UNIT V

LAPLACE TRANSFORM


Def. Exponential order
A function f (t) is said to be of exponential order if
Lt e-st f (t) = 0
t .- 00
Example I
Solution :
Show that 'Jf!1 is of exponential order as x -+ oo , n > -0.
= Lt x" [: i.e., In __ determinant form]
x- CCI eax
nxn-1
Lt ax
x-+CCiae
[: i.e., In determinant form J
[Apply L' Hospital Rule]
= Lt n (n - l)
1
[Repeating this process we get]
x- oo a
0
eax
[Applying L'Hospital's rule]
n!
= 00 = 0
Hence x
0
is of exponential order.
Show that r is of exponential order.
Solution : Lt e-st r
t- 00
Lt _t. [: i.e., Indeterminant form]
t-+ oo est
[Apply L'Hospital's rule]
= Lt
2
t [: form] [Apply L'Hospital's Rule]
t-+ oo se
51
2 2
= -Lt -- =
t - CCI s2 est oo
= 0
Hence ?- is of exponential order.
Example Show that the function
,z
f (t) = e is not of exponential order.
2 2
Solution : Lt e-st e
1
= Lt e-st + t
t .. oo t-+oo
CCI
= e = oo
2
So f (t) = e
1
is not of order.


Define function or class A.
'
Solution : A function which sectionally continuous over any finite
interval and is of exponential order is known as a [unction of class A.

Important Result
(1)
1
where s > 0 Lfl] = -
s
(2) L[t"J =
s+l
where n = 0, 1, 2, ...
(3)
L[t"J .. fn+l
s+l
where 11 is not a integer.
(4)
qetl = _1_
s-a
where s > a or s - a > 0
(5)
L[e - at] = _ 1_
s+a
wheres+a > 0
(6) L[sin at] =
a
where s > 0
s2 + a2
(7) L[cos at] "'
s
where s > 0
s2 + a2
(8) L[sinh at] =
a
where s > J a J or s
2
> a
2
i - a
2
(9) L[cosh at] =
2
s
2
where s
2
> a
2
s - a
(10) L[af(t) ::t bg (I)] "' a L ({(t)] :t b L[g(t)] [Linearity property]
"' .. ..2
e =1 + L!+ll+ ...
( )
_., 1 1
2 e =-=-"' 0
e"' ..
(J) fn +l = II!

00
{4) rn+l = J x" e-x dx
0
{5) rn+l = n rn
(6) r 1.1 = Vii
(7) J eax sin bx dx
eax
=
2 2
[a sinbx- b cosbx]
a +b
eax
(8} J eax cos bxdx =
2 2
[a cosbx + b sinbx]
a +b
{9) sin
3
8 = ! [3 sin 8 - sin 3 8]
(10) cos
3
8 = 3 8 + 3 cos 8]
{11) sin A cos B = [sin {A + B) + sin (A - B)]
(12) cos A sin B = [sin (A +B)- sin (A - B)]
1
(13) cos A cos B = 2 [cos (A +B) +cos (A- B)]
(14) sin A sin B = [cos (A + B) - cos (A - B)]
5.2 TRANSFORMS OF ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS -
BASIC PROPERTIES
(Result (1) : Prove that L[l] = ; where s > 0)
00
Proof : We know that L(f (t)] = J e -st f (t) dt
0
Here f(t) = 1
... L[l] = ! .-.. dt =
= -f [e-stJ: = -i [e-oo _e-o]
1
= --(0 - 1] by note (2)
s
1
=- s > 0
s'

Result (2) : Prove that L [t"J - [n - 0, 1, 2, ... ]
Proof : We know that
L[f (t)J
i.e., L[t"]
00
- f e-st f (t) dt
0
oo -st
- f _e- n tn -l dt
o -s
00
- (0 - 0) + n f e - st t" -l dt
s 0
_ n - <; - 1) L [t[n - (n - l)J - 11]
n n -1
s s
1 1
s s
2 1 1 n! 1
n'
- -i-
1
where (n = 0, 1, 2, ... }
s"
rn+l
Result (3) Prove that L[t'] = sn+l where n is not a integer.
Proof : We know that
00
L[f (t)] = f e-st f (t) dt
0
00
Lft"J = J e -st t" dt
0

Put st = x
sdt = tJx.
ast-+Ox-.o
as t ... co .x - go
= j e-x (-!.) n dx
0 . s s
00
r: J dx - rn+t1
0
when n is a positive integer.
we get r n +1 = n !
II. PROBLEMS BASED ON TRANSFORMS . OF ELEMENTARY
FUNCnONS .. BASIC PROPERnES
Eumple
Solutloa :
1 Fllld L[t]
.L{t']
1! 1
l..{t] =- =-
sl+l s2
Example 2 Flad L
Solutioa : We know that L [t"] =
[we know that)
-
.fn+l
L(f) =
3!
.,.3+1
6
="J
Example .3. Find L[ Vi)
Soludoa : We know that L[t']
L[vt) -

-
1

Example
Solution :
4. Find L [t
31
]
We know that L[fl] =
L [c
31
]
rl1 + t
=
sl1 + 1
3
2 r :l1
=
~
3
~
2rYz+1
=
S$i
=
s
= ~ ) , . ~
s
3n
=
472
Example 5.2.5. Find L [ 1]
Solution : We know that L[tn] =
r: rl!z=V1tl
r - 112 + 1
s - 112 + 1
r112
=
r
,;n
y;_
=
Ys
=
s
Result 4. Prove that L [e
81
]
Proof : We know that
co
1
= - .- where s > a.
s-a
L(f (t)] = f e-st f (t) dt
c


co 00
= J e-st eat dt = J e -(s - a) t dt
0 0
[
e-(s-a)t ] co - 1 [ -(s-a)t] oo
-(s - a)
0
- - s - a e o
-1 1
= - [0 - 1] = -- where s - a > 0
s-a s- a
Example 6. Find the value L [e
3
']
Solution : We know that
1
s -a
1
s -3
Example
Solution :
7 Find L [ e
3
t ~
W.K.T
1
s-a
Example .8 Find L [ :]
Solution : W.K.T
=
1
s-a
L [ ;'] =
Example
vv.K.T.
L[eat]
'1
=
s-a
L[i ] ;::::: L
[elog2
1
]
=
L
[et log2J
= L
[e(log2) t]
1
=
s- log 2

t 1 .
Result S. Prove that L [e - a] = , (s +a) > 0
s+a
OQ
Proof : W.K. T. L[f (t)] - f e-st f (t) dt
0
00
L[e- al]
-
J e-st e -at dt
0
00
-
f e - (s+a)tdt
0

-
- (s +a) e
-
1
-
- [0 - 1)
s+a
1
s+a
1
____;;:;._ where (s + a) > 0
s +a
Example
10. Find L [e -btl
Solution : W.K.T L(e- at]
1
s+a
1
s+b
Example
11. Find L [l e -Jt]
Solutioo : W.K.T. L(e-at] =
1
s+a
Result 6. Prove that L [sin at] = a
2
(s > 0)
+a
00
[e - (s a) t];
Proof : W.K.T. L(f (t)] = I e-st f (t) dt
0
I eax b (x) dx
00 eax
2 2
[a sin bx - b cos bx] .
L [sin at] = I e - st sin at dt
0
a +b .
l J
[
. ]00
- st
-
2
e
2
( -s sin at - a cos at]
s +a
0
by Note 7.

