
yield of this reaction.
(2)

(vi)

Give ONE reason why the yield of crystals is less than 100%, even when pure
compounds are used in the preparation.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(d)

Lattice energies can be measured using the Born-Haber cycle, or calculated from
electrostatic theory. Lattice energies of magnesium chloride and magnesium iodide are
shown below

Lattice energy from

Born-Haber cycle using
experimental data
1
/ kJ mol

Lattice energy from

electrostatic theory

MgCl2

2526

2326

MgI2

2327

1944

Salt

(i)

/ kJ mol

What does this data indicate about the bonding in magnesium chloride?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

Sri Lankan School

13

(ii)

Explain why there is a greater difference between the experimental (Born-Haber)

and theoretical lattice energies for magnesium iodide, MgI 2, compared with
magnesium chloride.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(e)

Blood plasma typically contains 20 parts per million (ppm) of magnesium, by mass.
(i)

Calculate the mass of magnesium, in grams, present in 100 g of plasma.

(1)

(ii)

Magnesium chloride can be used as a supplement in the diet to treat patients with
low amounts of magnesium in the blood. Suggest ONE property which makes it
more suitable for this purpose than magnesium carbonate.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 16 marks)

15.

Which of the following could not be an element in Group 2?

A

An element with an oxide which forms a solution of pH 10.

An element with an insoluble sulfate.

An element with a chloride which is liquid at room temperature.

An element with a carbonate which decomposes on heating.

(Total 1 mark)

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14

16.

20 cm of sulfuric acid, concentration 0.25 mol dm , was neutralized in a titration with barium
3
hydroxide, concentration 0.50 mol dm . The equation for the reaction is
Ba(OH)2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) BaSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)
(a)

The volume of barium hydroxide required was

3

10 cm

20 cm

25 cm

40 cm

3
3
3

(1)

(b)

During the titration, the barium hydroxide was added until it was present in excess. The
electrical conductivity of the titration mixture
A

increased steadily.

decreased steadily.

increased and then decreased.

decreased and then increased.

(1)
(Total 2 marks)

17.

Which of the following trends occurs going down the elements in Group 2?
A

The solubility of the hydroxides increases.

The first ionization energy increases.

The solubility of the sulfates increases.

The stability of the carbonates to heat decreases.

(Total 1 mark)

Sri Lankan School

15

18.

Which of the following is not a true statement about hydrogen iodide?

A

It forms steamy fumes in moist air.

It dissolves in water to form an acidic solution.

It forms a cream precipitate with silver nitrate solution.

It forms dense white smoke with ammonia.

(Total 1 mark)

19.

Chemical reactions may involve

A

oxidation

reduction

no change in oxidation number

disproportionation

Which of the terms above best describes what happens to the chlorine in the following
reactions?

(a)

Cl2(g) + H2O(l) HCl(aq) + HOCl(aq)

A
B
C
D
(1)

(b)

Cl2(g) + 2Na(s) 2NaCl(s)

A
B
C
D
(1)

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16

Sri Lankan School

17

(c)

NaCl(s) + H2SO4(l) HCl(g) + NaHSO4(s)

A
B
C
D
(1)
(Total 3 marks)

20.

Magnesium nitrate, Mg(NO3)2, decomposes when it is heated. One product is the brown gas,
nitrogen dioxide.
(a)

(i)

Write an equation for this reaction. State symbols are not required.
(2)

(ii)

Calcium nitrate decomposes in a similar way to magnesium nitrate, but at a higher

temperature.
Explain why the two nitrates have different stability to heat.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(2)

Sri Lankan School

18

(b)

Sodium nitrate decomposes to give different products to magnesium nitrate. Write an

equation for the decomposition of sodium nitrate. State symbols are not required.
(1)

(c)

A student suggested that the structure of the nitrate ion, NO 3 , is

Scientists have found that the bonds between nitrogen and oxygen in the nitrate ion are all
the same length. Is the students suggestion supported by this evidence? Explain your
answer.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(d)

Nitrogen dioxide gas can dimerize to dinitrogen tetroxide, N2O4, a very pale yellow gas,
as shown in the equation below.
2NO2(g)
(i)

N2O4(g)

H = 58 kJ mol

What would you see when an equilibrium mixture of these gases is warmed gently?
Explain your answer.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

Sri Lankan School

19

(ii)

Explain why an equilibrium mixture of these gases eventually becomes paler in

colour when the pressure on it is increased.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(e)

Two Maxwell-Boltzmann distributions showing the energy of particles in a gas at

different temperatures, T1 and T2, are shown below. The activation energy for the reaction
is labelled EA.

Use the distributions to explain why gases react faster when the temperature is increased.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 12 marks)

Sri Lankan School

20

21.

This question is about some reactions of halogens and halide ions.

(a)

(i)

When chlorine is added to a solution containing bromide or iodide ions, a colour

change occurs. What solvent would you add to the mixture to confirm the identity
of the halogen produced?
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Give the result for the test with this solvent in a reaction in which bromine is
produced.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

(i)

Solid potassium bromide and potassium iodide can be distinguished by their

reactions with concentrated sulfuric acid.
Potassium bromide reacts with concentrated sulfuric acid initially to produce
hydrogen bromide. This reacts further, as shown below, to produce a sharp
smelling gas and a brown fuming liquid.
2HBr(g) + H2SO4(l) SO2(g) + Br2(l) + 2H2O(l)
Show, by use of oxidation numbers for sulfur, that the sulfuric acid has been
reduced.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

Sri Lankan School

21

(ii)

State TWO observations, which would differ from those with potassium bromide,
when potassium iodide reacts with concentrated sulfuric acid.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(iii)

One product of the reaction with potassium iodide is hydrogen sulfide, H 2S. How
does this show that iodide ions are more powerful reducing agents than bromide
ions?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

Sri Lankan School

22

(c)

In areas where the natural concentration of fluoride ions in rocks is low, some water
authorities add fluoride to the water supply to improve the dental health of children. An
alternative would be to supply free fluoride tablets.
Give ONE reason why it could be considered more ethical to supply free fluoride tablets
rather than to add fluoride compounds to the water supply.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 8 marks)

22.

The first five successive ionization energies of an element, X, are shown in the table below.

Ionization
energy

first

second

third

fourth

fifth

Value
1
/ kJ mol

590

1100

4900

6500

8100

Which ion is X most likely to form when it reacts with chlorine?

A

2+

3+

4+

(Total 1 mark)

Sri Lankan School

23

23.

Which of the following covalent bonds is the shortest?

A

HF

HCl

HBr

HI
(Total 1 mark)

24.

Which pair of atomic numbers represents elements which are both in the p-block of the Periodic
Table?
A

4, 8

6, 12

8, 16

10, 20
(Total 1 mark)

25.

The electronic structure of an atom of an element in Group 6 of the Periodic Table could be
2

10

1s 2s 2p

1s 2s 2p

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p

2
2

(Total 1 mark)

Sri Lankan School

24

26.

Which of the following formulae for compounds of germanium, Ge, is unlikely to be correct,
given the position of germanium in the Periodic Table?
A

GeF3

GeS2

GeO2

GeH4
(Total 1 mark)

27.

The electronic configurations of the atoms of four different elements are given below. For which
element would you expect the value of the first ionization energy to be the largest?
A

1s

1s

1s 2s

1s 2s

(Total 1 mark)

28.

Which of the following has the smallest ionic radius?

Na

Mg

+
2+

(Total 1 mark)

Sri Lankan School

25

29.

The graph shows the variation in melting temperatures of the elements across Period 3 (Na to
Ar) of the Periodic Table.

(a)

Complete the table below to show the type of structure and bonding for the elements
shown.

Element

Structure

Bonding

sodium
silicon
sulfur
(3)

Sri Lankan School

26

(b)

Explain why silicon has a much higher melting temperature than sulfur.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

Explain why the melting temperature increases from sodium to aluminium.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

Sri Lankan School

27

(d)

Magnesium forms the basic oxide magnesium oxide, MgO. This oxide is almost insoluble
in water. On gentle warming with dilute sulfuric acid, magnesium oxide reacts to form
aqueous magnesium sulfate solution.
(i)

Describe how you would use the above reaction to prepare a pure sample of
magnesium sulfate.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(5)

(ii)

Suggest what action should be taken if a pupil spilt a small quantity of dilute
sulfuric acid on a laboratory bench.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

Sri Lankan School

28

(e)

The data in the table below will be useful when answering this question.

Soluble in water

Insoluble in water

MgSO4

MgCO3
SrCO3
SrSO4

Magnesium carbonate reacts with dilute sulfuric acid.

MgCO3(s) + H2SO4(aq) MgSO4(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
(i)

Explain why the reaction between strontium carbonate and dilute sulfuric acid
stops after a few seconds.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Strontium sulfate is produced when aqueous sodium sulfate is added to aqueous

strontium chloride.
Give the ionic equation for the reaction, including state symbols.
(2)
(Total 16 marks)

30.

What would be the colour of the solution when iodine is dissolved in a hydrocarbon solvent?
A

Grey

Brown

Yellow

Purple
(Total 1 mark)

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29

31.

