Piginternational20120102 1 DL PDF

Eliminating Salmonella
starts with clean feed

Asian pig producers focus on
welfare, health improvements
Exclusive Report:
Managing pig production
costs key to profitability
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Reducing
sow lameness
in group housing with nutrition
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www.WATTAgNet.com JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2012
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Reducing sow lameness in group
housing with nutrition
12
Eliminating Salmonella in pigs
starts with clean feed
16
European pig farmers use
slurry to cut heating costs
18
EXCLUSIVE REPORT: Managing pig
production costs key to proftability
20
22
Chinese pork consumption
continues to grow
24
Victam Asia 2012 to bring together
animal feed professionals in Bangkok
January/February 2012
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1
VOLUME 42, NUMBER 1
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Whether you are a believer
or not, a growing body
of opi ni on consi ders
climate change to be
all-pervading. Even the
Bri ti sh government s
chief scientist, Sir John
Beddington, is urging
the pig industry to adopt climate smart
agriculture.
Investing in technology
Sir John, who chaired a UN Commission
on Sustainable Agriculture and Climate
Change, is advising livestock farmers to
use technology to become more efcient
while reducing carbon emissions.
Admitting this would need an enormous
scale of investment in research and
development, he said, We all need to
cooperate and share the science and
research development that is occurring
globally to help us meet the international
challenges.
We have to do it as quickly as possible.
Research takes time and it takes even
longer to get the results out to farmers
to help them with what I like to describe
as climate smart farming, Sir John told
members of the Farmers Club in London
recently. He pointed out that Thailand,
which suffered disastrous ooding last
summer, is one of the countries already
experiencing climate change.
Therefore, he will be pleased to see that
the pig industry is already on the case, with
industry leaders from various countries
working together on a proposed global
initiative in relation to the environment.
Pig industry initiatives
Conceived at the International Meat
Secretariats World Pork Conference
in Bonn, October 2011, this ambitious
project pulls together everything that
different sectors of the supply chain are
doing on a country-by-country basis.
A number of different countries have
already agreed to share information and,
it is hoped, to stage an ofcial launch
before the end of 2012.
I am hoping this will produce a detailed
program that the global industry can use
to show the world exactly what the pig
industry is already doing to protect the
environment, and also help individual
producers reduce their carbon footprint
and become more efcient, said Mick
Sloyan, director of
BPEX.
Sloyan, who has
agreed to help gather
all the information
and put it together,
explained, There are
a number of different
peopl e doi ng an
awful lot to protect
the environment in
different parts of the
world already. However, we are not talking
about it in a unied way. The work has not
been coordinated and the global impact of
our actions is not recognized.
Green pig producers
The pig industry in New Zealand, for
example, is involved with small-scale
anaerobic digestion plants; in Australia
they are working on how to cover slurry
lagoons to capture methane gases.
Pig producers in Canada are taking
action to reduce the risk of ground water
pollution. In the United States, the pig
industry has its carbon calculator, and in
the UK, we have published our own roadmap
to tackle climate change challenges. In the
Netherlands, they are working on building
designs and air scrubbing.
Ever ybody seems t o be doi ng
something to address the issues pushing
the pig industry to become more efcient
and to use resources more effectively. We
just need to bring it all together, including
the feed sector and allied industries, to
help reduce the pork industrys carbon
footprint and its effect on the environment
on an international scale, Sloyan said. So
far everybody agrees in principle. Now we
just have to deliver!
An organization like the International
Meat Secretariat is encouraging global
cooperation in other areas, such as
health and nutrition and the impact of
diet on meat qualit y. It is important,
for as Sloyan pointed out, many of the
people who are quick to criticize the pig
industry already operate on a global
basis so it is time the pig industry
followed their example.
An initiative like this will make the
public more aware of pork and the efforts
the industry is making to protect the
environment. PIGI
Global pig industry supports
climate smart farming initiative
Helping pig producers reduce carbon emissions
will provide a blueprint for other sectors.