- 0- [(-a)] -
- s2 + a2
a where s > 0.
~ a 2
Example 5.2._ 12. Find L [sin lt]
a
Solution : W.K.T L(sin at] =
a2 +a2
L[sin 21)
2
-
s2 + 22
2
-
s
2
+ 4
Example 5.2.13. Find L [sin 1t t]
a
Solution : W.K.T L(sin at] =
s2 + a2
Result : 7. Prove that L[cos at] -
00
Proof : W.K.T. L(f (t) - f e-st f (t) dt
0
00
L( cos at] = f e-st cos at dt
0
"[ ] ~
-st
-
2
e
2
[- s cos at + a sin at]
s +a
0
- 0- [ 2. 1 2 ( -s)]
s .+a
Example 5.2.14. Find L [cos 2t]
Solution : W.K.T. L[cos at] -
s
L[cos 2t] -
s

Example
s a
15 Prove that L [cos at] =
2 2
and L [sin at] =
2 2
s +a s +a
Solution : By Euler's theorem
efx
- cosx + i sinx
eiat
- cos at + i sin at
L[eiat)
-
L( cos at + i sin at]
- L[cos at]
+
i L[sin at)
L[cos at] + i L[sin at] -
L[eiat}
1
-
s- ia
[
s
s + 1a
Equating real & Imaginary parts we get
L[cos at] -
. s
L[sin at] -
s
2
+til
Example 16 Find L [cos
Solution : L[cos (at + b)J
- L(cos at cos b -sin at sin b)
- cos b L [cos at] -sin b L [sin at]
- cos b [
2
s
2
] '- sin b [
2
a
2
]
s +a s +a
s cos b - a sin b
-
s2 + a2
Example 17 Find L [sin
2
2t)
Solution : L[sin
2
21] - L [
1
-
41
] = ; L [1 cos 41]
- [L (1)- L [cos 4tJ]
- [! -s
2
: 16]

Example 18 Find L [sin St cos 2t]
Solution : L[sin 5t cos 2t] = L [sin 7t +sin 3 t] by Note 11:
= [.z : 49 + s' 9]
Example 19 Find L[(sin t- cos t)
2
]
Solution : L[(sin t- cos t)
2
J = L[sin
2
t + cos
2
-t - 2 sin t cost]
= L [1 -sin 2 t] = L[l] - L[sin 2t]
1 2
=
Result 8. Prove that L[sinh at]
eat_ e-at
Proof : sinh at = __ ..;....___
2
L
[
eat _
2
e -at]
qsinbat] =
Result 9. Prove that L [cosh at]
Proof: cosh at =
eat+ e-at
2
a
=
2 2
where s > I a I
s -a
s
= ; - a2' s > I a I
-- L [eat +2e -at]
L[cosh at]
= = i [L[eat] +L[e-aJ]
= [s a + s ! a] = [ ::,-
0
]
= i [ 2 2r 2] = 2 s 2' s > I a I
s -a s -a



Result 10. Linearity property.
Prove that L [a f(t) bg (t}] = a L [f (t)] b L (g (t)]
....
Proof: W.K.T. L lf(t)] = -J .e-
5
'f(t) dt
0
00
L(af (t) bg (t)] = f e-st [af (t) bg (t)] dt
0
00 00
f e-st af (t) dl J e-st bg (t) dl
0 0
00 00
= a J e-st f (t) dt b J e-st g (t) dt
0 0
= a L {f (t)} b L (g (t)]
Exanaple L [e
4
' + t
4
+ 7]
~ o l u t o n : L[e
4
t + t
4
+ 71
= L [e
4
t} + L (t
4
] + L [7}
= -
1
- +
4
! + 7L(1]
s - 4 ss
EXample 5.2.26. Find L [f (t)] if f (t)
00 .
1
-t
= e . '
.. 0,
Solution: W.K.T. Llf(t)) = {e-stf(t)dt
0 .
4 00
= I ,e-st e -t dt + I e-st 0 dt
. 0 4
4
= J e -(s + 1) t dt + 0
0
0 < t< 4
t > 4
. 4
= e-(s + 1) t]
- (s + 1)
0
= -l [ -(s+l)t]4
(s + 1) e o
___::.!__ [e-4(s+l) ~
1
] = _l_(l- e-4(s+t)J
s+l s+l







ResuLt 11. Prove &flat L (IJ (t)) = s L [f (t)) - ( (0}
""
Proof ; \V 4f (r)] = J e - tt f {l) dt
0
;e.
w (t)] ita J -st r (() dl
0

J e "'"SC d lf (l)]
0
till
= ro-f(O)] +' f e f(l)dl
I)
= -f(O) + s L [f (l)l
= s L [f (t}l - f(O)
12. Prove tbat L (r (t)] = s
2
L [f (t)l - s 1 (0) - f j (0}
.....
Prnof ; W .K.T. LV (t)] = J e ..... , t f (l) dt
0
m
L(f' (f)) = J f!, ._, . r r dl
0
111111
a J e- st d (f (t) l
0








ote ~ (15)
1;1;
= (0-f (0)] + s J e-1-tr (l)dr
0
-f ' (0) + s L [f (l})
-f' (0) + s [sL lf (l)] - f (0)] by te&ult (lt)
s
2
L if (l)] - J. I (0) - f f (0)
4f (c)] = S
0
L lf{t)] . S
11
-
1
I (0) - sfi - 1, r (0) - ... -. r-t (0)
Rfs It : 13. Fl SHIFTI G THEORE "
If L [f(i)} = ,(.t) Lhcn L[?lj (t)] = tp (s -a)
If L lf(t)] = ,(s) dum l[e-atf(t)] , (s +a}
1ft>
Proof : W.K.T 4f {l)l f(s) = f e -"
1
/ ~ ) d1
0
til
L{elt f (t)J J e ~ t!t f (t) dt
0
00
=- f e ~ -a) t f (t) d
(II
tp (s ..... a)
OQ
L[e -a f (t)] = f ~ - st t-at f (I) dt
. 0










f e - <s + SJ) ff(t ) dl
0
f e - (s + SJ) dl
0
rp(s + a)
PROBJLEMS BASED ON FIRST SHIFTING THEOREM AND
SECOND FTING nt EO REM
S
r , ,Iii
olutiou :. JLJ,( .. ... 1
1
(::1 + a)n+11
.F:ind L [e - .:rt cos bt) Example
So:lullion :
L(c-.at cos. b.!) [L [.ooabtEJ,, .. ts + ;a)
-
+ a.)2 + b2
liA:amtple Fin.d L [.e .. :sinb bt]
Soluilion : L(e.at = [L [s;n.h _ (s _
< - J
Solullion
-
. ' s .. (s - 1)
- [Vi]
- s - :s -11' (&. - l.)
"\/ N:




14. S..C.ad shlftlac 111-.
lfiQ(t))l'(s)udG(t) .lf(t-o), t>
to . , < o
lllcA .. f'(t)

......., , 1..10(1)) 1- "0(t).t
0
I
0
0
I C O
= I,-.. Odt + I . - "f(t-a) dt
0

I , - "f(t - a)dl

Putt-11 &1 , ., .... 0
dt du , .... u .. ..

J e - I ( +1) f(u) du
0

,-.. I,-.. f(u)du
0

1>1
I

a f -A#'" .._ r J t
- t J t I (l)QJ ' u 1$ I OWIUIIY \'JI'_,
0
-.. L!f(t)J
Reloll : IS. II L[F(I}) f'(S) and C > 0 tlten
L(F(I - c) 8 (1- c)) e-'",(s) wlotrt 0 (1) {!:

Proof : L!f(I}J - J. -.. f{t)dt
0

LjF(t-c) H (t- c) J , ... , F(t- c)H (t -c)dt
0



DERIVATIVES AND INTEGRALS OF TRANSFORMS.
TRANSFORMS OF DERIVATIVES AND INTEGRAlS
-
1\eSUit t l7. Tra!15f'orms O( Dtrivatires
If L(f (t)] = fJ(s) thm L = (s) = -11' (s)
Proor : = l..V(t)]
d d
J; r{s) =
= f [j e f (l) dil = j l. -
61
) f{t) dt
W' 0 () as !,1,
0 00
= J I! -s.t (-r)f (t) tk = -f e-st t/(!) dl
Q 0
e: - L [tf(t)]
Put t .- c = u
dt = du
00
- f e-s(u+c)F(u)H(u)du
-c
. 00
. = e_-sc f e,-su F (u) H (u) d14
-c
= [J e-su F (u) 0 du + j e,-su F (u) du]
-c G
00
- e-sc J e-su F(u)du
0
00
= e-sc f e-st F (t) dt [": u is a dummy variable]
0
= e-sc L [F (t)) - e-sc <p (s)



L{rf(r)} - y>'(s)
Corollary: If LV(r)) = y>(s) then L[t' f(t)) = (-1)' y>
0
(s).
Proof : W.K.T. L[lf(r)) - !P' (.r)
L)rlf(r)) = L[r .tf(t))
= _.!LL(tf(t))
th
d [-d ]
- th 7J7Lf(l)
dl
= (- 1)
2
-
2
(L/(t))
ds
.
.....................................
PROBLEMS BASED ON TRANSFORMS OF DERIVATIVES
Example 1. find L (tsln Zt]
Solution : W.K.T. L(t" f (t)) = ( - I)">" (r)
L(r sin 2/) - )L (sin 2/)) - [-f-]
. +4
- [ (t2 4)2
Etample J. t'lnd L [r' - Jt]
Solution : W.K.T L[r'/ (t)J ( - 1)" d" ['I' (t)]
dl'




Elcomple .3. tl nd L [It - ><sin t]
Solution : 4te - u siD t) = -:, IL{ - II sin t)J
- 4; (tL[siDtJJ.- (+ZJ] - ! J
( +2)
" [ 1 ] 2s+2
-;;; (r + 2}
2
+ I = I( + 2Y + I
f).,d L [ISm 3tcos 2Jl
Solution: 4tsin31>S7t) = -!JL(sin3t..,.2l) J
_.!!.. [! IL (sin 51) + L (sin t))]
ds 2
5.
I
?f<OO.fi
Gheu that L [sin .fi I
2
1
v-;. e lind LT. of

s.ts.. , l..d f(r) - .m ,r,
1
r <> = 2"' ="'
LV' (I)] = s L V (I)) -I (0)

= LV'(t)J
t L [-Jr..,. .r.]
L [ 1-.r.]
= s.!. V'i. ,-II" - 0 I" /(0) 01
2r l' '

.w
Exampk 6 show tllat f e .. , l cos t dl = 0
9
Soluti.,n tdt = [L (t cost]]s
111 1
: ni' t .iU .. ".
0
= [-! L(cosQ], 1 = [-! [.-:1) L = [-
= [ - [-[(,;::)l]L. [- (O)J = o
Example 7 Find. L (te-a cosh t]
Solut.iOil : , "'
1
cosh l} L ft - cosh t)
_!!_ [ s +I ] _ (((s + 1)
2
-1]- (s + 1) 2 (8 + l)J]
ds (s .f. 1)
2
- 1 + 1)
2
- l]f
- r(.r + 1)
2
-1 -2 (s + 1) l = (s + li + t ; + 2r + 2

ResuJl 18. Integral' or trtnsform
If L [f(t)) "' '(s) and f/(t) has a limit as t-+ 0 thcJt
L H/(1)] = ! 1' (s)d<
Proof : !f(S) '"" L [f (I)]
.., =
J J LV(t))dr
..,.
= J f f) e-st f(t)dsdt
s 0 0 ;
[since sand t arc inde.pendent variables and hence the order of integratiet
in lhc double integral can be interchanged]
= j f (t) [i e-st ds] dt = j f (t) ['

OQ dt
0 $ 0 '
f<tl [a+ 7'] dl f(fl
= j e - sr /J!l d1 = L [! {(l)l
0 I t




Le, l {
PROBLEMS BASED ON INTEGRALS OF TRANSFORM
Example 8 , L [
1
']
Solation : L - f (1) = f.?P (s) ds - J LV (t)] ds
[
1 ]
I ' '
L ']
fl-11 - 'Jds } - -- tis
[' 1 ]
II l S .t - 1

(togs - log(s - t)];
(os ..L..J
s-1
'
I ]
lis
1
.; 0
1
log (s ; ')
Example 9 1nd L

"
1
] [A.U, March 1996)
Solution: L = !
. .
' .
j L[slnar] ds j
2
a
2
ds
' s s +a
-tan- (;) cot- [;;] = tan- (;]
s
a
= I -tan-1 (;;)
COl [I - tan-
1
(;;)]
s
--a