Starch is often used as an indicator in titrations between sodium thiosulfate and iodine solutions.
What colour change would you see at the end-point as sodium thiosulfate is added to iodine
solution in the presence of starch?
A

Yellow to colourless

Colourless to yellow

Blue-black to colourless

Colourless to blue-black
(Total 1 mark)

32.

Which of the following statements is true?

A

Calcium hydroxide is more soluble in water than magnesium hydroxide.

Chlorine is more electronegative than fluorine.

Iodine is a stronger oxidizing agent than bromine.

The first ionization energy of barium is greater than that of strontium.

(Total 1 mark)

33.

Iodine can react with sodium hydroxide solution to form NaIO3(aq), according to the equation
below.
3I2(aq) + 6NaOH(aq) 5NaI(aq) + NaIO3(aq) + 3H2O(l)
Which of the statements about the reaction is false?
A

The oxidation number of some iodine atoms goes up.

At high temperatures NaIO(aq) also forms.

Sodium ions are spectator ions.

The oxidation number of some iodine atoms goes down.

(Total 1 mark)

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30

34.

The graph below shows the boiling temperatures of the hydrides of Group 7.

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31

(a)

(i)

Identify the type of intermolecular force that gives rise to the unusually high
boiling temperature of hydrogen fluoride.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

State and explain whether the electronegativity of fluorine is greater than, similar
to or less than, that of bromine.
Hence explain why hydrogen fluoride can form the type of intermolecular force
named in (a)(i) but hydrogen bromide cannot.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)

(iii)

Use the graph to predict what the boiling temperature of hydrogen fluoride would
be without the presence of the type of intermolecular force named in (a)(i).
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

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32

(b)

Propanone, CH3COCH3, is a useful solvent for cleaning glassware in laboratories.

(i)

Why is propanone able to dissolve a wide range of substances?

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Propanone can be used to remove both water and octane from glassware. For each
of these substances, identify the strongest intermolecular force formed with
propanone and the feature of the propanone molecule involved.
Water................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
Octane...............................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)

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33

35.

Calcium oxide, known as quicklime, is produced by the thermal decomposition of calcium

carbonate, found naturally in limestone.
(a)

(i)

Explain what is meant by the term thermal decomposition.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Write an equation for the thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate, including

state symbols.

(1)

(iii)

Other Group 2 carbonates can also undergo thermal decomposition. Describe and
explain the trend in thermal stability of carbonates down Group 2.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)

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34

(b)

0.121 g of an impure sample of quicklime was dissolved in 50.0 cm of hydrochloric

3
acid, concentration 0.100 mol dm . The excess hydrochloric acid was titrated with
3
3
sodium hydroxide solution, concentration 0.100 mol dm , and 18.0 cm was needed to
just neutralize the acid. The indicator used was methyl orange.
The equations for the reactions involved are shown below.
CaO(s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l)
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
(i)

What colour would the indicator be at the end-point?

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Calculate the number of moles of hydrochloric acid that reacted with the sodium
hydroxide solution.

(1)

(iii)

Calculate the number of moles of hydrochloric acid originally added to the

quicklime. Use this answer and your answer to (b)(ii) to calculate the number of
moles of quicklime that reacted with the hydrochloric acid.

(2)

(iv)

Calculate the percentage purity of the sample of quicklime. Give your answer to
three significant figures.

(2)

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35

(c)

(i)

Describe how to carry out a flame test on the impure sample of quicklime to
confirm that it contains calcium ions.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)

(ii)

If the flame test gave a green colour, in addition to the expected brick red flame,
which Group 2 metal is also likely to be present?
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 16 marks)

36.

(a)

(i)

Complete the electronic configuration of the magnesium atom.

2

1s ......................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Complete the electronic configuration of the chlorine atom.

2

1s ......................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

(i)

Write the equation, including state symbols, for the reaction of magnesium with
chlorine.
(2)

(ii)

Name the type of bonding present in magnesium chloride.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

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Draw a diagram (using dots or crosses) to show the bonding in magnesium

chloride. Include ALL the electrons in each species and the charges present.
36

(3)

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37

(c)

State the type of bonding that exists in solid magnesium.

Type.............................................................................................................................
(1)

(d)

Explain fully why the melting temperature of magnesium is higher than that of sodium.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 12 marks)

37.

(a)

Define the term first ionization energy.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)

(b)

Write an equation, with state symbols, to illustrate the process occurring when the second
ionization energy of sodium is measured.
(2)

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38

(c)

The graph below shows the variation in the first ionization energies of some of the
elements in Period 3.
First ionization
energy/kJ mol

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39

(i)

On the graph, use crosses to show the approximate values of the first ionization
energies for the elements Na, P and S.
Join the crosses to complete your graph.
(3)

(ii)

Explain why the first ionization energies generally increase across the period
sodium to argon (Na to Ar).
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)

(iii)

Explain why the first ionization energy of aluminium is less than that of
magnesium.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

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40

(d)

Place the following species

+

in order of increasing first ionization energy, starting with the lowest.

Lowest first

Highest first

ionization energy

ionization energy

................................

................................

................................
(1)
(Total 14 marks)

38.

Which of these metal hydroxides is the most soluble in water?

A

Barium hydroxide

Calcium hydroxide

Magnesium hydroxide

Strontium hydroxide
(Total 1 mark)

39.

Which of these metals will give a lilac flame colour?

A

Sodium

Calcium

Potassium

Magnesium
(Total 1 mark)

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41

40.

Which of these statements about fluorine is not correct?

A

It is a gaseous element at room temperature and pressure.

It can react with chloride ions to form chlorine.

It forms salts with Group 1 metals.

It is less electronegative than chlorine.

(Total 1 mark)

41.

What is the oxidation number of oxygen in dioxygen difluoride, O2F2?

A

+1

+2
(Total 1 mark)

42.

Which concentrated acid should be used to dissolve a carbonate of a Group 2 metal to carry out
a flame test?
A

ethanoic acid

hydrochloric acid

nitric acid

sulfuric acid
(Total 1 mark)

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42

43.

What colour does a barium salt give in a flame test?

A

colourless

green

red

yellow-red
(Total 1 mark)

44.

Separate flame tests are carried out with lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium and
strontium salts. How many of these metal ions would colour the flame red?
A

4
(Total 1 mark)

45.

A Group 2 element reacts vigorously with water to produce a soluble hydroxide, which forms a
white precipitate when neutralised by sulfuric acid and forms a carbonate which is very stable to
heat. The element could be
A

magnesium

calcium

strontium

barium
(Total 1 mark)

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43

46.

The Group 2 metals, considered in order of increasing atomic number, show a decrease in
A

first ionisation energy

nuclear charge

chemical reactivity

ionic radius
(Total 1 mark)

47.

When a Group 1 metal nitrate is heated, brown fumes are observed. The metal could be
A

lithium

sodium

rubidium

caesium
(Total 1 mark)

48.

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A

iodine is more electronegative than bromine.

fluorine is more electronegative than chlorine.

metallic elements tend to react by loss of electrons.

chlorine is more electronegative than sulfur.

(Total 1 mark)

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44

49.

Chlorine was used in swimming pools as a bactericide.

The amount of chlorine present can be determined by adding excess potassium iodide solution
to a known volume of swimming pool water. This reacts to form iodine:

Cl2(aq) + 2I (aq) I2(aq) + 2Cl (aq)

The amount of iodine formed is then found by titration with sodium thiosulfate solution of
known concentration.
The ionic equation for the reaction between iodine and sodium thiosulfate in aqueous solution is
2

I2(aq) + 2S2O3 (aq) S4O6 (aq) + 2I (aq)

A student carried out the determination of chlorine in a sample of swimming pool water.
A record of the measurements obtained is given below:
3

Volume of water sample tested

= 1000 cm

Final reading of burette

16.3 cm

Initial reading of burette

7 cm

Volume added from burette

9.3 cm

3
3
3
1

Concentration of sodium thiosulfate solution = 0.00500 mol dm

(a)

(i)

The record of measurements reveals faults both in the procedure and the recording
of measurements. State one fault in each of these.
Procedure .........................................................................................................
Recording of measurements .............................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Calculate the number of moles of sodium thiosulfate used in the titration.

(1)

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45

(iii)

Use your answer to (ii) to calculate the number of moles of iodine which reacted.

(1)

(iv)

Deduce the concentration of chlorine, in mol dm , in the swimming pool water.

(1)

(b)

The disinfecting action of chlorine in swimming pools is due to the presence of chloric(I)
acid, HClO, formed by the reaction of chlorine with water.
In many swimming pools, chemicals other than chlorine are used to form chloric(I) acid.
This is partly because the use of chlorine gas causes much more corrosion of metal parts
in swimming pools than does chloric(I) acid.
Compounds used to chlorinate swimming pool water in this way include calcium
chlorate(I) and chlorine dioxide.
(i)

State and explain the type of reaction that occurs when chlorine attacks a metal,
using the example of iron.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Suggest one other reason why the use of chlorine is undesirable in swimming
pools.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

Give the formula for calcium chlorate(I).