Everybody seems to
be doing something to
address the issues
pushing the pig industry
to become more efcient
by Roger Abbott > rabbott@wattnet.net
TALKINGPORK
C2201_R17772_1201PIGedit_1.BK.indd 4 1/5/2012 10:20:42 AM
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Recognized industry experts cover the hottest topics and
latest information in the poultry, feed and pig industries.
FEATURED WEBINAR
Poultry outlook and international report on the impact
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Tuesday, March 6, at 9 a.m. EST
This international panel of experts offer their views from the US,
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INTERNATIONALNEWS
China pig meat supply to grow
11 million tons by 2020
Rabobank Group has released a digital edi-
tion of Chinas Pork Industry Development
Report predicting that Chinas pig meat supply
will grow from the current 49 million tons to 60
million tons by 2020, with a 2% compounded
annual growth rate.
The report also estimates that the total
number of slaughterhouses in China will drop
from the current 12,000 to 2,000 by 2020, while
market share of mechanized slaughter will grow
from 20% to 70%.
China has been shifting from a net pig meat
exporter to a net importer since 2008. In the
frst six months of 2011, for example, pig meat
imported from the U.S. reached 63,000 tons, ac-
counting for 49% of total import. The countrys
short-term move has been to adjust pig meat
trade volume in order to comply with domestic
supply, according to the report, but numbers
may shift again as domestic pig meat supply is
expected to meet demand in 2012.
Philippines may begin pig meat
exports to Malaysia in 2012
The Philippines may begin exporting pig meat to
Malaysia in early 2012, pending the approval of
a triple A slaughterhouse facility by Malaysian
regulators, according to agriculture offcials.
The owners of the slaughterhouse filed
for accreditation in October, and a team from
Malaysias Department of Veterinary Services
must visit the facility before it can give the
approval to begin shipments. Our target is to
start shipping 100 tons of pork per month there,
said Jane C. Bacayo, executive director of the
Philippines National Meat Inspection Service.
[Malaysias] requirement is 1,000 heads per
day. According to Bacayo, Malaysia wants to
buy pork from the Philippines so they will have
an available supply for tourists.
In December 2009, the Philippines voluntar-
ily suspended a shipment of pork to Singapore
after detecting the Ebola Reston virus in a
farm in Luzon. In May, the country received
certifcation from the World Organization for
Animal Health that it was completely free
of foot-and-mouth disease without the need for
vaccination.
The Philippines also has plans for expan-
sion, and has earmarked P180 million (US$4.16
million) for the construction of fve triple A
slaughterhouses in 2012.
TOPIGS imports
breeding pigs to China
TOPIGS has imported 1,003 great grandparent
breeding pigs to China from a nucleus farm in
Canada to build up extra breeding capacity for
Chinese clients, according to the company.
The imported breeding stock will be housed
at the facilities of TOPIGS Huanshan, a joint
venture company of TOPIGS and Huanshan
Group. This is an important step for pig breed-
ing in China, said Jeffen Chen, manager of
TOPIGS China. With the imported breeding
stock it is possible to provide the fast-growing
professional pig industry with top-shelf genetics,
making it possible to produce at a high level.
CarmOlimp expects pig meat
exports to rise in 2012
Romanian cold meats producer CarmOlimp ex-
pects EU pig meat exports to account for 9% of its
2012 turnover, contributing to a 20% increase in its
overall turnover, after the European Commission
lifted the ban on the countrys exports to the EU
market beginning January 1, 2012.
The ban of meat and processed pork prod-
ucts from Romania to the EU was put in place
in 2003 due to the swine fu, and the European
Commission extended the block in 2007. The
company is predicting an overall turnover of
29 million in 2012.
Irish welfare aid restored
to pig, poultry producers
Irelands minister of agriculture has announced
the re-opening of a grant aid scheme run by the
Irish government to encourage investment by
pig and poultry producers.
The Targeted Agricultural Modernisation
Britains National Pig Association has
warned that recycling human food by feed-
ing it to pigs must only take place under
strictly controlled conditions, in an effort to
prevent national outbreaks of economically
damaging diseases such as foot-and-mouth
and classical swine fever, following a
recent attempt by an environmental cam-
paigning charity to highlight the benefts of
pig farming by giving leftover food to pigs
in Londons Trafalgar Square.