INITIAL AND FINAL VALUE THEOREMS
INinAt. VAWE THEOREM
lt 1,. (f(t)] a F {s), ~ n Ltr{l) = J..,t 5IF (111)
. .... o 1 1 1 1 4 ~
Proor : W.K.T.
Lff' (0] R $ L lf(t)] -1 (0)
s F(s) - f(O)
H:
aF(s) --1 (0) = L{( ' (t)]
~
= J e- .st j (t) th
~
00
Lt [sF (s) - f (0)] = Lt f e-st f' (t) dt
s .... 00 s .... ooo
Lt sF (s) - f (0) = 0
i.e., Lt sF (s) = f(O) = Lt f (t)
S-+00 t-+0
Hence Lt f (t) = U sF (s)
t-.O s-+oo
+ FINAL VALUE THEOREM
If L f (t) = F (s), then Lt f (t) = Lt sF (s)
..... 00 s ... o
Proof: W.K.T. L[f' (t)] = s L [f(t)]- f(O) .. 2. H. ,
00
s L [f (t)J - f (0) = L[f' (t)] = f e-st f' (t) dt
o 2. H '-'
00
Lt [s L [f (t)] - f (0)]
= Lt f e-st f' (t) dt
s-+0 S-toO 0
00 00
c:: f !' (t) dt = f d [f (t)] = f (t)];
0 0
Lt sF (s) - f (0) = /(crJ)- /(0)
s-+0
Lt sF (s) = f ( crJ) = Lt f (t)
s ... O t ... 00
Hence Lt f (t) = Lt sF (s)
t-+OO S ... 0




PROBLEMS BASED ON INITIAL VALUE AND FINAL VALUE
THEOREM
Ewnplc 5.4.1. If L [f (t)J "" (
1
)' nnd Lt f(t) and Ll f(t)
s s + a

Solution : Lt f (t) Lt s. F (s)
.... 0 $ ... 00
"' Lt s I = Lt -
1
- = .!. " 0
,
00
s (s +a) , ... .,s +a ..
Lt /(1) = Lt s F(s) "' Lt s J
, .. , sO s(s+a)
"' Lt _ 1_ = l
a
ll.'xample 2. Vtrify the Initial aod final value tor the function
f(l) .. 1 + e -I (sin t +cost)
Solution : InitiAl V!luc theorem Mate& lhat
lim / (t) = lim sF(s)

.. .! + I + s+ 1
s (t + l)z + 1 (s + t )
1
+ 1
.!+ s +2
s (s + ti + 1
LH.S = lim f (t) = 1 + 1 a 2
R.H.S = liDs - I
. [I+ s + 2 ]
, ... .. s (s + 1)
2
+ 1
' \
, lim [
1
+ s (s + 2) )
, ..... (s+li+t
=lim
......

.... ..
I+ s ., 1+1=2

s 12
.. lim
L.H.S. "' R.H.S.
Initial \'lllue theorem verified.





Final value theorem states that
lim f(t) = lims F (s)
t .... oo s-+0
tJ ) i ;k.: l-"l
= lim [1 + e -t (sin t+ cost)]
= 1 + 0 = 1
R.H.S. - lim [1 + s (s +
2
) ]
s-+ o (s + 1)
2
+ 1
- 1 + 0 = 1
L.H.S. - R.H.S.
Final value theorem verified.
IEumple .3 . Verify tke ll1ifial ;.md firnal theorems for :f(Q !:i J e -:it
So1u1ion : f (t.) 3 t - l t
P(s} L{f(t)]i
- 211! 3
(.J e' ] !a -
s+l
[niti.al l.heorem ; U f (l) := Lt :t F
!4-{Ji g-.-flO
l.H.S. = Lt /(l) .. Lt 3e-
2
c: 3
t ..,.O t..,.O
R.H.S 100 LU F (:;) = U s ( ! ) = Lt _1L
.$ ... q:. .... = s 2
5
..
L.H.S til R.H.S.


Final value theorem Lt . f (t) = Lt s F (s)
t-.oo s-.o
-,
L.H.S. = Lt f (t) = Lt 3 e -
2
t = 0 [
. . -oo 0]
. e =
t-.oo t-.oo
R.H.S. = Lt sF (s) = Lt s (-
3
-) = 0
s-.Q S'-*0 S + 2
L.H.S. = R.H.S.
Hence Final value theorem verified.
TRANSFORMS OF UNIT STEP FUNCTION AND
IMPULSR F1JNCTION
t UNIT SlEP fUNCTION (Oft) HEAVlStDE'S IJINIT STEP FUNCTION
PROBlEMS BASEID O:N UNIT SiiEP lfiUN'CTION
ExamplE '1. Defi:ne the un,it step
SoJu:tion :
as
{
Ofort <a
U (t - a) ""' _1 forl > a
Tbis is the unit slcp functions at t ::z:! ,a
It can also be denoted by H (t - a).
-t
EJcampfe i. Give tbe LT. -of lhe unJt step (undlon. (1\f.U. Ort., 96.1
SoJut.lon =
The L.T. of the uni:t fu.IJ,ction is givc.n by
Qlt
L (U (t - a)j J U (t :.__a)dl
. 0 !
ill
=- f Odr + f c - $1 (1) dt
() lJI
=- J

e- ndr
s
(
t, -sa.] e - as
=0- -
-s s




TRANSFORM OF PERIODIC FUNCTIONS
Deline periodic lnnetlon and stte Its Laplce tn>n>lorrn forntulo.
+ Dtl. Periodic
A is &aid tO be periodic" if and only If f(x + p) /(It) is
true for some value of p llJid every value of x. The aroa.llest positive value of
p for which this equatioo 1$ true for every vluc of x will be called the period
of lhc CWICtioo.
Tho Laplace Transformotlon of a periodic function/ (r) with period p
given by
1
-po J .-..
1-t 0
..
Proof 1 Llf (t)l J e _., f (t) dt
0
..
f . -"f(t)dt + f .-"/(t)dt
0 p
Put t u + p in the se<:ood integral
i.e., u t-p
I.e., dl.t d1
.
t ... pu -. o
( ..

f c -!I/ (t) dl + f < -(u+p). f (u + p) dU
0 0
p
f e-"f(t)dt + , -p f <-
11
/ (t)dt ('.' u is dummy variable)
0 0

Lff(t)J a 1 c-" f(t}dl + ,-p Llf(t)J
0
Llf (1))
p
- J . -"f(t)dt
0
1 P.
- - 1 .-.. f (t)dt
1 - t tp 0







Ewnple 1 tbe Laplace of the llalf Wl!re recd(ler function
1t
0 < t<&j
n 2n
0 1 ;<t<;
r(t) :!!
Solution : Thjs function is a periodic function v.ilh period in
(o,
QJ
f
. e-st f(t)dJ