...........................................................................................................................

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46

(1)

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47

(iv)

Chlorine dioxide, ClO2, undergoes a disproportionation reaction when it reacts

with water.
4ClO2 + 2H2O HClO + 3HClO3
Explain, in terms of oxidation numbers, why this is a disproportionation reaction.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

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48

(c)

Discuss and explain the science communitys advice that CFCs should no longer be used
in aerosols, foams and refrigerants. Support your answer with one or more equations.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(6)
(Total 17 marks)

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49

50.

(a)

The graph below shows the first ionisation energies of the elements Li, Be, and B.
Complete the graph by adding the approximate first ionisation energies of the elements
C to Ne.
F irs t io n is a tio n e n e rg y o f th e e le m e n ts L i to N e

E n e rg y

Li

Be

C
N
E le m e n ts

N e
(2)

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50

(b)

Explain why the general trend is for the first ionisation energy to increase across the
period.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)

(c)

Explain why the first ionisation energy of boron, B, is lower than that of beryllium, Be.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)

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51

51.

(a)

State the flame colours of

(i)

barium
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

strontium
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

When barium is burnt in excess oxygen a compound containing 81.1% barium and 18.9%
of oxygen is formed.
Calculate the empirical formula of this compound.

(2)

(c)

(i)

Write the equation for the reaction of barium with water. Do not include any state
symbols.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

When a small piece of barium is added to water, the barium gets smaller and
eventually disappears.
State TWO other observations you could make.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

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52

Sri Lankan School

53

(iii)

What would be the effect of adding a piece of blue litmus paper and a piece of red
litmus paper to the aqueous product of the reaction in (ii)?
Red litmus .........................................................................................................
Blue litmus ........................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 8 marks)

52.

(a)

Write the equations to show the action of heat on the following solid nitrates. State
symbols are not required.
(i)

lithium nitrate, LiNO3.

...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

caesium nitrate, CsNO3.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

The solubilities of the sulphates and hydroxides of calcium and barium are shown below.
Use the information in the table to answer the questions that follow.

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Substance

Solubility

Substance

Solubility

CaSO4

slightly soluble

Ca(OH)2

slightly soluble

BaSO4

insoluble

Ba(OH)2

soluble

54

(i)

Both calcium and barium metals react with water to give the metal hydroxide and
hydrogen gas.
What difference would you expect to see after calcium metal and barium metal
have reacted with water?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

The reaction between barium metal and excess dilute sulphuric acid stops after a
very short time. Suggest an explanation for this.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

Suggest the solubility in water of radium sulphate. Put a cross ( ) in the correct box.
A

Very soluble

Soluble

Slightly soluble

Insoluble
(1)

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55

(d)

Write the ionic equation for the reaction of calcium metal with dilute hydrochloric acid.
Include state symbols in your equation.
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 10 marks)

53.

(a)

Define reduction in terms of change in oxidation number.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

The reaction between solid sodium halides and concentrated sulphuric acid changes as the
group is descended.
(i)
NaCl

Complete the balancing of the equation for the reaction of sodium bromide with
concentrated sulphuric acid.
+

2NaBr +
8NaI

H2SO4

NaHSO4 + HCl

H2SO4 NaHSO4 + SO2 + Br2 + H2O

9H2SO4

8NaHSO4 + H2S + 4I2 + 4H2O

(1)

(ii)

Write the oxidation numbers of sulphur in the following:

H2SO4

..................................

NaHSO4 ..................................
SO2

..................................

H2S

..................................
(2)

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56

(iii)

Use the changes in oxidation number of sulphur in the reactions in (i) to show that
the halides become more powerful reducing agents as the group is descended.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)

54.

(i)

Define the term enthalpy of hydration, Hhyd, of an ion.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

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57

(ii)

The table below gives some information about the sulphates of the Group 2 elements
magnesium and barium.
sulphate

lattice energy
/ kJ mol

hydration
enthalpy of cation
1
/ kJ mol

MgSO4

2874

1920

BaSO4

2374

1360

solubility
3

/ mol dm
1.83

9.43 10

Use the lattice energy and hydration enthalpy values to explain the difference in the
solubility of the two salts.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 6 marks)

55.

This question is about the manufacture of bromine from bromide ions found in seawater.
(a)

In the first step, chlorine gas is bubbled into acidified seawater. This converts the bromide
ions to bromine. The low pH prevents hydrolysis of the liberated bromine.
(i)

Complete and balance the equation for the hydrolysis of bromine with water which
is a disproportionation reaction.
Br2(aq) + H2O(l)

.......H (aq) + .......................... + .........................

(2)

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58

(ii)

What is the meaning of the symbol

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

Explain, using oxidation numbers, why this reaction is known as

disproportionation.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(iv)

Write the ionic equation, including state symbols, for the reaction of chlorine gas
with bromide ions.

(2)

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59

(b)

In the second step, air is blown through the reaction mixture to remove the bromine as a
vapour which is then mixed with sulphur dioxide gas and water vapour.
+

The unbalanced equation for this reaction is Br2 + H2O + SO2 H + Br + SO4
(i)

Identify the elements which are oxidised and reduced and give their oxidation
numbers.
Element oxidised

........................

Oxidation number initial

........................ final ........................

Element reduced

........................

Oxidation number initial

........................ final ........................

(2)

(ii)

Using this information, or otherwise, balance the equation.

Br2 +

H2O +

SO2

H +

Br +

SO4

(1)
(Total 10 marks)

56.

(a)

Complete and balance an equation for each of the following reactions. Do not include
state symbols.
(i)

Ba +

H2O

...............................................
(1)

(iii)

NaCl +

H2SO4 ...............................................
(1)

(b)

State the flame colours produced by compounds of:

(i)

barium .................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

lithium ................................................................................
(1)

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60

(c)

Explain how compounds of elements in Groups 1 and 2 produce colours in the flame test.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)

(d)

When potassium is burnt in excess oxygen, a compound is produced that contains 54.9 %
potassium.
Calculate the percentage of oxygen present and hence calculate the empirical formula of
this compound.

(3)
(Total 10 marks)

57.

(a)

Hydrogen chloride can be prepared by reacting concentrated sulphuric acid with solid
sodium chloride.
Write an equation for the reaction which occurs. State symbols are not required.

(2)

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61

(b)

When concentrated sulphuric acid is added to solid sodium bromide, the products of the
reaction include sulphur dioxide and bromine.
2H2SO4 + 2NaBr Br2 + SO2 + 2H2O + Na2SO4
Sulphur and bromine change oxidation number in this reaction.
(i)

Write the oxidation numbers at the start and the end of the reaction.
Sulphur changes from ..................... to .....................
(1)

Bromine changes from ..................... to .....................

(1)

(ii)

Explain why the numbers in the balanced equation are consistent with the changes
in oxidation number.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

The boiling points of three hydrogen halides are shown below

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Hydrogen halide

Boiling point
/K

Hydrogen chloride

188

Hydrogen bromide

206

Hydrogen iodide

238

62

(i)

Explain the trend in boiling point of the three hydrogen halides.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Predict a value for the boiling point of hydrogen fluoride. Explain your reason for
choosing this value.
Predicted value ......................................
Explanation
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 11 marks)

58.

Flame tests were performed on the following compounds of calcium and sodium.
(i)

State the flame colour in each case:

calcium hydroxide ......................................................................................................
sodium hydroxide .......................................................................................................
(2)

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63

(ii)

Explain the origin of the colours obtained in flame tests.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 5 marks)

59.

(a)

Complete the following electronic configurations.

Ni
3d

4s

3d

4s

[ Ar ]

Ni

2+

[ Ar ]
(2)

(b)

Explain why nickel is classified as a transition metal.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(c)

Consider the following reaction scheme.

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2+

S tep 1 :

[ N i ( H 2O )6 ] ( a q )

S te p 2 :

p a le g re e n
p re c ip ita te

a fe w d ro p s
o f N H 3( a q )

ex cess
N H 3(a q )

p a le g re e n
p re c ip ita te

b lu e s o lu tio n X

64

(i)

What types of bond are present in the [Ni(H2O)6]

2+

ion?

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Write an equation for the formation of the pale green precipitate.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

Explain why Step 1 is a deprotonation reaction.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(iv)

Name the type of reaction occurring in Step 2.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(v)

Give an equation for the reaction in Step 2.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

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65

(d)

2+

Explain why the hexaaquanickel(II) ion, [Ni(H2O)6] , is coloured.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 14 marks)

60.

Iron is produced from the ore haematite, which contains iron(III) oxide.
Some standard enthalpies of formation are given below.
Compound

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Hf / kJ mol

Fe2O3 (s)

822

CO (g)

110

CO2 (g)

394

66

(a)

(i)

Write the equation for the complete reduction of iron(III) oxide by carbon
monoxide.
Calculate the enthalpy change for this reaction.

(3)

(ii)

Iron(III) oxide can also be reduced by carbon.

