Finalreportdraft

1
PES INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

BANGALORE

Project Report
On
DESIGN OF BLADE GEOMETRY FOR
SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE GAS
TURBINE
Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the requirement for the award of degree
of
Bachelor Engineering In
Mechanical Engineering
BY
Ashutosh Gupta Lokesh Swami
1PI10ME029 1PI10ME062
Under the guidance of
Prof. T.R. SEETHARAM (Chair Professor)
Department of Mechanical Engineering
PES Institute Of Technology
Dr. Pramod Kumar(Assistant Professor)
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Indian Institute of Science
2

PES Institute of Technology
Bangalore

Declaration
We hereby declare that the project work entitled Design of Blade Geometry for
Super Critical Carbon Dioxide Gas Turbine submitted to PES Institute of
Technology, is a record of an original work done by us under the guidance of
Prof. T.R. Seetharam, Chair Professor, PES Institute of Technology,
Bangalore and Dr. Pramod Kumar, Assistant Professor, Indian Institute of
Science, Bangalore .This project work has not performed the basis, for award of
any Degree or Diploma/ Associate ship/ Fellowship and similar project if any.

(1PI10ME029) (IPI10ME062)

3

PES INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
BANGALORE

CERTIFICATE
Certified that the project work entitled Design of Blade Geometry for Super
Critical Carbon Dioxide Gas Turbine is a bona fide work carried out by
Ashutosh Gupta and Lokesh Swami bearing USN 1PI10ME029 and
1PI10ME062 respectively, in a partial fulfilment of award degree of BACHELOR
OF ENGINEERING in MECHANICAL ENGINEERING during the academic year
2013-2014. It is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for internal
assessment have been incorporated in the report .The project report has been
approved as it satisfies the academic requirements with respect to project work
prescribed for above mentioned degree

Prof. T.R. Seetharam Prof. K.S. SRIDHAR
CHAIR PROFESSOR HOD
DEPT. OF MECHANICAL DEPT. OF MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING ENGINEERING

1PI10ME029 1PI10ME062

Name of examiners Date with
signature
1._________________ 2. _________________
1._________________ 2. _________________
4

Acknowledgements
We would like to express our sincere thanks to Prof. T.R. Seetharam, Chair
Professor, Mechanical Department ,PES Institute of Technology, Bangalore and
Dr. Pramod Kumar, Assistant Professor, Mechanical Department ,IISC,
Bangalore for his kind and constant support and guidance throughout the course
of this project.
We would like to thank and extend our heartfelt gratitude to Prof. K.N.
Seetharamu , Chair Professor ,and Prof. K.S. Sridhar, HOD for their valuable
suggestions and directions.
We would also, like to thank Asst. Prof. Saravanan V and Asst. Prof. Mukesh
Patil for his constant support and technical guidance.
We are at most indebted to our parents for their endless support and
encouragement.

5

Abstract
This present study describes the design of gas turbine blades at the mean
blade diameter. The primary objective is to write a program that finds the blade
angles and fluid angles with power output based on the user defined variables.
The program is programmed in Mat lab and is coupled with REFPROP that gives
the blade angles and fluid angles with maximum possible power output. The
program is preloaded with the fluid properties found from the literature review.
This fluid is the best to use according to the respective authors. The result is
generated with the main code of the program. Also a graphical user interface has
been written to be coupled with the main program.
The program generates all design parameters as output when primary design
point specifications are feed as input. Also program returns the velocity triangles
for given turbine stage at mean blade diameter.

6

Table of contents

Acknowledgements ............................................................................................04
Abstract...............................................................................................................05
List of tables........................................................................................................08
List of figures .......................................................................................................09
Nomenclature......................................................................................................10
Subscript..............................................................................................................11
CHAPTER
1 Introduction
1.1 Super Critical Carbon dioxide........................................................12
1.2 Motivation for Super critical CO
2
as working fluid.........................12
1.3 Objective and scope.......................................................................13
2 Literature Review
2.1 Derivation of Euler's Turbine Equation...........................................14
2.2 Analytical Calculations....................................................................16
2.2.1 Input Parameters...................................................................16
2.2.2 Theoretical results.................................................................16
3 Design Procedure
3.1 Overall Procedure...........................................................................17
3.2 Design Basics.................................................................................18
3.3 Design Considerations....................................................................19

