i

A message from course coordinator

Praise be to Allaah, Lord of the Universe. May Peace and blessings be upon Prophet Muhammad,
the last of the Prophets and Messengers and upon his family and esteemed Companions.

As a course coordinator, I welcome you to the General Pathology course. The pathology is a very
relevant and important subject for dental students because this is the subject bridges basic dental sciences
with clinical sciences. This course especially prepare the students to understand the oral pathology (which
deals with oral and para oral diseases) in the following year of BDS program.
This study guide will show you details of necessary knowledge related to the subject. During
lectures you will notice that we will cover only the major aspects of the subject, which means that you are
required to put more effort on self-directed learning strategies. Ultimately, you should be guided to become
a lifelong learner.
Being aware of the fact that students worry too much about examinations, we have made an effort
to disperse the assessment over the whole period. In the section on assessment you will see the details of
this process.
I will be there to receive your feedback and comments and to try to resolve any difficulties during
the implementation of the course. Please do not hesitate to contact me at any time if you need any help. The
other staff members teaching the course are also available for any help you may need in case you have
subject-related enquiries.
May Allaah Subhaanuwa Taala bless you with success in the course. May Allaah Subhaanuwa
Taala guide and direct you to become a good practicing Muslim dental doctor.

Course Coordinator






ii


Course Learning Outcomes
National Qualification Framework (NQF) Learning Domains & Course
Learning Outcomes
Course
Teaching
Strategies
Course
Assessment
Methods
1.0 Knowledge : At the end of the course, the student will be able to
1.1 List the etiology and pathogenesis to comprehend the clinical presentation. Lectures MCQ Exam
1.2 Recognize the altered development, growth, structure and function of the
body that occurs as a result of disease to order investigation for confirmation
of disease process.
Lectures MCQ Exam
1.3 Describe and discuss characteristic gross and microscopic pictures of
different pathologic lesions within specific organ system and the associated
functional disturbances to plan the treatment.
Lectures
Laboratory

MCQ Exam
OSPE
1.4 Name the appropriate types of fixatives and the way of handling pathological
samples, different laboratory and processing techniques to ensure the
effectiveness of tissue transported to laboratory which facilitates the tissue
based diagnosis.
Laboratory OSPE
2.0 Cognitive Skills : At the end of the course, the student will be able to
2.1 Differentiate and analyze the pathologic pictures of different disorders based
on gross and microscopic pictures aiming at reaching a correct diagnosis
Lectures,
Laboratory
MCQ Exam,
OSPE
2.2 Stimulate the creative thinking for problem identification based on the
underlying histopathological and other laboratory investigations to bring
solutions to the identified problem.
Lectures,
Laboratory
MCQ Exam,
OSPE
3.0 Interpersonal Skills & Responsibility:
4.0 Communication, Information Technology, Numerical: At the end of the course, the student will be able to
4.1 Question themselves by improving descriptive capabilities and
communication skills.
Group
Discussions
Rubric scoring
4.2 Prepare scientific based oral and poster presentation and present in an
effective method.
Presentations Rubric scoring
5.0 Psychomotor: At the end of the course, the student will be able to
5.1 Examine specific organs or tissue slide showing particular disease process to
interpret diagnosis.
Laboratory OSPE
5.2 Draw the histopathology changes and diseases process through regular
assignments to enhance their memorization process.
Laboratory Laboratory
Assessment


iii


Course Description

The general pathology is a course concentrates on origins, pathogenesis and mechanisms of
changes that occur in diseases which affect human being and the consequences on the cellular and molecular
levels and how these correlate clinically. The general pathology is a 32 weeks course, consist of 28 weeks
of teaching session and 4 weeks of assessment session.
The courses commences at the beginning of the academic year, one hour every week of lecture and
two hours every week of laboratory session. The course covers the major pathological principles and
mechanisms of human diseases that includes cellular adaptations, cellular injury, inflammation, tissue
repair, hemodynamic and circulatory disorders, infectious diseases, environmental and nutritional disorders
and disorders of growth (especially neoplasia).