Friends of the Earth, an environmental
charity, attempted to feed pigs leftovers as
a publicity stunt to highlight the economic
benefts to pig farming. The National Pig
Association general manager, Dr. Zoe
Davies, however, says the group really
shouldnt have done that.
We fnd it diffcult enough trying to
explain to people why it is wrong to feed
waste food to pigs without this kind of
high-profle stunt, however well meant,
Davies said.
A UK ban prevents feeding waste food
from catering establishments, including
home kitchens and restaurants, to animals,
which has been in effect since Britains 2001
foot-and-mouth disease outbreak. The law
also covers food waste from other premises,
including food factories and distribution
warehouses that contain or come in contact
with animal by-products such as raw eggs,
meat and fsh products.
We understand Friends of the Earth
acted with the best of intentions and was at
pains to comply with all the legal issues, but
we remain concerned that promoting the im-
age of pigs eating waste food is unhelpful,
said Davies. The pig industry does use a
tremendous amount of by-product from food
manufacturing, but only as part of a tightly
regulated process.
British National Pig Association
warns of feeding leftovers to pigs
CALENDAR
February 8: Pig, Poultry and
Dairy Focus Asia 2012, Bangkok,
www.positiveaction.co.uk
February 15: Victam Asia 2012,
Bangkok, www.victam.com
February
S M T W T F S
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
12 13 14 15 16 17 18
19 20 21 22 23 24 25
26 27 28 29
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Scheme had been suspended earlier in 2011
because of the uncertain budgetary situation in
Ireland. The government will make funds avail-
able for grant aid to be offered in 2012 towards
projects on farms to improve poultry and pig
welfare as well as for bioenergy and job creation.
Among the applications of TAMS previously
had been fnancial help where pig units needed
to change the accommodation of their sows in
gestation towards a loose housing arrangement
in line with imminent European Union animal
welfare requirements.
British Pig Executive
hosts pig health conference
The British Pig Executive recently held a Two-
Tonne-Sow (2TS) Focus on Health conference
for UK pig producers.
Animal nutrition expert Paul Toplis was
among speakers to address the pig industry
on how healthy pigs use feed more effciently.
Attendees were also told about other areas
of focus to ensure growth, such as adequate
access to feed and water for all pigs, stocking
density, environment and lighting, feed intake
monitoring, pellet quality, and wet feed volume,
frequency and fermentation.

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7
BRIEFS
DanBred International launches
website. UK pig breeding and genet-
ics supplier DanBred International UK
has launched its own ofcial website,
www.danbredint.co.uk.
JBS appoints managing director to
leadership team. Enzyvia, a division
of JBS United, has appointed Bob
Dowden as its managing director.
C2201_R17805_1201PIGnews.BK.indd 7 1/5/2012 10:21:06 AM
www.WATTAgNet.com
|
One of the main health challenges in pig
group housing systems is that sow leg
problems become more apparent. Sows
must be able to walk smoothly to reach
the feeding trough or feeding station and
escape from ranking ghts.
Leg weakness in group housing
According to a recent study that
compared pig group and individual
housing, the incidence of sow culling
because of leg weakness was twice as
high in group housing as in individual
housing.
Culling affects the protability of the
unit more culling results in a higher
replacement gilt cost. Also, in group
housed systems, new gilts need extra
attention to get used to the feeding
station and to introduce them into a
stable group of sows.
In the Netherlands, the annual
sow replacement rate is 42%, which
is high. To improve the viability of its
sustainability and animal welfare this
replacement percentage must be reduced.
This is particularly important for European
Union pig producers, who are being forced
to move to group housing under new
animal welfare laws, which state that all
gestating sows must be group housed by
January 1, 2013.
The i nci dence of sow feet and
leg problems and lameness in group
housing is determined by many factors,
such as the housing system, t ype
of oor, genetics, herd management
and nutrition. In addition, increased
prolicacy in the past 10 years has put
more pressure on a sows skeleton, legs
and claws.