7

4 Mat Lab Programming
4.1 Code..................................................................................................20
4.2 Input GUI Window.............................................................................31
4.3 Output GUI Window...........................................................................31
5 Conclusion and Future work
5.1 Conclusion..................32
5.2 Future work..32
7 References....33

8

List of Tables
Table Page
2.1 Various velocity components and their effect............................................15
2.2 Various input Parameters for Blade profile Calculation ............................16
2.3 Output by analytical Calculations..............................................................16
4.1 Properties of nozzle wall............................................................................17
4.2 Variation of maximum temperature of steel wall and heat flux with
varying, constant ablative thicknesses......................................................17
5.1 Relationship for varying ablative thickness against nozzle length..19
5.2 Comparison of ablative thickness and steel wall temperature along
the nozzle length21

9

List of Figures
Figure Page
1.2 Comparison of Super critical CO
2
cycle with other cycles.13
2.1 Velocity Triangle at Inlet and Outlet of Rotor....14
3.1 Section of Turbine....................18
3.3 XY plot of mach number15
4.1 Nozzle profile incorporated with constant thickness solid wall...16
4.2 Residual plot of iteration process with conjugate wall condition..17
4.3 Contour plot of static temperature with conjugate wall condition18
4.4 XY plot of static temperature along the steel wall of nozzle18
5.1 Graph of relationship for optimum wall thickness at different sections of.19
5.2 Comparison of temperature along steel wall for different conditions20
5.3 Comparison of temperature along st
eel wall for different conditions20

10

Nomenclature

U Tangential Speed of Rotor
V Absolute velocity of fluid
W Relative velocity of fluid
V
u
Whirl component of absolute velocity
V
rd
Radial component of absolute veolcity
W
u
Whirl component of relative velocity
V
x
Axial component of absolute velocity
W
x
Axial component of relative velocity
r
c
Casing radius
r
h
Hub

radius
z No. of blades
s Blade pitch
r
m
Mean radius
A Annulus area

h Static enthalpy
h
o
Total enthalpy
Blade loading coefficient
| Load coefficient
R Degree of reaction
Absolute velocity angle
Relative velocity angle
11

Torque exerted on shaft
Angular velocity of the shaft
Mass flow rate
i
x
Unit vector in axial direction
i
u
Unit vector in whirl direction
i
rd
Unit vector in radial direction
p
Power

Subscript

1 Inlet of stator
2 Outlet of stator and Inlet of rotor
3 Outlet of rotor

12

Chapter 1
Introduction

1.1 Super Critical Carbon Dioxide
Super critical carbon dioxide is a fluid state of carbon dioxide where it is held at or
above its critical temperature and critical pressure. In critical state, carbon
dioxide adopts the properties midway between a gas and a liquid. It can effuse
through solids like gas and dissolve materials like liquids[1]. At close to the critical
point small changes in temperature and pressure result in large changes in
density allowing many of its properties to be fine tuned. The advantages of
supercritical fluid extraction (compared with liquid extraction) are that it is
relatively rapid because of the low viscosities and high diffusivities associated
with supercritical fluids. The extraction can be selective to some extent by
controlling the density of the medium and the extracted material is easily
recovered by simply depressurizing, allowing the supercritical fluid to return to
gas phase and evaporate leaving little or no solvent residues.
1.2 Motivation for supercritical CO
2
as Working Fluid
Supercritical carbon dioxide can be used in a closed cycle gas turbine near
temperature range of 550C and 20 Mpa. It can be used for bulk thermal and
nuclear generation of electricity as it will enable high thermal efficiency of 45
percent, hence increasing the electrical power produced per unit of fuel by 40
percent. The environmental impact of increased cycle efficiency would be
significant.[2]
13

1.3 Objectives and Scope
The objective of the project is to perform analytical calculation of blade geometry
for single stage axial flow gas turbine. The analytical calculations are then coded
in MAT LAB with the help of REFPROP using given design parameters and live
feed of fluid properties to obtain a complete blade geometry along with
efficiencies. The mat lab code will not only give the theoretical values but also will
yield graphical results by variation of various design parameters. Hence the aim
of the project is to design the blade for turbine with supercritical carbon dioxide
gas as the working fluid . This will extend to making a user interface which will be
assisting in giving theoretical outputs for the user defined inputs.