General Course Objectives
The course emphasizes building a foundation of basic pathologic principles and preparing students
for their study of oral pathology the following semester. This course is designed;

1. To become familiar with pathology nomenclature. By the end of the course, the students are
expected to be able to communicate an understanding of tissue injury and diseases processes, using
appropriate vocabulary.


2. To recognize morphological and functional differences between normal and injured or diseased
tissue. To recognize the different types of pathological lesions and their causes. To integrate
pathological findings with clinical manifestations of disease.


3. As this course is designed for dental students it build a foundation of basic pathologic principles
necessary for understanding oral pathology. Many of the general pathology concepts discussed in
this course (e.g., cellular adaptations & injury inflammation & tissue repair, general principles of
neoplasia) will be directly applicable to the study of oral pathology in the next semester.


4. Study a variety of diseases that have or may have manifestations in or around the oral cavity. Many
diseases, such as squamous cell carcinoma, have symptoms and signs in the oral cavity. Often, a
patients dentist is the first person to identify these important lesions. And to teach features of
systemic diseases that may impact the health of dental patients.


5. Material presented in the course is expected to contribute to the body of knowledge which students
will carry with them into a research career. This should be a working body of knowledge which
the student can apply, in a problem solving manner, to understand the mechanism of diseases. In
working towards a current understanding of the pathologic basis of disease, the student should
develop a sense of which questions in pathology remain to be resolved.

iv


Course Contents


Introduction to study of pathology

- Definition and scope of pathology, subdivisions of pathology.
- Techniques in pathology, characteristics that apply to the study of diseases.
- Diagnostic pathology: biopsies, cytology and role of autopsies.

Cellular adaptations and injury

- Definitions, pathological and clinical features of atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, hypoplasia, aplasia and
metaplasia.
- Sub cellular alterations and its causes.
- Intracellular storage disorders: fat, glycogen, iron, lipofuscin, melanin and exogenous pigments.
- Calcification: dystrophic and metastatic.
- Reversible cell injury
- Irreversible cell injury: Hypoxia and free radicals
- Necrosis and Apoptosis & Cellular ageing

Inflammation and tissue repair

- Definition, etiology, classification and clinical manifestation of inflammation.
- Cells and tissues involves in inflammation.
- Inflammatory response and chemical mediators of inflammation.
- Granulomatous inflammation: tuberculosis & actinomycosis.
- Osteomyelitis: etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features and laboratory investigations
- Wound healing and repair, fracture healing.

Hemodynamic and circulatory disorders

- Fluid disturbances and edema.
- Hemostasis & thrombosis, embolism and infarction.
- Hemorrhage & shock

Environmental and nutritional pathology

- Smoking, alcohol and radiation.
- Obesity, protein energy malnutrition and vitamin deficiencies.

Neoplasia

- Definition, classification and characteristics of benign & malignant tumours.
- Dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, anaplasia (cellular atypia, abnormal mitosis), invasion and metastasis.
- Carcinogenesis: oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes (Rb and P53).
- Carcinogens: physical, chemical and microbiological carcinogens.
- Clinical and laboratory investigations of neoplasia.
- Oral cancer screening.


v



Faculty Details

Faculty Details College & Student
Counselling Time
Email ID Mobile
01 Dr. Suban Mohammed
Gouse
MBBS MD (Pathology)
Assistant Professor
&
Course Coordinator

Office Room No: 615
Extension No: 657
College Time:
08.00 AM 05.00 PM

Counselling Time

Females
Monday:
08.00 AM 10.00 AM

Males
Monday:
01.00 PM 02.00 PM
dr.subanmd@gmail.com 0530490171
In case of urgency / emergency: Students are welcome to call course coordinator in mobile, if he is not answering,
send text message and he will call back. Female Students should bring female security staff or faculty during
counselling.
02 Dr. N. Sylvester
MBBS MD (Pathology)
Assistant Professor
Office No: 611
Extension No: 611

College Time: 08.00
AM 05.00 PM
dr.sylvestermdibn@gmail.com 0552979395
Technician Details
01 Nejiba Al Jhinaoui
Room No: 637
Extension: 615 & 636