Fe2O3 + 3C 2Fe + 3CO

H = +492 kJ mol

Explain whether the reduction process in (i) or (ii) is more likely to occur.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

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67

(b)

On heating, the following exothermic reaction occurs

3Fe(s) + 4H2O(g)

Fe3O4(s) + 4H2(g)

At 600 C, a mixture of iron and steam is allowed to reach equilibrium. The equilibrium
partial pressures of hydrogen and steam are 1.6 atm and 1.2 atm respectively.
(i)

Write the expression for the equilibrium constant, Kp, for the reaction. Calculate its
value and state the units.

(2)

(ii)

State the effect, if any, on the value of Kp when the temperature is increased.
Justify your answer.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

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68

(c)

When an iron nail is left in a test tube of water containing a little phenolphthalein, it starts

to react and region X becomes pink, due to the formation of OH ions.

X

Z
Y

Write the half-equations for the reactions taking place in regions X and Y.
Name the green precipitate that forms in region Z.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)

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69

(d)

Anhydrous iron(III) chloride is made by passing dry chlorine gas over heated iron. It is
formed as a dark red covalent gas with formula Fe 2Cl6 and has a similar structure and
reactions to aluminium chloride.
Draw a diagram to show the structure of the Fe2Cl6 molecule. Label the types of bonding
present.
State the shape around each iron atom.

(3)

(e)

Hydrated iron(III) chloride is ionic and soluble in water.

(i)

Describe a test for aqueous Fe

3+

ions.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Explain why an aqueous solution of hydrated iron(III) chloride is acidic.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 19 marks)

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70

Sri Lankan School

71

61.

(a)

The electrical conductivities of the elements in the Periodic Table show periodicity.
What is meant by periodicity?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

Describe the periodic pattern of electrical conductivity.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(c)

State ONE other physical property of an element which shows a periodic pattern.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 4 marks)

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72

62.

(a)

Calcium reacts with water to produce calcium hydroxide and hydrogen.

Write the equation for this reaction. Give TWO observations that could be made during
this reaction.
Equation
.....................................................................................................................................
Observations
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(4)

(b)

State the trend in the solubility of the Group 2 hydroxides, as the atomic mass of the
Group 2 element increases.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(c)

(i)

Show that the following data are consistent with the empirical formula CaN 2O6.
Symbol of element

% by mass

Ca

24.4

17.1

58.5

(2)

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73

(ii)

Explain why the thermal stability of the Group 2 nitrates increases as the atomic
number of the Group 2 element increases.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 10 marks)

63.

(a)

Define the term oxidising agent in terms of electron transfer.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

(i)

Suggest which halogen is the strongest oxidising agent.

...........................................................................
(1)

(ii)

What is the physical state of bromine at room temperature?

...........................................................................
(1)

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74

(c)

State the appearance of a gas evolved when concentrated sulphuric acid is added to solid
sodium bromide.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(d)

Give the oxidation number of chlorine in each of the following species.

ClO ......................................................................

ClO3 ......................................................................
(2)

(e)

Chlorine reacts with sodium hydroxide.

Write an ionic equation for this reaction and explain, in terms of oxidation numbers, why
this is a disproportionation reaction.
Equation
.....................................................................................................................................
Explanation
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(4)

(f)

(i)

Write an equation, including state symbols, to show the process that occurs when
the first electron affinity of chlorine is measured.
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

Sri Lankan School

75

(ii)

Explain why the second electron affinity of chlorine would be endothermic.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 14 marks)

64.

(a)

The elements from scandium to zinc belong to the d-block. Some, but not all, of these
elements are transition elements.
(i)

What is meant by the term transition element?

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Which of the elements, from scandium to zinc inclusive, are in the d-block but are
not transition elements?
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

(i)

Complete the electronic configurations of the Fe

Fe

2+

Mn

2+

and Mn

2+

ions below.

[Ar] ..............................................................................................................

2+

[Ar] .............................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

2+

Suggest why Fe ions are readily oxidised to Fe

3+
readily oxidised to Mn ions.

3+

ions, but Mn

2+

ions are not

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

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76

Sri Lankan School

77

(c)

Draw a diagram to show the three-dimensional structure of the [Fe(CN) 6] complex ion.

(2)

(d)

A solution of potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4, can be standardised by titration with

arsenic(III) oxide, As2O3. In this reaction, 5 mol of arsenic(III) oxide are oxidised to

arsenic(V) oxide, As2O5, by 4 mol of manganate(VII) ions, MnO4 .

Calculate the final oxidation number of the manganese.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(4)

(e)

Ammonium vanadate(V), NH4VO3, reacts with dilute sulphuric acid to form a solution
+

containing yellow VO2 ions.

(i)

Write an ionic equation for the reaction of the anion in NH4VO3 with dilute
sulphuric acid.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

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78

(ii)

Is the reaction in (i) a redox reaction? Justify your answer.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

Addition of zinc to the solution containing VO2 ions causes the colour to change
from yellow to green then to blue, followed by green again and finally violet.
State the formulae of the ions responsible for each of these colours.
The first green colour

...............................................................................

The second green colour

...............................................................................

The violet colour

................................................................................
(3)
(Total 16 marks)

65.

Domestic bleaches contain sodium chlorate(I), NaOCl.

(a)

Write the ionic equation to show the disproportionation of the chlorate(I) ion. Use
oxidation numbers to explain the meaning of the term disproportionation in this reaction.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)

Sri Lankan School

79

(b)

Domestic bleaches are dilute solutions of sodium chlorate(I). The amount of ClO ions in
a sample can be found by reacting it with excess acidified potassium iodide solution.

ClO + 2I + 2H I2 + Cl + H2O
The iodine produced is then titrated with standard sodium thiosulphate solution.
3

10.0 cm of a domestic bleach was pipetted into a 250 cm volumetric flask and made
up to the mark with distilled water.
3

A 25.0 cm portion of the solution was added to excess acidified potassium iodide
solution in a conical flask.
3

This mixture was titrated with 0.100 mol dm sodium thiosulphate solution, using
starch indicator added near the end point.
3

The mean titre was 12.50 cm .

(i)

Give the colour change you would see at the end point.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

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80

(ii)

The equation for the reaction between iodine and thiosulphate ions is
2

2S2O3 + I2 S4O6 + 2I

Calculate the amount (moles) of chlorate(I) ions in 1.00 dm of the original bleach.

(5)

(iii)

Use the equation below to calculate the mass of chlorine available from 1.00 dm
of the original bleach. Give your answer to 3 significant figures.

ClO + Cl + 2H Cl2 + H2O

(1)

Sri Lankan School

81

(c)

Sodium thiosulphate can be used to remove the excess chlorine from bleached fabrics.
2

S2O3 + 4Cl2 + 5H2O 2SO4

+ 10H + 8Cl

By considering the change in oxidation number of sulphur, explain whether chlorine or

iodine is the stronger oxidising agent when reacted with thiosulphate ions.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(d)

Starch-iodide paper can be used to test for chlorine. It contains starch and potassium
iodide.
Explain the reactions taking place when a piece of damp starch-iodide paper is put in a
gas jar of chlorine. State what you would see.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 14 marks)

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82

66.

(a)

An atom of argon has mass number 40. Complete the table below showing the
composition of this argon atom.
Use the Periodic Table as a source of data.
Protons
Electrons
Neutrons
(2)

(b)

An atom of potassium has mass number 39. Explain, in terms of atomic structure, why
argon comes before potassium in the Periodic Table.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(c)

A sample of argon contains a mixture of isotopes as shown below.

Calculate the relative atomic mass of argon in the sample. Give your answer to three
significant figures.
Isotopic mass

% abundance

36.0

1.34

38.0

0.160

40.0

98.5

(2)

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83

(d)

Write the electron configuration of argon in s, p notation.

.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(e)

The chart shows the first ionisation energy of some elements in the third period of the
Periodic Table.

2000
1st
io n is a tio n
e n e rg y
/ k J m o l1

1500
1000

500
0

(i)

Cl

A r

Write the chemical equation, with state symbols, which corresponds to the first
ionisation energy of argon.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

On the chart, add a cross to show the first ionisation energy of potassium. Justify
your choice of the position of the cross.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

Sri Lankan School

84

(iii)

Explain why there is a small decrease in first ionisation energy going from
phosphorus to sulphur.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(iv)

Explain why there is an increase in first ionisation energy going from sulphur to
chlorine.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(f)

Suggest why argon is used to fill some types of light bulbs.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 14 marks)

67.

Magnesium oxide is a basic oxide which produces an alkaline solution with water. Write an
2
equation to show how the oxide ion, O , acts as a base in the reaction with water.
...............................................................................................................................................
(Total 1 mark)

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85

Sri Lankan School

86

68.

(a)

Complete the following table.

Element

Physical state at room

temperature

Colour

chlorine
bromine
iodine
(3)

(b)

(i)

Write the equation for the reaction between concentrated sulphuric acid and solid
potassium chloride, KCl.
......................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

When potassium bromide, KBr, reacts with concentrated sulphuric acid, bromine
and sulphur dioxide are produced.
Give the oxidation numbers of bromine and sulphur in the reactants and products.
Hence identify the oxidising agent, giving a reason for your choice.
KBr .................

H2SO4 .................

Br2 .................