14

Chapter 2

Literature Review

2.1 Derivation of Eulers Turbine Equation
Assumptions:
The fluid flow through the rotor is assumed to be steady over a long period
of time i.e. mass flow rate is constant, rate of energy transfer at rotor is
constant and state of fluid at any given point is time invariant.
Losses due to leakage are assumed to be negligible.
Uniform of velocity profiles at inlet and exit.

Considering the entry and the exit of the rotor, it is evident that the forces on the
rotor are caused by changes in absolute velocity components in three directions.

15

Change Result
Axial velocity component Axial thrust
Radial velocity component Tends to bend the rotor shaft
Tangential velocity component Tends to rotate the shaft

The torque exerted on the rotor due to change in angular momentum of flowing
fluid is given as:

On writing the component of the vector r and V in cylindrical polar coordinate

Then , is the component to tilt the shaft in the bearings . The component of
the moment causing the torque about the axis of the shaft is .
Assuming that is constant over the inlet section and outlet section, the
magnitude of the net torque on the rotor, considering the fluid at entry and exit is :

Where the subscript 2 and 3 refers to rotor inlet and outlet respectively. Taking
the axial component of torque only

is useful in transmitting power . The power transmitted is :

Where is angular speed of rotation.
Since at a point the tangential rotation speed
( )
d
m r v
dt
i
(
=

( ) ( ) rd rd rd u u x x u x x u r v ri v i v i v i rv i rv i = + + =
x rv
u rv
u rv
( ) ( )
| |
23 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 w x x ax u u m i r v r v i r v r v i = +
( ) 23 2 2 3 3 ax u u i r v r v i =
( ) 23 23 2 2 3 3 . . ax u u p i m r v r v ei i e e = = =
e
u re =
16

Therefore

This is referred to as Eulers turbine equation.The Eulers equation may be used
for the flow of fluids like water, steam, air and combustion products, since their
viscosities are reasonably small. For the fluids of very large viscosity like heavy
oils or petroleum products, errors in the calculated torque and power output may
result due to
1. Non uniformity of velocity profiles at inlet and exit.
2. The boundary layer near the housing and stator surface.
2.2 Analytical Calculations
2.2.1 Input Parameters[3]
Mass Flow() 20kg/s
Isentropic Efficiency() 0.9
Inlet Temperature(T) 1100K
Temperature Drop(T-T) 145K
Pressure ratio(p/p) 1.873
Inlet Pressure(p) 4 bar
Rotational speed(N) 250
Mean blade speed(U) 4bar

2.2.2 Theoretical Results
| R
2.8799 .8 .28 60.9448 0 28.8089 51.3402

( )
2 2 3 3 u u p m u v u v =
17

Chapter 3
Design Procedure

3.1 Overall Procedure[4]
Assumption:
- We are neglecting radial velocity component making it a two dimensional
flow.
The Primary Design Point specifications include:
1. Mass Flow Rate
2. Isentropic Efficiency
3. Inlet Temperature
4. Temperature Drop
5. Pressure Ratio
6. Inlet Pressure
7. Mean Blade Speed
8. Rotational Speed

Blade and fluid angles are calculated at the inlet and outlet of the rotor.
Velocity triangle is constructed at mean diameter.
Number of blades are calculated.
Centrifugal and fluid bending stresses are calculated for the turbine blades
so produced

18

3.2 Design Basics

1. Spacing between two adjacent blades along the periphery of disk is called
the pitch. The pitch increases in radial direction from hub of rotor to its
casing. The nominal value of the pitch is at mean radius.
2. The lateral boundary of the channels is along pressure and suction sides
of the blades and the end wall along hub and casing.
3. The blade chord is the straight distance from leading edge of the blade to
trailing edge. Its projection in the axial direction is axial chord.
4. Blade aspect ratio is the ratio of blade height to chord.
5. The distance between rotor blade tip and casing is called tip clearance.
This is kept small in order to prevent tip leakage flow in the rotor.