College Time: 08.00
AM 05.00 PM
nejiba.jhinaoui@gmail.com -














vi


Teaching Schedule
Weeks Classes No Topics Faculty In charge

1
st
Week
Lecture 01 Introduction to Pathology

Dr Sylvester
Practical 01 Tissue processing and staining. Normal oral mucous & skin

Dr Suban

2
nd
Week
Lecture 02 Cellular adaptations

Dr Sylvester
Practical 02 Hyperplasia, hypoplasia, aplasia, metaplasia

Dr Suban

3
rd
Week
Lecture 03 Subcellular alterations

Dr Sylvester
Practical 03 Hypertrophy & atrophy

Dr Suban

4
th
Week
Lecture 04 Cellular Injury Types, causes & mechanisms

Dr Sylvester
Practical 04 Pigmented oral lesions, calcification & fatty liver

Dr Suban

5
th
Week
Lecture 05 Cellular Injury Necrosis & apoptosis

Dr Sylvester
Practical 05 Coagulative & Liquefactive necrosis

Dr Suban

6
th
Week
Lecture 06 Acute inflammation

Dr Sylvester
Practical 06 Acute inflammation

Dr Suban

7
th
Week
Lecture 07 Doubts clearing session on lectures

Dr Sylvester
Practical 07 OSPE MSE 1 Dr Suban & Dr
Sylvester

Mid Semester Examination 1 (Theory Examination)


8
th
Week
Lecture 08 Chronic Inflammation Tuberculosis & Osteomyelitis

Dr Sylvester
Practical 08 Chronic inflammation

Dr Suban

9
th
Week
Lecture 09 Tissue & Fracture healing

Dr Sylvester
Practical 09 Aided and Non-aided healing, Dry socket & infected wound

Dr Suban

10
th
Week
Lecture 10 Infectious disease (Bacteria and Virus)

Dr Sylvester
Practical 10 Bacterial and viral infections

Dr Suban

11
th
Week
Lecture 11 Infectious disease (Fungus)

Dr Sylvester
Practical 11 Fungal infections

Dr Suban

12
th
Week
Lecture 12 Edema

Dr Sylvester
Practical 12 Concept of fluid dynamics

Dr Suban

13
th
Week
Lecture 13 Hemostasis, Thrombosis & Embolism

Dr Sylvester
Practical 13 Congestion, thrombus and embolus

Dr Suban

14
th
Week
Lecture 14 Doubts clearing session on lectures

Dr Sylvester
Practical 14 OSPE ESE 1 Dr Suban & Dr
Sylvester

End Semester Examination 1 (Theory Examination)


vii



Weeks Classes No Topics Faculty In charge

15
th
Week
Lecture 15 Infarction Dr Sylvester
Practical 15 Morphology of infarction

Dr Suban

16
th
Week
Lecture 16 Shock Dr Sylvester
Practical 16 Bleeding disorders

Dr Suban

17
th
Week
Lecture 17 Tobacco, Alcohol & its effect

Dr Sylvester
Practical 17 Effect of alcohol on liver

Dr Suban

18
th
Week
Lecture 18 Radiation & its effect Dr Sylvester
Practical 18 Effect of therapeutic radiation

Dr Suban

19
th
Week
Lecture 19 Obesity Dr Sylvester
Practical 19 Obesity and NASH

Dr Suban

20
th
Week
Lecture 20 PEM & Vitamin deficiencies Dr Sylvester
Practical 20 Disorders of protein and vitamin deficiency

Dr Suban

21
st
Week
Lecture 21 Doubts clearing session on lectures Dr Sylvester
Practical 21 OSPE MSE 2 Dr Suban & Dr
Sylvester

Mid Semester Examination 2 (Theory Examination)


22
nd
Week
Lecture 22 Definition, classification & nomenclature of neoplasia Dr Sylvester
Practical 22 Cytopathology

Dr Suban

23
rd
Week
Lecture 23 Characteristics of benign & malignant tumours Dr Sylvester
Practical 23 Morphology of benign and malignant tumours