1-c &I
0
nlfV
1 [ j' -s.t J
e $1fiwidl t 0
] - e w a
&:t
w[l+ect ]
w [ l - e -u/41] [I+ e..:! (sl f wZ) 1
w
= ......... --!""-
(.52+ w2) (t _ e -$.'tlat)





;qqgp]t: 2 Find the Lapb.ee Transform of
((t) iiii {
1
1 . J 0 < c < ~ ,
28-tt ~ < t < ~ ~ W I f (t + 2a) = f(t)
"2.1
Solution : L/1 (t)J =
1
'-2M f e f(t) til
..... c 0



INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORM
Now we obtain f (t) when (s) is given, then we say that inverse Lapla<t
transform of (s) is I (t).
(1) If L If (I)] = 1> (s), then L -l ( (s)] = I (t)
where L - l is called the inverse Laplace transform operator.
(2) lf 9'! (s) and <pz (s) are L.T. of I (t) and g (t) respectively then
L -l (C
1
<pJ(s) + Cz 9'2(s)] = C1 C
1
[9'1 (s)] + CzC
1
[9'z (s)]
Proof : Given : Llf (t)) ~ <p
1
(s)
I (t) = L -l [9'
1
(s)J
L[g (t)J = ifl (s)
g (t) = L -l [9'2 (s)]
IV.K.T. L[Cif(t)+C2g(t)] = C
1
Llf(t)]+C2L[g(t)]
= Ctll't (s) + C211'2 (s)
Ctf (t) + Czg (t) := L -
1
[C
1
11'
1
(s) + C
2
11'
2
(s )]
i.e., C
1
[Ctll't (s) + C211'2(s)] = Ctf(t)+ C2g(t)
= C
1
C
1
11' (s) + C
2
C
1
~ (s)
.......
~ o t c : (1) If Llf (t)] = tp (s) then L[e
31
f (t)J = tp (s-a)
i.e., If L -t [II' (s)J = f(t) then
L -t [<p (s-a)] "' e
31
f(t) = i
1
L-
1
[II' (s)]
I
Note: (2) If L lf(t)J "' <p(s) then L[e-
31
/(t) =\l'(s+a)
i.e., If L -t [<p (s)J = f (t) then
L -! 19' (s +a)] "' e-at! (t) .= e-at [L -l\1' (s)J


t IMPORTANCE FORMULA
1. L -1 [ ~ ] = 1
2. L

[ s ~ ]
n-1
t
= ln-1
l L -1 [ s ~ a ] = eijt
4. L-
1
[/az]
= coshat
5. L -l
2 2
=-sinh at 6.
[
1 . ] 1
s -a a
L -l [
1
] = .!. sin at
i+i a
7. L -l [
2
s
2
] = cos at 8. L -
1
[F(s- a)] = eat f (t)
s +a
9. L
2 2
= be sm t
-1 [ 1 ] 1 at b
(s-a) + b
10. L - I [ s - a ] == eat cos bt
(s- a)
2
+ b
2
11. L -l [
1
] == .!. eat sinh bt
(s-a?- b
2
b
12. L -l [ s-a ] = eat cosh bt
. (s- a)
2
- b
2
13. L -
1
[
2
1
2 2
] == ~ (sin at - at cos at)
(s +a) 2a .
14. L -
1
[
2
s
2 2
] = ~ t sin at
(s +a)
15. L -
1
[ ~
2
- a:
2
] = t cos at
(s +a)
16. L -l [1) = d (t)
17. L -l [ s
2
] = 2a
1
[sin at+ at cos at]
(i'+ a2)2
0



Example 1
Solution :
Exarnplc 2
Solution :
= - sm at - - sm t
1 [l . 1 . b]
b2- i ll b


t MULTIPLICATION BY s
If L if (t)] = rp (s) then
L if' (t)] = SLlf (t)] - f(O)
i.e., If L -
1
[rp (s)] = f (t)
then L -
1
[s rp (s)] = f' (t)
d d -1
= - f (t) = - [L rp (s)]
dt dt .
Provided f(O) = 0, L -llf(O)] = 0
when t
L-
1
[sF(s)] ==
PAOSl..EMS BASED ON !INVERSE L.t MUL llPUCATiiON BY s
1
Find L""'
1
l- -s j
--- ' ;+1
-- L- 1 [
1
l Solution : l +
1
, sm t

[ S ] ' d ( ) (; ) .t (
' - - c ""'"": sm t + sm \0 v t) = cos t
i + 1 di
.
lt"ind . L -l [_I
8
_ ]
4il - zs ,
Solution : L - l [
2
1
.- ] ; ! L -
1
[
1
]
L - -
-1 [ s ]
4s2-
4s -25 4 2 25
' 8 - -
. ' 4
1 2 L- 1 [ 512 ] l . b 5
:; 4 S - . _ . z . 10 SIU . l t
5
2
- (512) . -
d [1 . "b 5] 1 S( -'\f(
= dt l O Sin :zt + lO Sui.u 2 0 J' . t)
. .
1 5 (5) . . [ ' 5
I::! - + 0 ;;;;; -:- cosh
w 2 2 4 2




t MUL 11PL1CATION B.Y 1JS.
PROiiU t::MS 13A.SED. ON INVERSE L. T. IMidtipUcation btJ{_i'j, .
I!Dmplo l If L (f (I) I " I' (s), 1hoD L [! f (I) ell] ()
L -l (s)] J t(t) dt f 1, -t dt
,' !j {t fl I
o6
Proof : L[f (t)] = J e-st f (t) dt
0
Example 4
So1otion : L -i
= ! e _,, [! f(t) dt] dt
= ! [! f(t)dt] d
= (! f (t) dt) ( e [ -
j (e f (t) dt
0 . s
['.' diff f f (t) dt= f (t)]
QO
. = (0 - 0) + ! f e-st f (t) dt
s 0
1 . 1
= ;L [f(t)] = s<p (s)
Find L - t [s (s 3)]
(s 3)] = ! L -l !
3
] iU
;::: f e- ltt.U - L_ = _1 [e-3t]t
t [
0 - 3, 0 3 - 0
1 [ - 3t ] l [ - 3t]
.... -- e - 1 = -:- 1 1 - e
3 3 I



+ INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORMS OF DERIVATIVES.
IV.K.T. If = VJ(s) then L[tf(t)] ,= - tp' (s)
i.e., If L-
1
[tp(s)] = f(t) then L-
1
[Y'' (s)] = -tf(t)
Example S.
Solution :
= -tL-
1
(y?(s)]
. Find L - 1 l; s uj
( - a )
Let <p' (s) "' 2 s 2 2
(s - fl)
f <p' (s)ds "' I ?- s

ds
( -a
'P (s) = I 2 s 2 ds
(s - )
Put i-a
2
= 1
2sds = d1
d1
sds = -
2
.. <p(s) i [7-] = =
W.K.T. L -
1
(<p' (s)) = -c L -
1
('P (s)]
= -tL-1 = L-1
:. . .!. L-
1
[ a ] .. _!_ sinhat
2a ; - a2 2a
Example6 Find L - t [tan-
Solution : W.K.T. L - t [<p' (s)J "' -1 L - l [<p (s))
L - I ('P (s)) = -f L - l [lo' (s))
tan - = - - - an - L
- 1 ( - 1 (l)J l L-J [d
1
-1 (1)]
s ( ds s
... _,! L- 1 [ l ( -
2
1
)]
t 1 + s
s-
t .
= - smt
t





Example .7 Flod L _, [log ( '
1
)]
Solution : W.KT. L -l [YJ
1
(s)l """ -tL -l [r (s)J
(or) L l l.tp (s)} "" ~ L -'1 ri' ' (s)]
_.!_ L -1
t
[
2s 2s] 1 - 1 [ 2s 21
i - 1 - s'}, = - : L i - 1 - sJ
[
+---.!] "" ~ 1 [cosh t - 11
:!1 ~ 1 s t
2
= - {:ll - cosh r]
t
llxample
8
FiodL -
1
[log (: :) ]
Soluti,on : W.K.T. L -
1
T'P {s)] = -+ L -
1
{tp' (s)]
_ _!_ L- 1 [.!L_. [tog ls + 1)]]
t d8 s- 1 1
I
~ ~ f L -
1
[1 [log(s + 1) - log (s - 1)]]
1 1 i[ 1 1 ] 1 - t
""' ~ L- - - -. = - "7 [e - e 1
t s+ l s- 1 t
== ! l ~ e -t] "" ~ e - _ e = l sinh t
' [ - [-t -t]
t . t 2 t
+ . INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORM OF INTEGRALS.
L -l [f rp (s) ds] = J.f(t) = ! L -l [rp (s)]
s t t
(or) c
1
[ll'<ll ~ tL-
1
[{ ll'<ld]

PROBLEMS BASED ON PARTIAL FRACTION




1-s 1/ 5 -115s- 8/5
= --+----
. s + 1 s
2
+ 4s + 13
(s + 1) (s
2
+ 4s + 13)
Example1o
Find L -L [5s
1
.Ss -11 ]
{S +

Solution :
Ss
2
15s - l1 A B C D
= + -
(s + 1) (.t - 2)
3
s + 1 s - 2 (s - 2l (s - 2)3
Ss
2
- lSs - 11 - A(s-2)
3
+B {stl) (s - 2i+C (s+1) (s-2)+D(s+1)
Put s = - 1 we get
5 + 15- l1
9
a 2)
3
-27 A
A
1
-
3
equating tbe coef:ftcients of s
3
on both sides
0 =A + B
B = - A
B =!
3
Pul s = 2 we get
. - 21 = 3D
D = -7




P4t s = 0 we get
-11 = -8A + 4B - 2C + D
-sH)+4(})-2c-7
-4 = + 2C
= 4-2C
-8 = -2C
c = 4
1 1
+ SHIFTING1 PROPEATY
L ... [e .... , F (s)]l = f (t - a) U (t - a)
PROBLEMS BASED O:N INV RSE LAPlACE. TAANSFORM
[SECOND SHJFTINO . PROPERTY]
[
' ' ' '' ' ' - t t
.E ample S. 7 .S4. Find -
3 :s + '
' .. ' jl .... 1 [ 1 ] - 3t
SolutiO'n ._,
5
+
3
e








E I Find L-
1
-
1
-
xampe12 -
Vl +;
Solution :
1
t CHANGE OF SCALE PROPERTY.
STATE AND I'ROVE THE SCALLING PROPERTY OF L.T.
PROBLEMS BASED ON INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORM
CHANGE OF SCALE PROPERTY




Exnmple1J If Lr(t) = F(s) l..(f(ot)) [;]
11 f (t) L - (li' (s)J thra L - !' (cs)) "' t

Solutlon : 4f (t)J f t (1) dt
0

I.. V (at)l - f t -II I {tit) dt
0
- x ..... o
I
- J t - (1/a)
1
/(1) dt
" 0
F (;]
1.. -I F (;)]
[F(;)J l(of)
1.. - I (F (;)] ,. af (at)
r: JC i.$ dummy variable)
l 'I ( ') Put a ,. c we get L -I [F (c.r)J -;I c
Example 14 lr L (r( t) J 1"(8) find Llr J
Solution :
..
L(f (r) I J cr - I (r) dJ
0
L(f(r/ a)) ,. ! e- I(;) d1
Put11-'
a
du - dt , ..... ooaou -. oo
a
..
L(f(r/ a)J - J e- (u>[tu)adu
0





['.' II l' a dummy variablcj
a flas]
CONVOLUTION THEOREM
Denne convolution.
Solution .
The convolution of two functio!IS f (r) and g (r) is defined as
I
f(t ) g(t) ff(u)g (t-u) du
0
Ex.ample 14 . Prove that f (t) * g(t) = g(t) f (t).
I
Solution : f(r) g (t) "' J f (u)g (t - u) du
0
a
W.K T. If (x) d:c "' I f(a - x) d:c
0 0
l I
'"' f f(t- u)g It - (t- u)Jdu = f f(t-u)g(u)du
0 0
l
., J g(u)f (t-u)du = g(r) f (t)
0
State and prove convolution tbeorem.
Solution : Iff (t) and g (r) are functions defiucd for t 0
then L lf (r) * g (r)] = L lf (t)] . L lg (t)J
"'
Proof : We kttow that L V (r) I = f e-st f (1) dt
0
..
L lf(t) g(t)J = f e-t lf(Qg(t)]dt
0
00 I
.. f e- st [Jf(u) g(t-lt)dujdt
0 0
by def. or convolution






.. t
= f J e-s
1
f(u) g(t-u)dttdl
1) 0
Change the order of the integration
Given t "" 0 to t = oo
u = Otou=t
..
""
J f
e - 't(u)g (t - u ) til du
Q
""
""
J
f(u) J e- g (t - u) dt du
0 u
put t - u = v
I
t -u ::;:.v ... o
de dv ( ... 00
..
""
f
f(u ) f
e - ( u + v) s g (v) dvdu
0 0
..
""
f
f(u.) e - us f e - vs g (v) d v da
0 0
.. ..
t = 00
u=O
t O
u = QCI