19

3.3 Design Considerations[3]

= =
=
2 3 2 3
The work delivered by a stage is given by
( ) ( ) (3.1)
if is constant across stage, equatio
u u u u
x x
w U V V U W W
v w
o o | |
|
= =
= =
2 3 2 3
2
n may be written as
(tan tan ) (tan tan ) (3.2)
Let / denotes a flow coefficient and / a blade-loading coefficient
x x
x
w UV UV
V U w U
| o o =
2
2 3
.
Then dividing both sides by Euler turbine equation in a nondimensional form as
2 (tan tan ) (
u
( ) ( )
|
2 3 02 03
3.3)
In addition to and , a third non dimensional quantity is degree of reaction
= / (3. R h h h h
( )
o o

| o o

= = = =
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3
2 2
02 03
2 2 2
2 3
4)
( ) ( ) ( ) (tan tan )
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
(tan tan )
= 1 (3
2
u u V V V V V V Vx
R
h h w u u
R
| o o
o
|
+
=
2 3
2
.5)
using equation (3.3)
(tan tan )
= 1 (3.6)
2
Now is eliminated, again using eq. (3.3)
4(1 ta
R
R o
o o
|
o
=
+
3
2 3
2
n )
equation (3.3) and (3.5), written as
tan tan (3.7)
2
tan t o
|
o
|
=

=
3
3
2 2
an (3.8)
when we solved for the unknown angles, gives
/ 2 2(1 )
tan
2
R
R
o
|
+
= 2
(3.9)
/ 2 2(1 )
tan (3.1
R
|
|
|
|
+
=
3
2
0)
Also in the same way we can obtain blade angles
/ 2 2
tan = (3.11)
/ 2 2
tan
R
R
(3.12)
20

Chapter 4
Mat lab Programming
4.1 Code[5],[6],[7]
%$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
%PROGRAM FOR CALCULATING VARIOUS OUTPUT PARAMETERS BY INTAKING INPUT
% INPUT PARAMETERS IN SEQUENCE AS FOLLOWS
% MASS FLOW RATE(kg/s) m
% ROTATIONAL SPEED(rev/s) n
% MEAN BLADE SPEED(m/s) u
% ISENTROPIC EFFICIENCY e
% INPUT PRESSURE(kpa) pi
% INPUT TEMPERATURE(K) ti
% PRESSURE RATIO(kpa) pd
% TEMPERATURE DROP(K) td
%$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
% OUTPUT PARAMETERS IN SEQUENCE AS FOLLOWS
% BLADE-LODING COEFFICIENT si
% FLOW COEFFICIENT phi
% DEGREE OF REACTION r
% all the angle are measured from axial direction
% DIRECTION OF ABSOLUTE VELOCITY AT INLET OF ROTOR atwo
% DIRECTION OF ABSOLUTE VELOCITY AT OUTLET OF ROTOR athree
% BLADE ANGLE(relative velocity) AT INLET btwo
% BLADE ANGLE(relative velocity) AT OUTLET bthree
% power output(watt) p
%$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
function varargout = axialguitrial2(varargin)
% AXIALGUITRIAL2 M-file for axialguitrial2.fig
% AXIALGUITRIAL2, by itself, creates a new AXIALGUITRIAL2 or raises
the existing
% singleton*.
%
% H = AXIALGUITRIAL2 returns the handle to a new AXIALGUITRIAL2 or
the handle to
% the existing singleton*.
%
% AXIALGUITRIAL2('CALLBACK',hObject,eventData,handles,...) calls
the local
% function named CALLBACK in AXIALGUITRIAL2.M with the given input
arguments.
%
% AXIALGUITRIAL2('Property','Value',...) creates a new
AXIALGUITRIAL2 or raises the
% existing singleton*. Starting from the left, property value
pairs are
% applied to the GUI before axialguitrial2_OpeningFunction gets
called. An
% unrecognized property name or invalid value makes property
application
% stop. All inputs are passed to axialguitrial2_OpeningFcn via
varargin.
%
21

% *See GUI Options on GUIDE's Tools menu. Choose "GUI allows only
one
% instance to run (singleton)".
%
% See also: GUIDE, GUIDATA, GUIHANDLES

% Copyright 2002-2003 The MathWorks, Inc.