SO2 .................

......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 8 marks)

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87

69.

(a)

(i)

Potassium superoxide contains 54.9 % potassium by mass.

Show that the empirical formula of this compound is KO2.

(3)

(ii)

Give the oxidation number of oxygen in the compound KO2.

......................................................................................................................
(1)

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88

(b)

Which of potassium nitrate or lithium nitrate has the higher thermal stability?
Explain your answer.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 7 marks)

70.

(a)

(i)

Give the electronic configuration of:

Fe
Fe

[Ar].................................................................................................
2+

[Ar].................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

2+

Draw the structure of the hexaaquairon(II) ion, [Fe(H2O)6] , so as to clearly show

its shape.

(1)

Sri Lankan School

89

(iii)

Give the equation for the complete reaction of sodium hydroxide solution with a
solution of hexaaquairon(II) ions.
......................................................................................................................
(1)

(iv)

State what you would see if the product mixture in (iii) is left to stand in air.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(1)

(v)

Give the equation for a reaction in which iron metal is used as a catalyst.
......................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

Consider the half reaction

Fe
(i)

2+

+ 2e

Fe

E = 0.44 V

Define the term standard electrode potential with reference to this electrode.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(3)

Sri Lankan School

90

(ii)

Explain, with the aid of an equation, why the value of E suggests that iron will
2+
react with an aqueous solution of an acid to give Fe ions and hydrogen gas.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(3)

(iii)

State why E values cannot predict that a reaction will occur, only that it is
possible.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(1)

(c)

Use the following standard electrode potentials to explain why iron(III) iodide does not
exist in aqueous solution.
Fe

3+

+ e

I2 + 2e

Fe
2I

2+

E = +0.77 V

E = +0.54 V

......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 15 marks)

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91

Sri Lankan School

92

71.

(a)

(i)

Write a balanced equation which represents the change that corresponds to the
second ionisation energy of magnesium. Include state symbols in your answer.

(2)

(ii)

The graph below shows how the second ionisation energy of six consecutive
elements in the Periodic Table, represented by the letters A to F, varies with
increasing atomic number.

Which of the elements, A to F, could represent magnesium?

..........................................
(1)

(b)

Draw a dot and cross diagram to show the ions in magnesium fluoride.
Include all electrons and the charges on the ions.

(2)
(Total 5 marks)

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93

72.

You may find the following table useful in answering the question below.
Element

Electronegativity

Hydrogen

2.1

Oxygen

3.5

Draw a diagram to show a hydrogen bond between two water molecules and explain why it
forms.
Diagram

Explanation ..........................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
(Total 4 marks)

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94

73.

(a)

Hydrogen iodide, HI, has a boiling temperature of 35 C, and hydrogen chloride, HCl, a
boiling temperature of 85 C.
(i)

Draw a dot and cross diagram of a hydrogen iodide molecule (showing outer shell
electrons only).

(2)

(ii)

Explain why hydrogen iodide has a higher boiling temperature than hydrogen
chloride.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(3)

(b)

Hydrogen iodide and hydrogen chloride react with water to form acidic solutions.
(i)

Write the equation for the reaction of hydrogen iodide with water.
.........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

State why the solution formed is acidic.

......................................................................................................................
(1)

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95

(c)

(i)

Excess dilute hydrochloric acid reacts with a lump of calcium oxide, CaO, to form
an aqueous solution of calcium chloride.
Write the equation for this reaction, including state symbols.
......................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

In a similar reaction with dilute sulphuric acid and a lump of calcium oxide, the
reaction stops after a short time even though some calcium oxide remains. State
why the reaction stops so quickly.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 10 marks)

74.

Name a metal, in Group 1 or 2, which has compounds that do not give a colour to the flame in a
flame test.
................................................................................................................................................
(Total 1 marks)

75.

This question is about strontium and some of its compounds.

(a)

Complete the electronic configuration of the strontium atom, using s,p,d notation.
Use the Periodic Table as a source of data.
2

1s 2s .............................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

(i)

Write a balanced equation which represents the change that corresponds to the first
ionisation energy of a strontium atom. Include state symbols in the equation.

(2)
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96

Sri Lankan School

97

(ii)

The first ionisation energy of strontium is marked on the grid below. Estimate and
plot the next THREE ionisation energies for strontium.

(2)

(c)

Suggest why strontium compounds are used in distress flares and fireworks.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)

(d)

Give the formula of

(i)

the strontium ion in strontium compounds .......................................................

(1)

(ii)

strontium hydroxide. .........................................................................................

(1)

Sri Lankan School

98

(e)

Write balanced equations for the following reactions, including state symbols.
(i)

Strontium with water to produce strontium hydroxide and a gaseous product.

(2)

(ii)

Solid strontium hydroxide with dilute hydrochloric acid.

(2)

(f)

Estimate the pH of a saturated aqueous solution of strontium hydroxide.

......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 14 marks)

76.

(a)

(i)

Write the ionic half-equation to show the oxidation of calcium, Ca, to calcium ions,
2+
Ca .
......................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Write the ionic half-equation to show the reduction of water to hydrogen, H 2, and

hydroxide ions, OH .
......................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

Combine the two ionic half-equations above to produce an equation which shows
the effect of adding calcium to water.
......................................................................................................................
(1)

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99

(iv)

State what you would expect to see when calcium is added to water.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

State the trend in solubility of the hydroxides of the Group 2 elements as the atomic
number increases.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(c)

Write an equation to show the reaction between sodium and chlorine, to produce sodium
chloride.
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)

77.

(a)

Identify a halogen which, at room temperature, is:

a solid ....................................................................................................................................
a liquid ..................................................................................................................................
a gas ......................................................................................................................................
(3)

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100

(b)

Explain why the hydrogen halides, such as hydrogen chloride, HCl, are:
(i)

water soluble
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

acidic in aqueous
solution ........................................................................................................................
............
..........................................................................................................................
(1)

(c)

By consideration of intermolecular forces, explain why the boiling temperature of

hydrogen fluoride, HF, is higher than that of hydrogen iodide, HI.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(2)

(d)

Deduce the oxidation number of chlorine in the following:

ClO ......................................................................................................................

ClO3 ......................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 10 marks)

78.

(a)

Complete the electronic configurations of

(i)

a zinc atom:
2

1s ...............................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

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a Zn

2+

ion:

101

1s ...............................................................................................................................
(1)

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102

(b)

State why zinc is classified as a d-block element but not as a transition element.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

Draw a 3-dimensional representation of the [Zn(H2O)6]

2+

ion, including the bond angles.

Indicate on your diagram the types of bonding present.

(4)

(d)

(i)

State what you would see when ammonia solution is added to an aqueous solution
of zinc(II) ions, first in a small amount and then to excess.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Give equations for the reactions that occur in (d)(i)

......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(3)

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103

Sri Lankan School

104

(e)

(i)

Explain why [Zn(H2O)6]

2+

ions have no colour.

......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Why is zinc chromate(VI), ZnCrO4, bright yellow?

......................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 16 marks)

79.

An isotope of the element bohrium,

there in a nucleus of this isotope?

267
107 Bh

, was recently discovered. How many neutrons are

...............................................................................................................................................
(Total 1 mark)

80.

Sodium is a reactive, silver-grey element from Group 1 of the Periodic Table.

(a)

(i)

What name is given to the type of bonding in this element? Draw a diagram to
illustrate this type of bonding.
Name .................................................................................................................

(2)

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105

(ii)

Sodium reacts readily with other elements such as chlorine.

2Na(s)
sodium

Cl2(g)
chlorine

2NaCl(s)
sodium chloride

Draw a dot-and-cross diagram, showing outer electrons only, of the ionic

compound sodium chloride. Indicate charges clearly on your diagram.

(2)

(iii)

Would you expect the radius of a sodium ion to be larger than, smaller than or the
same as the radius of a sodium atom? Give TWO reasons to justify your answer.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(3)

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106

(b)

The table shows the first four ionisation energies for another element.
Ionisation Energy / kJ mol

1st

2nd

3rd

4th

738

1451

7733

10 541

To which Group of the Periodic Table does the element belong? Use the data to give a
reason for your answer.
Group ..........................................................................................................................
Reason .........................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

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107

(c)

The graph below shows the first ionisation energies of the elements in Period 3. One
noticeable feature of this graph is the dip from magnesium to aluminium. Use your
knowledge of quantum levels and sub-levels to suggest an explanation for this dip.

....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 11 marks)

81.

(a)

Complete the electronic configurations of the following noble gases.

(i)

Neon: 1s .....................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Krypton: 1s .................................................................................................
(1)

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108

(b)

Explain whether krypton or neon has the higher boiling temperature.

...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

A mass spectrometer can be used to analyse a sample of a certain element.

Explain how each of the following is achieved in a mass spectrometer.
(i)

Ionisation: .....................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Acceleration: .................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

Deflection: ....................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 8 marks)

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109

82.

(a)

A 2.20 g sample of potassium nitrate, KNO3, was dissolved in water to produce 50.0 cm
of potassium nitrate solution.

Calculate the concentration of this solution in mol dm .