Pig productivity has nearly doubled
in the past 40 years, as shown in Chart
1. This means that pregnant sows
are carrying more weight from more
piglet fetuses and a l arger uterus.
This results is more pressure on the
By Dr Albert van Dijk
Gestating sows in group housing is
mandatory in the EU on January 1, 2013.
Targeted nutrition
is necessary to keep
the sows locomotion
system in optimal
shape.
Dr Albert van Dijk
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Reducing sow lameness in group
housing with nutrition
Sow gestation diets must
have adequate calcium
and phosphorus for
strong bones.
8 Nutrition

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www.WATTAgNet.com
locomotion system. Post farrowing, the
sow has had to cope with increased milk
production to feed additional piglets. This
requires greater mobilization of calcium
and phosphorus from the bones during
lactation. While concentrating on the
role of nutritional aspects in reducing
lameness, it must be remembered that
this is only one piece of the puzzle.
However, nutritional measures cannot
compensate for other causes of lameness
like poor housing conditions or slippery
ooring.
Strong skeleton
Preventing l ameness st ar ts wi th
ensuring well-developed gilts with good,
strong skeletons. Several experiments have
demonstrated that increasing a gilts growth
rates with a higher feed level results in more
leg weakness and a shorter sow productive
life. Hence, gilts should be reared with a
gradual feeding schedule allowing for a
balanced development. Because gilts have
special requirements for nutrient balance,
particularly calcium, phosphorus and amino
acids, a specialized gilt diet should be used.
The aim is to have a 140-kg gilt at 240 days
of age at rst insemination.
During gestation, a sows rations
should be restricted to prevent excessive
weight gain. A high body weight may
lead to overloading on the joints but by
controlling feed intake, there is a risk
of aggressiveness and ghts occurring
between sows. One way to overcome
aggressiveness is to have a minimum
level of fermentable fibers in a sows
gestation diets of 20%. Fermentable
bers slow down digestion and satisfy
the animals appetite longer, which leads
to quieter sows.
To achieve strong bones, sows need
adequate calcium and phosphorus in the
gestation diet. Research has demonstrated
that moderate defi ci enci es of these
minerals lead to a lower growth rate and
productivity, but not to lameness. Only
severe deficiencies of these minerals
lead to lameness and simply adding extra
calcium or phosphorus to the diet seldom
solves the problem.
Right mineral balance
It i s i mpor t ant that cal cium and
phosphorus are supplied in the right
balance in a sows ration. Too much
calcium in pig feed can lead to reduced
phosphorus absorption. If calcium levels
are too low, the storage of phosphorus in
the bones is impaired. The optimal ratio
of calcium to digestible phosphorus is
around 3:1.
During gestation, the sow must be able
to store sufcient calcium and phosphorus
in the bones so she is well-equipped for
her lactation when they are mobilized
from the bones. Phytase should be added
to the sow diet to facilitate this. Calcium
and phosphorus is bound to phytate in
vegetable components. Recent research
has demonstrated that extra magnesium
in the pig feed also increases calcium
storage in bones.
If a sows diet has an overload of anions
compared to cations, the risk of acidosis
low blood pH increases. The main
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Group housing puts extra pressure on the legs, joints and claws.
CHART 1: Increase in the number of weaned piglets
per sow per year in the Netherlands 1970-2011
Sources: Hemke Nutriconsult and Agrovision.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1970 1980 1990 2000 2011
Increase in the number of weaned piglets per sow
per year in the Netherlands 1970-2011
Pig productivity has nearly doubled in the past 40 years, which means that
pregnant sows are carrying more weight from more piglet fetuses. This results is
more pressure on a sows locomotion system.
www.WATTAgNet.com
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10
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anions responsible for this are chlorine
(Cl-) and sulphate (SO42-). Benzoic acid
can also induce acidosis. The effect of
excess anions can be compensated by
increasing the cations in the diet with
sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+). In
case of acidosis, the kidneys actively
excrete (H+). This is accompanied by the
excretion of buffers like HPO42- that is
mobilized from the bones. Calcium is also
released from the sows bones during this
mobilization.