% Edit the above text to modify the response to help axialguitrial2

% Last Modified by GUIDE v2.5 16-Nov-2013 20:44:53

% Begin initialization code - DO NOT EDIT
gui_Singleton = 1;
gui_State = struct('gui_Name', mfilename, ...
'gui_Singleton', gui_Singleton, ...
'gui_OpeningFcn', @axialguitrial2_OpeningFcn, ...
'gui_OutputFcn', @axialguitrial2_OutputFcn, ...
'gui_LayoutFcn', [] , ...
'gui_Callback', []);
if nargin && ischar(varargin{1})
gui_State.gui_Callback = str2func(varargin{1});
end

if nargout
[varargout{1:nargout}] = gui_mainfcn(gui_State, varargin{:});
else
gui_mainfcn(gui_State, varargin{:});
end
% End initialization code - DO NOT EDIT

% --- Executes just before axialguitrial2 is made visible.
function axialguitrial2_OpeningFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles,
varargin)
% This function has no output args, see OutputFcn.
% hObject handle to figure
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)
% varargin command line arguments to axialguitrial2 (see VARARGIN)

% Choose default command line output for axialguitrial2
handles.output = hObject;

% Update handles structure
guidata(hObject, handles);

% UIWAIT makes axialguitrial2 wait for user response (see UIRESUME)
% uiwait(handles.figure1);

% --- Outputs from this function are returned to the command line.
function varargout = axialguitrial2_OutputFcn(hObject, eventdata,
handles)
% varargout cell array for returning output args (see VARARGOUT);
% hObject handle to figure

% Get default command line output from handles structure
varargout{1} = handles.output;

22

% --- Executes on button press in pushbutton1.
function pushbutton1_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to pushbutton1 (see GCBO)
cp=1.148
si = 2*handles.var8*cp*1000/(handles.var3*handles.var3)
% flow coffiecient(phi) is assumed
set(handles.edit9, 'String',si)
phi=.8
%bthree is the angle we find in degress
bthree= atand (1/phi)
set(handles.edit10, 'String', bthree)
% degree of reaction is found out
r= phi* tand(bthree)-si/4
set(handles.edit11, 'String', r)
% btwo is the blade angle at rotor oulet in degrees
btwo= atand((si/2-2*r)/(2*phi))
set(handles.edit12, 'String', btwo)
% finding the direction of the absolute velocity at inlet and outlet in
% degrees
atwo= atand(tand(btwo)+1/phi)
set(handles.edit13, 'String', atwo)
%athree is the absolute velocity angle at rotor outlet
athree= atand(tand(bthree)-1/phi)
set(handles.edit14, 'String', athree)
%$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
%the method below is for the contruction of the velocity triangles using
%the above angles and speeds
% we are scaling the mean blade speed on the x axis on scale from 0 to 5
%for that we are using two variables x1=0 y1=0 to mark origin and x2=5
y2=0
%to mark the maxium point till we are extending
x1=0;y1=0;x2=5;y2=0
%absolute velocity vector is assumed to pass through origin than
equation
%of this vector will be x=tan(90-atwo). in the same way equation of
repersenting vector
%relative velocity and passing through will be y=tan(90-btwo)(x-5). now
%intersection of these two line gives third vortex of triangle at inlet
of
%rotor and same procedure is repated at outlet of triangle.
x3=-5*(tand(90-btwo))/(tand(90-atwo)-tand(90-btwo))
y3=x3*tand(90-atwo)
x4=-5*(tand(90+bthree))/(tand(90+athree)-tand(bthree+90))
y4=x4*tand(90+athree)
% we are definiing the scale with respect to the mean blade speed for
the
% velocity triangle
scale=handles.var3/5
% we are calculating the lenth of the side which represents v1 and v2
ie.
% absolute velocity at inlet and outlet.
v1=sqrt(x3^2+y3^2)*scale
v2=sqrt(x4^2+y4^2)*scale
%power is calucated by euler's formula
p=handles.var1*handles.var3*v1*cosd(90-atwo)
set(handles.edit15, 'String', p)
x5=linspace(0,x3,100);
% for each corresponding value of x5 a value y5 is found
y5=x5*tand(90-atwo);
% we are splitting the x3 again for the second line which starts from 5
till x3 into 100
23