Dr Suban

24
th
Week
Lecture 24 Normal cell cycle & carcinogenesis (Multi step) Oral cancer Dr Sylvester
Practical 24 Precancerous oral lesions

Dr Suban

25
th
Week
Lecture 25 Carcinogens Dr Sylvester
Practical 25 Squamous cell carcinoma

Dr Suban

26
th
Week
Lecture 26 Grading and staging of oral cancer Dr Sylvester
Practical 26 Poster & Oral presentation assessment

Dr Suban

27
th
Week
Lecture 27 Systemic effect of cancer (cachexia, Paraneoplastic syndrome, tumor markers)

Dr Sylvester
Practical 27 Poster & Oral presentation assessment

Dr Suban

28
th
Week
Lecture 28 Doubts clearing session on lectures Dr Sylvester
Practical 28 OSPE ESE 2 Dr Suban & Dr
Sylvester

End Semester Examination 2 (Theory Examination)


viii


Teaching Session

Students Lecture Histopathology Laboratory
Day Time Day Time

Male
(Group 1)

Wednesday

11 AM 12 Noon

Monday

3 PM - 5 PM


Female
(Group - 1)



Monday



10 AM - 11 AM

Monday

11 AM 01 PM

Female
(Group - 2)

Wednesday

10 AM 12 Noon
























ix


Learning Resources

Text Books (Theory)

- Kumar, Abbas Robbins Basic Pathology 9
th
Edition, Elsevier Saunders publication, USA.

- Harsh Mohan Text Book of Pathology 6
th
Edition, Jaypee Publications, India.

Work Book (Practical)

- Suban Mohammed Gouse Pathology practical work book, 1
st
Edition, ISNC, KSA.

Web sites:

- http://www.webpathology.com
- http:/medicalschoolpathology.com
- http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/

Note: Students are advised to read strictly from any of the above mentioned text books or other standard
text books of General pathology. Handouts of lecture or practicals are meant only for revision of the classes
NOT for the study of subject.



















x


Mode of Assessment
Formative Assessment (No marks are allocated to formative assessment):
- Doubts clearing sessions (4 sessions conducted in last lecture hour before the assessment week
(before MSE1, ESE1, MSE2 & ESE2)
MCQs, Clinicopathological discussions & Quiz competition
Students will be encouraged to interact and discuss. Gift will be given to best participated
student.
Summative Assessment:
Minimal procedure experience - MPE:
Part 1/ Laboratory sessions are evaluated according to the parameters given in assessment form.
Students are evaluated for each session, points scored are converted to marks. Each session carries one
mark, in the end of each exam (MSE 1, ESE 1, MSE 2, ESE 2) the marks scored in total sessions will be
converted for maximum 3 marks.
Part 2/ oral & poster presentation are evaluated according to the parameters given in oral & poster
presentation assessment form. Students has to present one poster & one oral presentation for the course.
Poster and oral presentation carries 4 marks each.

Total marks for minimal procedure experience:
Laboratory Assessment Presentation Assessment Total
MSE 1 ESE 1 MSE 2 ESE 2 Poster Oral
3 3 3 3 4 4 20

Caution Note:
- Mobile phones are strictly not permitted to use inside the laboratory. Anyone found talking or
texting or using the mobile for any reason will be given first warning. If the student repeat it for
the second time, the internal mark for that session will be considered as ZERO, the columns will
be marked with alphabet letter M (Irrespective of the student performance).
- If there is breach in the dress code, student will not be allowed inside the lab. Automatically leads
to ZERO mark for the session.
- If student fail to submit the assignment continuously for two session; he or she has to get permission
from the vice Dean Dr. Othman Wali. Loss / Missing Work Book: In the event of loss of student
workbook, written report has to be given immediately to the course coordinator. However the
laboratory and clinical procedures recorded in the book has to be repeated.
- Students fail to present his or her poster and oral presentation on the designated date announced by
the department of pathology, he or she has to get permission from the Vice Dean Dr. Othman Wali,
before OSPE ESE 2. If he or she fails to get permission or come after OSPE ESE2, will be
considered as invalid and the student will be awarded with ZERO MARKS for presentation
assessment.