=
J
f (u) e -us du
J
e - vs g (v) dv
r: u and v are dummy
=
where
0 0
variable]
.. ..
f
e -
51
f(t)dl J e- g(t) dt
0 0
L[f (t) * g (t)] = L [/ (1)) . L [(g (f)) = F(.r) . G(.r)
L [/(t)) = F (s)
L (g (t)J = G (s)
L -
1
[F(s) G (s)] = f (t ) *g(t)
= L -
1
[F(s)) L-
1
(G(s))
PROBLEMS BASED ON CONVOLt.htON lliEOREM
Using convolution th<orem Ond L - lcs +
11
) \ +b)]
Solution :
L -
1
IF (s). G (s)] = L - I [ F (.r)J L-
1
[ 0 (s)J
L _, [s
0
s b] L -
1
[s L -
1
[s ! b]
/ (1) g (t)
l
f f(u) g (t - rt) du
0
I
J e- e-b(t -u) du
'
f e - ot u e -bt e bu du
0 0




t
= e -bt J e -(a- b) u du =
-bt
e
0
Example 16
.
i Soluti on :
!
-bt
___ [l _ e-at ebt]
a-b
Ustng com"'tutjon t.heottem find L -tl s 1
~ +azi
1
I
= - f cos au sin a (t- u)du
a <l'
1 t
= ~ a J sin (at - au) cos au du
0 I
1 t
-J
a o
sin (at - au +au) + sin (at -au -au) du
. 2
1 t
= 2a {
[sin at + sin a (t - 2u) ] du
1 . (-cos a (t - 2u)) t
= 2a [(sin at) u + -2a 1
1 r . cos a (t - 2u) lt
- 2a Lu (smat) + 2a
= ~ [ (t sin at + c ~ a t ) - (o + c ~ a t ) J
1 [ . cos at cos at] 1 .
= 2a t Sin at + ~ - ~ = 2a t sin at



l
,2 J
Find. L - I
2 2
s
2
i using convolution theorem.
(s + a ) (s- + b
Solution :
L -J [F (s) . G (s)J =- L -l .[f (.s)] * L -l [G (s)]
* L - 1 [ s J
- }+b2
cos at cos bt
t
= J cos au oosb (t - u)du
0
1 t
... - f (cos (au + bt- bu) +cos (au- bt + bu)du
2o
1 t .
- 2 J [cos[(a - b)u +bt] + cos[(a +b)u - btJ] du
0
I
+
2 a-b a+b
... ! ((sin (bt +at- bt) + sin (at + bt - bQJ
2 a - b a+b
- -(sin bt _ s.inbt ) l
a-b a +b
. - -
a sin at - b sin bt
=-----
a2- b2
= ! [2a sin at - 2b sin btl
2 i -b2



+ ng ,of l1ntegrral equations convolution type.
Defmition : An integral of rhe form
l
y (t) f(t) + f F(i' -u) G {tl)du
0
, called integral equation of type.
T-his equation can also be as
y (t) - f (} + F (t) * G (t).
.. -
PROBLEMS BASED ON INTEGRAL EQUATIONS OF
CONVOWTtON lYPE
Example 17 Sol.ve the integral eqo.
y(t) = 1 + J y(u.) sin (l- u) du.
0
Solation : The given eqn. C1ln be wriJtten as
y (t) 1 + y (r) * sin r
L [y(t)] L [ + L b,(l)* sint)
- ! + L [Y (t)] L (sin t]
s
1 - [ 1 ]:
= - + l: lv (t)] ', .
s ;. + 1
[
1 - +-J L (t)] -
1
s + 1 s
[
-1-] L (t)] -
1
s + 1 s



SOLUTION OF LINEAR ODE OF SECOND ORDER
'WITH CONSTANT COEFFICIENTS AND FIRST ORDER
SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS WITH CONSTANT
COEFFICIENTS USING LAPLACE TRANSFORMATION .
. PROBLEMS BASED ON SOLUTION OF LINIEAR ODE OF
SECOND ORDER WITH CONSTANT COEFfiiCIENTS
Example 18 Solve by usihg L.T. (D
2
+ 9) y tlwt lr
1(0) d, y li)- - 1
Solution : Given (D
2
+ 9) y cos 2l ie., l (t) + 9y (!) = cos 1J
Taking Laplace transforms on bolh sides,
L (t)] + 9 L (t)] L [cos?J]
1[: s
2
L [y (t)]- sy (0)- y' (0) + 9L [y (t)] = s
Y'-' s2 + 4
Using the initial conditions
_ y (0) = 1, and taking y' (0) = k
we have
s
2
L [y (t)] - (s) (1) - k + 9 L [Y (t)] =
2
s
s + 4
L [y (t)] = 2 s 2 + s2 + k ... (1)
(s + 4) (s + 9) s + 9
s As+B Cs+D
= +--
s2 + 4 s
2
+ 9
... (A)
(i + 4) (s
2
+ 9)
s = (As+ B) (s
2
+ 9) + (Cs +D) (i + 4)
equating s
3
on bothsides we get 0 = A + C
equating s
2
on bothsides we get 0 = B + D
Put s = 0 on bothsides we get 0 = 9B + 4D
equating s on bothsides we get 1 = 9A + 4C
... (2)
... (3)
... (4)
... (5)




(2) C == -A
.. (5) 9A + 4(-A) = 1
9A- 4A = 1
SA = 1
1
A==- C =
5'
(3) =>
1
5
D
(4) => 9B + 4(-B)
9B- 4B
5B
=.;J
'.
..
B
-B
=
0
=
0
=
0
0, D
=
0
1 1
-s+O --s+O
5 +
(A) => s
(s
2
+ 4) (s
2
+ 9) s2 + 4 s
2
+ 9
s s
=
5 (s
2
+ 4) 5 (s
2
+ 9)
. . (1) => L [y (t)]
s
s + s + k
t
5 (s
2
+ 9) s
2
+ 9 s
2
+ 9 5 (s
2
+ 4)
y (t) lL -1 [ s ] 1 L -1 [ s ]
r
5 s2 + 4 - 5 s2 + 9
+ L -1 [ s ] + k_L -1 [ 1 ]
s
2
+ 9 s
2
+ 9
t cos 2t - t cos 3t + cos 3t sin 3t
:rc (lC) 1 1 k 1 k
Put t = 2 we get y
2
=
5
( -1) -
5
(0) + 0 + 3 ( -1) = -5 - 3
But given y
-1 .. -1
1 k
----
5 3
1
1 k
-+-
5 3
1 k
1--
3 5
4 k 12
-
-=>k
5 3 5
y (t)
cos 3t + sin 3t + t cos 2t - t cos 3t
y (t) = [cos 3t + sin 3t] + t cos 2t