(2)

(b)

A 2.20 g sample of potassium nitrate was heated strongly and the following reaction
occurred.
2KNO3(s) 2KNO2(s) + O2(g)
(i)

Calculate the mass of potassium nitrite, KNO2, produced.

(2)

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110

(ii)

Calculate the volume of oxygen gas produced.

3

(One mole of gas occupies a volume of 24.0 dm under the conditions of the
experiment).

(2)

(c)

State and explain the trend in the thermal stability of the nitrates of Group I as the atomic
number increases.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(3)

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(d)

An analysis of a potassium compound gave the following results.

Element

Percentage by mass

potassium

56.5%

carbon

8.7%

oxygen

34.8%

Deduce the empirical formula of this compound.

(3)
(Total 12 marks)

83.

(a)

Deduce the oxidation number of iodine in the following species.

(i)

I2O7 .............................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

IO 4 ..............................................................................................................................
(1)

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112

(b)

2+

Iodine, I2, can be reduced to iodide ions, I , by tin(II) ions, Sn , which are themselves
4+

oxidised to tin(IV) ions, Sn .

(i)

Construct the oxidation and reduction half-equations for the above system.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Use the above half-equations to construct the overall ionic equation for the
reaction.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 5 marks)

84.

(a)

Complete the electronic configurations for:

(i)

a nickel atom;
2

1s .................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

a Ni

2+

ion.

1s ..................................................................................................................
(1)

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113

(b)

2+

Draw the ion hexaaqua nickel(II), [Ni(H2O)6] , so as to clearly show its shape. Label on
your diagram each type of bond present.

(3)

(c)

If ammonia solution is added slowly to an aqueous solution containing nickel(II) ions, a

pale green precipitate initially forms. This dissolves to give a blue solution in excess
ammonia.
(i)

Give the formula of the pale green precipitate.

......................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

State the type of reaction occurring when ammonia solution is added as in (i) and
explain the formation of the precipitate.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)

(iii)

Explain what occurs when excess ammonia is added.

......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 10 marks)

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Sri Lankan School

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85.

The concentration of iron(II) ions in a solution can be found by titration with standard
potassium manganate(VII) solution. In the reaction iron(II) ions are oxidised to iron(III)
ions.
If a solution contains both iron(II) and iron(III) ions, the concentration of each ion can be
found by:
titrating samples of the original solution with standard potassium manganate(VII) solution
reacting samples of the original solution with zinc and dilute sulphuric acid and then titrating
with the same potassium manganate(VII) solution.
The following standard electrode potentials are required:

E /V
2+

+ 2e

Fe

2+

+ 2e

Fe

3+

+e

Zn

Zn

0.76

Fe

0.44

Fe
+

2+

MnO4 + 8H + 5e

(a)

(i)

+ 0.77

Mn

2+

+ 4H2O

+ 1.51

Use suitable E values to show that both iron(II) and iron(III) ions in solution
should react with zinc to give iron metal.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(3)

(ii)

In practice the reaction produces only iron(II) ions and no iron metal.
2Fe

3+

+ Zn 2Fe

2+

+ Zn

2+

Suggest a reason for this.

......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(1)

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(b)

(i)

Derive the ionic equation for the reaction between iron(II) ions and

manganate(VII), MnO4 , ions.

......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

State what you would see as iron(II) ions in solution are titrated with potassium
manganate(VII). How would you detect the endpoint of the titration?
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(3)

(c)

A solution containing both iron(II) and iron(III) ions was titrated with 0.0200 mol dm
3
potassium manganate(VII) solution, 18.20 cm being required.

Another portion of the same volume of the same solution was reacted with zinc, and then
3
titrated with the same potassium manganate(VII) solution; 25.30 cm was required.
What mass of zinc had reacted?

(5)

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(d)

(i)

Explain, including an equation, why aqueous solutions of hexaaqua ions such as

2+
[Fe(H2O)6] are acidic.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(3)

(ii)

Suggest with reasons which of 0.1 mol dm aqueous solutions of [Fe(H2O)6]

[Fe(H2O)6]

3+

2+

and

would be the more acidic.

......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 20 marks)

86.

The element gallium has two isotopes.

69
31 Ga

(a)

(i)

71
31 Ga

State ONE similarity and ONE difference between these two isotopes in terms of
the numbers of their fundamental particles.
Similarity ..........................................................................................................
Difference .........................................................................................................
(2)

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118

(ii)

The molar mass of a sample of gallium is 69.8 g mol .

Calculate the percentage abundance of the isotope

69
31 Ga

in the sample.

(2)

(b)

The first four ionisation energies of gallium are plotted below.

(i)

Write the chemical equation, with state symbols, which corresponds to the first
ionisation energy of gallium.

(2)

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119

(ii)

Why is there a general rise in the ionisation energy as successive electrons are
removed?
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

Explain why there is a comparatively large increase in value between the third and
fourth ionisation energies.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

(i)

Suggest the formula of gallium chloride.

(You may find it helpful to refer to the Periodic Table.)
..........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Gallium chloride dissolves in water to form a solution containing ions.

Suggest an experiment to show that the solution contains ions. State the result you
would expect.
Experiment .......................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
Result ...............................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 12 marks)

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87.

(a)

State and explain the trend in the boiling temperatures of the noble gases.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(3)

(b)

The graph below shows the melting temperatures of the elements of Period 3 of the
Periodic Table, sodium to argon, plotted against atomic number.

m e ltin g te m p e r a tu r e / K

1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0

N a

M g

Al

Si

C l

Ar

e le m e n t

(i)

Identify one of the elements above that is composed of simple molecules at room
temperature.
......................................................................................................................
(1)

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121

(ii)

Silicon has a giant atomic structure. Explain how this structure results in the high
melting temperature shown on the graph.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)

(iii)

Explain why the melting temperature of magnesium is higher than that of sodium.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 9 marks)

88.

A compound A is formed when chlorine is bubbled through hot concentrated potassium

hydroxide solution.
(a)

Analysis of A shows that it contains 31.84% potassium, 28.98% chlorine and the
remainder is oxygen.
Show that the empirical formula of A is KClO3

(3)
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122

Sri Lankan School

123

(b)

On being heated strongly solid A decomposes completely to give oxygen gas and solid
potassium chloride.
2KClO3 2KCl + 3O2
If 1.00 g of solid A is decomposed completely in this way, calculate the volume of
oxygen gas produced at room temperature and pressure.
3

(One mole of a gas at room temperature and pressure occupies 24 dm )

(3)
(Total 6 marks)

89.

Consider the following equations

(a)

Cl2 + 2I I2 + 2Cl

Cl2 + 2Br Br2 + 2Cl

3ClO ClO3 + 2Cl

From these equations identify

a species acting as a reducing agent in equation B.
...............................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

Describe what you would see when the reaction in A occurs.

...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(2)

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Sri Lankan School

125

(c)

(i)

Define disproportionation.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Select one of the equations above as an example of disproportionation and show,

by the use of oxidation numbers, how this reaction fits the definition.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 7 marks)

90.

(a)

Calcium and magnesium react vigorously with dilute hydrochloric acid but with dilute
sulphuric acid the calcium stops reacting even though the magnesium continues.
(i)

Write a balanced equation for the reaction between magnesium metal and dilute
hydrochloric acid. Include all state symbols.
......................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Calcium reacts slightly more vigorously than magnesium with dilute hydrochloric
acid. Suggest, in terms of atomic structure, why this is so.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)

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126

(iii)

Suggest why calcium stops reacting with dilute sulphuric acid after a few seconds
even though it did react initially.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

(i)

Write balanced chemical equations for the thermal decomposition of potassium

nitrate and calcium nitrate. Do not include state symbols.
Potassium nitrate
......................................................................................................................
(1)

Calcium nitrate
......................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

State the relative thermal stability of potassium nitrate and calcium nitrate and
explain how it is related to the sizes and charges of the ions involved.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(5)
(Total 14 marks)

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91.

(a)

Complete the following electronic configurations.

(i)

Cr:

3d

4s

[A r]

(1)

(ii)

3+

Cr :

3d

4s

[A r]

(1)

(b)

Consider the following reaction scheme.

excess conc

NH3 (aq)

NH 3 (aq)
3+
Step 2
[Cr(H2O)6] (aq) Step 1 green precipitate
solution X

(i)

Name the two types of bond present in the [Cr(H2O)6]

3+

ion.

......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Name the type of reaction occurring in Step 1.

......................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

Write a formula for the green precipitate.

......................................................................................................................
(1)

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128

(iv)

Name the type of reaction occurring in Step 2.

......................................................................................................................
(1)

(v)

Give the formula of the chromium-containing species in solution X.

......................................................................................................................
(1)

(c)

3+

Explain the origin of the colour of transition metal aqua ions such as [Cr(H 2O)6] .
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 11 marks)

92.

(a)

State the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in a

protons:

neutrons:

7
Li
3

ion.
electrons:
(3)

(b)

The mass spectrum of lithium shows two peaks. Their mass/charge ratios and
percentage abundance are shown below.