xi


Objective structured practical evaluation (examination) OSPE:
Station based objective structured practical evaluation (examination). 10 Stations in each exams (MSE1 /
ESE1 / MSE2 / ESE2). Marks distributed for OSPE in each exam is five. Total marks for OSPE is 20.
OSPE will be conducted in multiple batches. All the batch students should come prepared with all the
practical content taught in the respective sessions. Students will be evaluated from the entire practical
content. Total marks for practical session: 20 (MPE) + 20 (OSPE) = 40 Marks
Station 1 & 2
(Observer)
Station 3 & 4
(Observer)
Station 5 & 6
(Non Observer)
Station 7 & 8
(Non Observer)
Station 9 & 10
(Observer)
Instruments

Students has to:
Identify and mention
uses & features of
instruments
Reagents / Stains

Students has to
Identify and mention
uses & features of
reagents & stains
Spotter

Spot diagnosis of
gross specimens
Spotter

Spot diagnosis of
microscopic slides
Objective reasoning

Students has to:
Describe & explain
about the changes
which happened in the
given scenario

Examinations & type of questions:

End Semester Exam 2
(ESE2)
Mid Semester Exam 2
(MSE2)
End Semester Exam 1
(ESE1)
Mid Semester Exam 1
(MSE1)
Questions
20 Marks
(50 MCQs)
10 Marks
(40 MCQs)
12 Marks
(50 MCQs)
10 Marks
(40 MCQs)
MCQs
05 Marks
(5 short answers)
- 03 Marks
(3 short answers)
- Short Answers

Overall mode of assessment:

Examinations
Mode of Assessments
Laboratory
Assessment
OSPE MCQ
s
Short
Answers
Poster
Presentation
Oral
Presentation
Total
MSE 1 03 05 10 - - - 18
ESE 1 03 05 12 03 - - 23
MSE 2 03 05 10 - - - 18
ESE 2 03 05 20 05 - - 33
Presentations
(Before
ESE2)
- - - - 04 04 08
Total Marks 100




xii


Attendance Policy
ISNC Student/s Attendance Policy: APP-ISNC-SA-008:

- The maximum absence of a medical excuse acceptable is not more than 25%. If any student of
ISNC cross the limit of absenteeism he/she will not be allowed to enter in the Examination.
- After five weeks of the beginning of every semester announcement of the percentages of students
who exceeded their absence will be posted in the college.
- Students who are not allowed to take the examination, will not receive any warning letters, instead
an announcement will be posted in the academic affairs in the college.
- If there is an absence due to a medical condition, students should provide a medical progress reports
to the department of Academic Affairs in a period of not more than five days from the date of the
condition. A medical report has to be submitted by the student or their parents within the time frame
mentioned. In case of any delay in the submission of medical report, college is not responsible for
any excuse after this period.

- If the student's absence from the Quiz, practical, midterm or end block examination and end
semester examination, a medical excuse is accepted by the dean.
- Students have no right to claim and ask for the resit exam if the students fee is not completed.
- After Nine weeks of the beginning of the semester, the students who exceeded above 25% of
absenteeism the end of the ninth week a second announcement is made.
- After 11 weeks, a final announcement of the students who have no right to enter in the final
examination. The students who are crossing the absence above 25% in the semester will be posted
in the college.

Attendance Regulations for General Pathology:

- This is a yearly course with one lecture and one laboratory session every week in each semester.
One poster and one oral presentation session in the course. (Before the OSPE ESE2).
- A student who misses total of 6 classes in the course (year) will be warned first, followed by 9
classes in the course (year) & student will be excluded from course if he misses 12 classes in the
course (year). In case of sick leave 3 more absence are considered which makes a maximum of 15
absences in the course (year) for exclusion of a student from the course in any given condition.

Note: 1. Excluded students has to repeat the course in the next academic year he or she is not entitled for
resit examination.
Note: 2. No formal letters are given to the students for first and second warning; their names are displayed
on the notice board of dentistry program at the end of 5th week or 9th week or 11th week or 13th week of
semester. However for exclusion from course a letter is issued on the student name signed by the vice dean
of dentistry program.