Eumple S&l'e - 1 + 21 d given lhal y dl: " hi x Oosiug
L.T. mellwd.
2
Solutl&n 1 +2y 0 and y (0) - 1, y' (0) I
i
1
(x)- 2y' + 2y (x) 0
L (x)] - 2 L (Y' (x)] + 2 L (x)] = 0
s
2
L (x) - s y (0) - y' (0)] - 2 [s L - y(O)] + 2 L (x)] = 0
s
2
L (x) - s - 1] - 2 [s L (x)] - 1] + 2 L = 0
[s
2
- 2s + 2] L s -1 + 2 = 0
[i- 2s + 2] L (x)] = s- 1
s-1 s-1
L Mx)] = i- 2s + 2 = (s - 1)
2
+ 1
y (x) = L
2
= e L -
2
- = e cost -1 [ s -1 l t -1 [ s l t
(s -1) + 1 s + 1
mp e ;2o
o.
.,
I I -
_o e _ ... ,:,y+ Z-
I otluti : y" "" 3 r' + 2y = I l -.w. y(O) ;:: 1, y' 1(0) - 0
L li' (f)J- 3'L + 2L t[e tl
.i sy(O) - y' (0) - 3 [s (f)]- (0)] + .2L{y lr)] _.l._
- sf 1
1
s-3
s+1



(s - 1) (s - 2) L [y (t)]
s
2
- 2'i- 2
s+1
s
2
--'- 2'i - 2 A B C ,
L[y (t)] = (s + 1) (s - 1) (s - 2) = s + 1 + s - 1 + s - 2
s
2
- 2'i - 2 = A(s - 1) (s - 2) + B(s + 1) (s - 2) + C (s + 1) (s - 1)
Put s = 1 we get 1 - 2 - 2 = - 2B
-3 = -2B
B = 3/2
' Put s = 2 we get 4 - 4 - 2 = 3C
c -2/3
Put s = 1 we get 1 + 2 - 2 = 6A
A = 1/6
L[y (t)]
1/6 3/ 2 . 2/ 3
--+--..:..--
s+1 s-1 s-2
= 1_ _1_ + _1_ _1 __
6s+1 2s-1 3s-2
y (t)
i L -
1
[s 1] + L -
1
[s 1] - j L -I [s 2]
1 -t 3 t 2 2t
-e + -e - -e
6 2 3
ExampJe Using L. T, So lYe : + 3x 2y -= 1; - 2x + 3y ""' et
given tbat x :: 0 = y when t ;; 0.
Solution Tbe given differential equations can be ... witten as
x' (l) + 3x (t) - 2y (l) o:: l
y' (t) - lx (t) + 3y {f) = et
Taking L.T. on both sides
L{x' (t)J + 3 L [x (t)] - 2 L [y (t)] = L{ll
L{y' (t)J 2 L [x (t)J + 3 L [y (t)] =
s L (t)] - .r (0) + 3 L [x (t)] - 2 L [y (t)] -= !
s
s L [y (t)] - y (0) - 2 L {x (t)] + 3 L =-
5

1
Given x (0) = 0, y (0) = 0
s L [x (t)] + 3 L {x (t)] - 2 L [v (t)J ;;; .! ... (1)
J
s L fy_(t)] - 2 L (x (t)l + 3 L [Y (t)l == s
1
... (2)


(1) (s + 3) L [x (t)] - 2 L [y (t)]
1
... (3)
s
+ (s+3)L[y(t))
1
... ( 4) --
-
s-1
Solving (3) & ( 4) we get
lis -2
L [x (t)] = 4-1_/-'-(s_-_1.;.._) _s_+_3-4- = s
2
+ 4s- 3
s (s - 1) (s + 1) (s + 5)
s+3
-2
-2
s+3
s
2
+4s-3 = A+_JL+_g__+_Q_
s (s - 1)(s + 1) (s + 5) s s - 1 s + 1 s + 5
s
2
+ 4s - 3 = A(s - 1) (s + 1) (s + 5) + B (s) (s + l)(s + 5)

Puts = 0 we get -3 = A(-1)(1)(5)
-3 =
3
A - 5
Put s = - 1 we get
Put s = 1 we get
1 + 4- 3 ,= 0 + B(1)(2)(6)
2 = 12 B
B = 1/6
1-4 + 3 = 0 + 0 + c (-1) (-2) (4) + 0
-6 = 8C
c = _l
4
Put s = - 5 we get
25 - 20 - 3 = 0 + 0 + 0 + D( -5) ( -6) ( -4)
2 = -120D
1
D =-
60
s
2
+4s-3 = 3/5+ 1/6 +,.;_3/4+-1/60
L[x (t)] = s (s - 1) (s + 1) (s + 5) s s - 1 s + 1 s + 5
x (t) = -1 [_!] +_!L -1 [- 1 ] - L -1 [ -. 1 ] - _!_ L -1 [-1 ]
5 s 6 s-1 4 s+1 6o s+5
3 1 t 3 -t 1 -St
=- (1)+ - e- - e --e
5 6 4 60

. .
Example 22 Solve x + y - sin t x + y - cos t with x = l and. y = u,
when t __
Solution : Given x' (t) + y (t) = (sin t
and x (0) = 2, y {0) .. 0
x (t) + y' (t) - cost
Llxr (t)] + L (t)) L(sin l]
L{x {t)) + L (t)) = L(oos t]
s L i[x (t) I - x (0) + L (t)] Q 'EJ T
s
1
t 1
s L 1t (t)J + L b' (t)]'
L

Solving (1) and (2) we get
{1 - s
2
) L (t)]
= 2+ - 1-
i+t
s
i3i 2
s + 1
.., (1)
... (2)


2s
2
+ 2 + 1 .... s
2
(1 - s
2
) L [y (t)J =
s
2
+ 1
s
2
+ 3
= -----
(s2 + 1) (1-s
2
)
Lfy (t)]
s
2
+ 3 As + B C s + D
-----= ~ ~
(s
2
+ 1) (1 - s
2
) s
2
+ 1 1- s
2
s
2
+ 3 = (As + B) (1- s
2
) + (Cs +D) (s
2
+ 1)
Equating s
3
on bothsides
0 =-A+C
A = C
Equating s
2
on bothsides
1=-B+D
Equating s on both sides
0 =A+ C
Put s = 0
3 == B + D
.. A= 0
c = 0
D = 2
I
B = 1
=> y (t) = L -1 [ 1 ] _ 2L -1 [ 1 ]
s
2
+ 1 s
2
-1
= sin t - 2 sinh t
To find x (t), we have
X (t) + y' (t) = COSt
X (t) = COSt - y' (t)
y (t) = sin t - 2 sinh t
~ = cos t - 2 cosh t
dt
:. x (t) = cos t - cos t + 2 cosh t
= 2 cosht
Hence x (t) = 2 cosh t, y (t) = sin t - 2 sinh t
\