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Mass/charge

% Abundance

6.02

7.39

7.02

92.61

129

Calculate the relative atomic mass of lithium, giving your answer to three
significant figures.

(2)

(c)

Describe a test that you would do to distinguish between solid lithium chloride and
solid sodium chloride. Clearly state what you would do and what you would see with
both substances.
..
..
..
..
(3)
(Total 8.marks)

93.

(a)

Bromine is a p-block element Define the term p-block element.

...
...
(1)

(b)

(i)

Give the colour and physical state of bromine at room temperature,

Colour

Physical state ...

(2)

(ii)

State what you would see when aqueous bromine is added to a solution of
potassium iodide.
....
....

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130

(1)

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131

(c)

Aqueous bromine will oxidise Fe

(i)

2+

ions to Fe

3+

ions.

Write the ionic half-equation for the reduction of bromine to bromide ions.
....
(1)

(ii)

Write the ionic half-equation for the oxidation of Fe

2+

ions to Fe

3+

ions.

....
(1)

(iii)

Hence write the overall ionic equation for the reaction of Fe

2+

ions with bromine.

....
(1)

(d)

Chlorine and bromine react with aqueous sodium hydroxide in a similar way at
room temperature.
(i)

Write the equation for the reaction of bromine with aqueous sodium hydroxide.
....
(2)

(ii)

What type of reaction is this?

....
(1)

(e)

Potassium bromide, KBr, reacts with potassium bromate, KBrO 3, in the presence of
dilute sulphuric acid to form bromine, potassium sulphate and water.
5KBr + KBrO3 + 3H2SO4 3Br2 + 3K2SO4 + 3H2O

(i)

Give the oxidation numbers of bromine in

KBr .. KBrO3 .... Br2 .....

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132

(3)

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133

(ii)

Which substance in this reaction is the oxidising agent? Give a reason for your
choice.
Substance: .
Reason: ..
....
(2)
(Total 15 marks)

94.

(a)

The electronic configuration of a cobalt atom can be written as [Ar]3d 4s .

3+
Give the electronic configuratin of the Co ion.
......
(1)

(b)

(i)

By reference to the standard electrode potentials given below, suggest a reducing

3+
agent which might reduce aqueous Co ions to cobalt metal. Give your reasoning.
E /V
2+

Zn(s)

0.76

2+

Fe(s)

0.44

2+

Co(s)

0.28

2+

Sn(s)

0.14

Zn (aq) + 2e
Fe (aq) + 2e

Co (aq) + 2e
Sn (aq) + 2e
+

O2(g) + 2H (aq) + 2e
3+

Co (aq) + e

2+

H2O2(aq)

Co (aq)

+0.68
+1.82

Suitable reducing agent ....

Reasoning .....
.......
(3)

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134

(ii)

Suggest two factors that might prevent a reducing agent from being as effective as
the electrode potentials might seem to suggest.
.......
.......
.......
.......
(2)

(c)

(i)

Write the formula of the hexaaquacobalt(II) ion.

.......
(1)

(ii)

Give an equation, involving the hexaaquacobalt(II)ion, to illustrate the process

of ligand exchange.
.......
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

95.

(a)

State what is meant by the term transition element.

......
......
(1)

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135

(b)

Two reactions of chromium(III) chloride are outlined below

A n a q u e o u s s o lu tio n o f
c h ro m iu m (II I) c h lo rid e

N a O H (a q )

B , a g r e e n g e la tin o u s p re c ip ita te

(i)

Z n (s ) + H C l(a q )

C , a s k y b lu e s o lu tio n

Give two features of chromium chemistry, illustrated in the above scheme, which
are typical of a transition element.
.......
.......
.......
(2)

(ii)

Identify the chromium-containing species in solution C.

.......
(1)

(c)

Evaporating cold aqueous chromium(III) chloride produces violet crystals. However

when hot aqueous chromium(III) chloride crystallises, green crystals result.
Both types of crystal have the same composition by mass: 19.5% chromium, 40.0%
chlorine and 40.5% water.
(i)

Show that the empirical formula of these two salts is Cr(H 2O)6Cl3.

(2)

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136

(ii)

The addition of excess aqueous silver nitrate to aqueous solutions of either of these
two salts produces a precipitate of silver chloride, AgCl.
+

Ag (aq) + Cl (aq) AgCl(s)

Under these conditions all the chloride from the violet salt is precipitated but only
two-thirds of the chloride from the green salt.

Suggest formulae for the two salts given that water molecules may be either
ligands in the complex ion or simple water of crystallisation and that chloride ions
could be ligands in the complex ion or separate, simple ions.

(2)
(Total 8 mark)

96.

(a)

Complete the following table:

Element

State at room temperature

Chlorine

Gas

Bromine
Iodine
(2)

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137

(b)

Describe how you could use solutions of silver nitrate and ammonia to distinguish a
solution of sodium iodide from a solution of sodium bromide.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 6 marks)

97.

(a)

Complete and balance the following equations:

(i)

Ca + O2 .....................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Na2O + H2O ...............................................................................................

(1)

(iii)

Na2O + HCl ...............................................................................................

(2)

(b)

State and explain the trend in thermal stability of the carbonates of the Group 2 elements
as the group is descended.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 7 marks)

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138

98.

(a)

Complete the electronic structure of a scandium atom, a chromium atom and a Cr

3+

3d

4s

Sc

[A r]

Cr

[A r]

ion.

C r 3+ [A r]
(3)

(b)

Both scandium and chromium are d-block elements, but only chromium is a transition
element. Explain the meaning of these two terms.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

Cr

3+

(i)

3+

exists in aqueous solution as the green ion [Cr(H 2O)6] .

3+

Complete the electrons in boxes diagram for the complex ion [Cr(H 2O)6] .
Distinguish clearly the chromium electrons from those of the ligand.

3d

4s

4p

[A r]
(2)

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139

(ii)

Draw the [Cr(H2O)6]

3+

ion so as to clearly show its shape.

(1)

(iii)

3+

Explain the origin of the colour in [Cr(H2O)6] .

............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(3)

(d)

(i)

State what you would see if aqueous sodium hydroxide was added drop by drop to
3+
a solution of [Cr(H2O)6] until the sodium hydroxide was in excess.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

What type of reaction is occurring in (i)?

............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 14 marks)

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140

99.

(a)

Sodium reacts with cold water.

(i)

What would you see as the reaction proceeds?

..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Write the balanced chemical equation for this reaction.

..........................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

Calculate the volume of gas produced if 3.0 g of sodium reacts with an excess of water.
(One mole of any gas at the temperature and pressure of the experiment occupies
3
24 dm .)

(3)
(Total 7 marks)

100. (a)

Hydrogen chloride can be made from sodium chloride and concentrated sulphuric acid.
Write a balanced chemical equation to represent this reaction.
....................................................................................................................................
(1)

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141

(b)

(i)

How would you confirm that a solution said to be HCl(aq) contained chloride ions?
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(3)

(ii)

Hydrogen chloride is soluble in water. Explain why the solution is acidic.

..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

(i)

Give a chemical test for chlorine, stating what you would do and what you would
see.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Hydrogen chloride can be oxidised to chlorine by lead(IV) oxide, PbO 2. Write the
oxidation numbers of lead and of chlorine in the boxes provided.
PbO

+ 4H Cl

PbC l2 + C l

+ 2H 2O

(2)

(d)

Sodium iodide reacts with concentrated sulphuric acid to give iodine, not hydrogen
iodide. Explain why iodides react differently from chlorides in this case.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 12 marks)

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142

Sri Lankan School

143

101. The table below shows the melting temperatures of the elements of period 3.

m .p ./C :

N a

M g

A l

Si

Cl

A r

98

650

660

1410

44

119

101

189

S tru c tu ra l
ty p e

(a)

Write in the spaces in the table the structural type for these elements.
(2)

(b)

Explain why the melting temperature of sodium is so much lower than that of magnesium
or of aluminium.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(3)

(c)

(i)

Explain the very low melting temperature of argon.

..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Phosphorus exists as P4, sulphur as S8. Explain the difference in the melting
temperature of these substances.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)

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144

102. (a)

(i)

State how a flame test would distinguish between samples of calcium nitrate,
Ca(NO3)2 and barium nitrate, Ba(NO3)2.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Explain the origin of the flame colour.

..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(3)

(b)

Write the equation for the action of heat on barium nitrate.

....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

(i)

What is meant by the term polarising power as applied to cations?

..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Give two factors which affect the polarising power of cations.