% diffrent intervals and storing it in x6
% corresponding y values for this x6 values are stored in y6
y6=tand(90-btwo)*(x6-5);
% for second triangle
%we are spliting the x4 which is the first point into 100 intervals for
% ie. it forms array starting from 0 to x4 containing 100 elements
x7= linspace(0,x4,100);
% for each corresponding value of x7 a value y7 is found
y7=x7*tand(90+athree);
% we are splitting the x4 again for the second line which starts from 5
till x4 into 100
% diffrent intervals and storing it in x8
%corresponding y values for this x8 values are stored in y8
y8=tand(90+bthree)*(x8-5);
% now the plotting of the all the arrays obtained above begins to make
the
% velocity triangles desired by us
plot(x5,y5,'r')
xlabel('mean blade speed(u)(m/s)')
ylabel('axial velocity(m/s)')
text(1.5,3.7,'Velocity Triangle at Inlet and Outlet of
Rotor','Edgecolor','c','LineWidth',2)
hold on
plot(x7,y7,'k')
plot(x6,y6,'g')
plot(x8,y8,'b')
legend('absolute velocity at inlet','absolute velocity at
outlet','relative velocity at inlet','relative velocity at outlet',-1)
hold off

function edit1_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to edit1 (see GCBO)

% Hints: get(hObject,'String') returns contents of edit1 as text
% str2double(get(hObject,'String')) returns contents of edit1 as
a double
content = str2double(get(hObject,'String'))
handles.var1 = content
guidata(hObject,handles)

% --- Executes during object creation, after setting all properties.
function edit1_CreateFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% handles empty - handles not created until after all CreateFcns
called

% Hint: edit controls usually have a white background on Windows.
% See ISPC and COMPUTER.
if ispc
set(hObject,'BackgroundColor','white');
else

set(hObject,'BackgroundColor',get(0,'defaultUicontrolBackgroundColor'));
end

24


a double

called

if ispc
else

end


a double

called

if ispc
else

end

25


a double

called

if ispc
else

end


a double

called

if ispc
else

end

26


a double

called

if ispc
else

end


a double

called

if ispc
else

end

27


a double

called

if ispc
else

end


a double

called

if ispc
else

end


28

a double

called

if ispc
else

end


a double

called

if ispc
else

end


a double

29

called

if ispc
else

end


a double

called

if ispc
else

end


a double

called

if ispc
30

else

end


a double

called

if ispc
else

end

function axes2_CreateFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to axes2 (see GCBO)
called

% Hint: place code in OpeningFcn to populate axes2

31

4.2 Input GUI Window

4.3 Output GUI Window

32

CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
5.1 Conclusion
This report is the study of the fluid Super critical Carbon dioxide as
working fluid for the power generation in a closed cycle gas turbines. Euler's
Equation was used To learn the basic concepts of energy conversion . The same
was used for the analytical calculations of the blade profile at the mean blade
diameter. The same calculations were then successfully coded in Mat Lab .The
Code was successfully executed as Graphical User Interface that would be more
user friendly.
The various parameters undertaken by us can be used only to give a blade
profile for two dimensional flow which is effective in the initial stages of the
turbine. The results achieved by the mat lab code were cross verified with the
analytical results and were found to be correct. The velocity triangles were also
found to be correct to the theoretical results.
5.2 Future work
The future work will aim to model the blade profile for three dimensional
flow . This would include the twisting of the blade from hub to tip and inclusion of
the blade thickness and breadth. These all parameters will be included in the GUI
to make it a platform the designing of the blades.

33

CHAPTER 6
REFERENCES
[1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercritical_carbon_dioxide
[2] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercritical_fluid
[3] Gas Turbine Theory (4
th
Edition,1996) by H Cohan ,GFC Rogers ,HIH
Saravanamuttoo ,Longman Group Limited, England
[4] Design of an Axial Turbine and Thermodynamic Analysis and Testing of a
K03 Turbocharger by Yoshio Samaizu Perez Zuinga ,Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, June 2011, certified and accepted by John H.
Leinhard V , MIT.

[5] www.mathworks.in

[6] Software used - Mat lab 7.0.0.19920(R14)

[7] Mat lab Help Manual 7.0.0.19920(R14)

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PES INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

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