..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)

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145

(iii)

Use this information to explain why it is easier to decompose magnesium nitrate

than barium nitrate by heating.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 14 marks)

103. Barium and magnesium are both in Group 2 of the Periodic Table. Several bottles on the Group
2 shelf of the chemicals store had damaged labels.
(a)

Two bottles are clearly labelled sulphate. The solid in bottle A dissolves easily in water
but none of the solid in bottle B appears to dissolve when added to water.
Which of these two bottles contains barium sulphate?...............................................
(1)

(b)

Bottle C, labelled magnesium carbonate, contains a white powder. When heated this
powder produces a colourless gas that turns limewater cloudy.
State whether this label is correct and explain your answer.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

Describe a test to show that the solid in bottle D is barium hydroxide and not magnesium
hydroxide.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(3)

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146

Sri Lankan School

147

(d)

Bottle E is clearly labelled magnesium nitrate. When a sample of the chemical is

heated it gives off a brown gas and a gas that relights a glowing splint.
Give the name of each of the gases formed and write an equation for this chemical
reaction.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 10 marks)

104. This question is about Group 7 of the Periodic Table - the halogens.
The standard electrode potentials for these elements are given below.
Electrode reaction
1
2

1
2

1
2

1
2

(a)

(i)

F2 + e

Cl2 + e

I2 + e

+1.36

+1.07

Cl

Br
I

/V

+2.87

Br2 + e

+0.54

Define the term standard electrode potential.

......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)

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148

(ii)

State which element or ion in the table above is the strongest oxidising agent.
......................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

The standard electrode potentials for chromium(III) changing to chromium(II) and for
chromium(VI) changing to chromium(III) are given below.
Cr
1
2

3+

+e

Cr2 O7 + 7H + 3e

(i)

Cr

2+

Cr

3+

7
2

H2O

= 0.41V

= +1.33V

On the basis of the data provided, list those halogens which will oxidise
chromium(II) to chromium(III).
......................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

On the basis of the data provided, list those halogens which will oxidise
chromium(II) to chromium(III) but not to chromium(VI).
......................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

Chromium(II) in aqueous solution is sky blue while aqueous chromium(III)

solution is dark green. Describe how you would show that your prediction in part
(ii) actually worked in practice.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)

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149

105. (a)

The compounds lithium chloride, sodium bromide and potassium iodide can be
distinguished from one another by the use of flame tests.
(i)

Complete the following table.

Compound

Flame colour

Lithium chloride
Sodium bromide
Potassium iodide

(3)

(ii)

Explain the origin of the colours in flame tests.

......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

These compounds can also be distinguished from one another by the use of concentrated
sulphuric acid.
(i)

State what would be seen when concentrated sulphuric acid is added to separate
solid samples of each of these compounds.
Lithium chloride...............................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
Sodium bromide...............................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
Potassium iodide..............................................................................................
(4)

(ii)

Write an equation, including the state symbols, for the reaction between solid
lithium chloride and concentrated sulphuric acid.
......................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 11 marks)

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150

106. (a)

Seawater contains aqueous bromide ions. During the manufacture of bromine, seawater is
treated with chlorine gas and the following reaction occurs:

2Br + Cl2 Br2 + 2Cl

(i)

Explain the term oxidation in terms of electron transfer.

......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Explain the term oxidising agent in terms of electron transfer.

......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

State which of the elements chlorine or bromine is the stronger oxidising agent and
explain the importance of this in the extraction of bromine from seawater, as
represented in the equation above.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

When sodium chlorate(I), NaClO, is heated, sodium chlorate(V) and sodium chloride are
formed.
(i)

Write the ionic equation for this reaction.

......................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

What type of reaction is this?

......................................................................................................................
(1)

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151

(c)

During one process for the manufacture of iodine the following reaction occurs:
+

2IO3 + 5SO2 + 4H2O I2 + 8H +

(i)

2
5SO 4

Deduce the oxidation number of sulphur in:

SO2................................................................................................................
2

SO 4 .............................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Use your answers to part (c)(i) to explain whether SO2 has been oxidised or
reduced in the above reaction.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

Name a reagent that could be used to confirm that a solution contains iodine, and
state what would be seen.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 12 marks)

107. (a)

Write the electronic structure of a manganese atom and a Mn

3d
M n
M n

2+

ion.

4s

[A r]
2+

[A r]
(2)

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152

(b)

Solutions of manganese(II) sulphate contain the hydrated manganese(II) ion.

(i)

Write the formula of this ion.

......................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

When aqueous ammonia is added to a solution of manganese(II) sulphate, a buff

coloured precipitate is obtained. Write an ionic equation for this reaction and state
the type of reaction taking place.
Equation .......................................................................................................
Type of reaction ............................................................................................
(3)

(iii)

The precipitate produced slowly darkens on exposure to air. Suggest a reason for
this and state two characteristic properties of transition elements that are being
shown by manganese.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(4)

(c)

Potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4, reacts with sulphite ions, SO3 , in acidic solution
according to the equation

2MnO4 + 5SO3 + 6H 2Mn

2+

+ 5SO4 + 3H2O

Sodium sulphite, Na2SO3, is slowly oxidised in air to sodium sulphate, Na 2SO4, and
hence it is very difficult to keep it pure.
1.75 g of an impure sample of sodium sulphite was dissolved in water and made up to
3
3
3
250 cm with distilled water. 25.0 cm of this solution required 22.8 cm of 0.0216 mol
3
dm potassium manganate(VII) solution for complete oxidation.

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153

(i)

Calculate the change in oxidation number of sulphur in the reaction of sulphite ions
with manganate(VII) ions.

(1)

(ii)

Calculate the amount (in moles) of manganate(VII) ions used in the titration.

(1)

(iii)

Calculate the amount (in moles) of sodium sulphite present in 25.0 cm of the
solution.

(1)

(iv)

Calculate the total mass of pure sodium sulphite in 250 cm of the solution.

(2)

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154

Sri Lankan School

155

(v)

Calculate the percentage purity of the sample of sodium sulphite.

(1)
(Total 16 marks)

108. (a)

Define the term oxidation number.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

The equation below shows the disproportionation of chlorine.

Cl2(g) + H2O(l) HClO(aq) + HCl(aq)
.............

(i)

.............

.............

Underneath the chlorine-containing species write the oxidation number of chlorine

in each case.
(1)

(ii)

Use these oxidation numbers to explain the term disproportionation.

............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(2)

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156

(c)

Explain why hydrogen chloride forms an acidic solution when dissolved in water.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(d)

Outline how aqueous silver nitrate followed by aqueous ammonia may be used in the
identification of chloride, bromide and iodide ions in aqueous solution.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(6)
(Total 13 marks)

109. Consider the following data for the hydrides of the Group 4 elements.

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element

formula
of
hy
dri
de

boiling
temperat
ure
/K

relative
molecul
ar
mass

carbon

CH4

109

16

silicon

SiH4

161

32

germanium

GeH4

185

77

tin

SnH4

221

123

lead

PbH4

157

(a)

Represent the trend in the boiling temperature with relative molecular mass for these
hydrides.

350
B o ilin g
te m p e ra tu re
/K
300

250

200

150

100

50

50

100

150

200

250

R e la tiv e m o le c u la r m a s s

(2)

(b)

(i)

Account for the increase in boiling temperature as the relative molecular mass
increases.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(2)

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158

(ii)

Use your diagram in (a) to suggest a likely value for the boiling temperature of
PbH4.
............................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

PbH4 is actually thermally unstable and unlikely to have the boiling temperature
you have suggested. Suggest why PbH4 is thermally unstable
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

Predict the shape of a molecule of SiH4 and justify your prediction.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)

(d)

(i)

Define the term first ionisation energy.

............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(2)

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159

(ii)

The successive ionisation energies of silicon are given in the table below.
number of ionisation

ionisation energy/kJ
-1
mol

789

1580

3230

4360

16100

19800

23800

29200

33900

10

38800

11

45900

12

505000

13

235000

14

258000

Use these data to deduce the electronic structure of silicon.

............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 14 marks)

110. (a)

When solid calcium nitrate is heated, brown fumes of nitrogen dioxide, NO 2, are seen and
the solid remaining after decomposition is calcium oxide.
(i)

Write a balanced equation for the thermal decomposition of calcium nitrate.

.........................................................................................................................
(2)

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160

(ii)

Describe the changes you would see when cold water is added drop by drop to cold
calcium oxide and give the chemical equation for the reaction.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(3)

(iii)

State whether barium nitrate will decompose more easily or less easily than
calcium nitrate on heating with a Bunsen burner.
.........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iv)

Account for the trend in the thermal stability of the nitrates of the elements in
group 2.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(3)

(b)

The brown fumes in part (a) are not pure NO 2 but a mixture of N2O4 and NO2.
N2O4(g)
Pale yellow

2NO2(g)
dark brown

A transparent glass syringe was filled with the gaseous mixture of N 2O4 and NO2 and its
tip sealed. When the piston of the syringe was rapidly pushed well into the body of the
syringe, thereby compressing the gas mixture considerably, the colour of the gas became
momentarily darker but them became lighter again.

(i)

Suggest why compressing the gases causes the mixture to darken.

.........................................................................................................................

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161

.........................................................................................................................
(1)

Sri Lankan School

162

(ii)

Explain why the mixture turns lighter on standing.

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)

(iii)

Write an expression for the equilibrium constant, Kp, for this equilibrium.

(1)

(iv)

1.0 mole of N2O4 was allowed to reach equilibrium at 400K. At equilibrium the
partial pressure of N2O4 was found to be 0.15 atm.
Given that the equilibrium constant Kp for this reaction is 48 atm, calculate the
partial pressure of NO2 in the equilibrium mixture.

(3)
(Total 16 marks)

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163