I f t he i nci dence of aci dosi s i s
prolonged, less bone formation and even
bone degradation will take place because
of calcium mobilization. Therefore, care
must be taken to avoid excessive levels of
acidifying compounds like sulphates in the
sow gestation diet. Sulphates may occur
in high levels in certain byproducts from
the food industry or, in some sources of
DDGS, if sulphuric acid has been used in
the production process.
Claw lesions
Cl aw l esi ons pl ay a rol e i n sow
lameness. In group housing systems
claws can be easily damaged. Claw lesions
may also be secondary, in the case of
joint or leg deformations caused by the
above mentioned mineral imbalances. A
deciency of biotin (a B vitamin) also can
lead to claw lesions.
Therefore, in group housing systems,
400 microgram/kg biotin in the feed is
advised. Recommended levels of trace
minerals like copper and zinc should also
be provided in the diet to ensure healthy
claws.
Looking ahead, many pig producers
will be experiencing the pros and cons of
group housing sows as they adapt their
systems ahead of the new regulations
in Europe in 2013 and sows will
experience more pressure on legs, claws
and joints under this system.
Pig nutri tion plays an impor tant
rol e i n deal i ng wi th these potenti al
problems and it starts in the rearing
programs with gilt feed composition
and also with minerals, electrolyte and
vitamin composition in sow diets. Pig
feed should be balanced and targeted
to ensure sows maintain good long-term
locomotion. PIGI
Reducing sow lameness
For more articles and
research on pig nutrition
and feed, see
www.WATTAgNet.com/Pig_
Nutrition.aspx
Online Archive
Dr Albert van Dijk is currently group manager
swine at Provimi in the Netherlands. Dr van Dijk
has been involved in inventing and developing
new products and solutions for swine and is cur-
rently registered as a Specialist Veterinary Nutri-
tion (Royal Netherlands Veterinary Association).
He can be reached at avandijk@nl.provimi.com.
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www.WATTAgNet.com
Naturally ahead

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Having successfully focused on the poultry
sector, the European Food Standards
Agency, EFSA, is now targeting pigs as
it estimates 10% to 20% of human cases
of salmonellosis can be attributed to pig
meat consumption.
Although Campylobacter is the most
common bacterial food-borne pathogen,
Salmonella remains high on the list of
pathogens that most concern international
food standards agencies, food retailers
and consumers.
Salmonella-positive pigs
Many pigs are Salmonella-positive at
slaughter, (see Table 1), but at farm-level
even greater numbers are Salmonella-
positive (see Table 2 and Table 3).
In June 2010, an analysis of the costs
and benets of setting a target for the
reduction of Salmonella in slaughter pigs
was published. It came as little surprise
to pig producers and veterinarians that
the report concluded, the cost-benet
analysis did not show an economic benet
from any of the intervention scenarios, as
they have been ghting an ongoing battle
against Salmonella for many years.
The report also found that: There is
some economic rationale for a gradual
introduction of Sal monel la control
measures, starting with the establishment
of sur vei l l ance measures. Fur t her
interventions would be targeted according
to the surveillance results.
Surveillance measures are already in
place across much of the EU, but judging
from the EFSA prevalence data, these
have done little to reduce the incidence
of Salmonella in those countries. It
could be argued, however, that this is
because of insufciently strong nancial
sanctions against dirty pig producers
and insufcient nancial incentives for
clean farmers.
Contaminated pig feed
Salmonella infections in pigs are
l argel y asymptomat i c, wi t h a hi gh
proportion of infected pigs becoming
carriers and intermittent excretors of
Salmonella in their feces. Preventing
the contamination of farms with viable
and persistent Salmonella burdens
from outwardly healthy pigs is difcult,
and controlling the horizontal spread of
infection can be a Sisyphean task.
What is becoming clear is that on-farm
interventions will need to be tailored to
suit each farms specic conditions.
As we have learned from the poultry
industry, once breeding (and laying) stock
were Salmonella-free and excellent
biosecurity was maintained, the most
effective way to keep Salmonella out
was to ensure that animals received
Salmonella-free feed*.
The link between feed, farm and food
is well recognized and separate studies
in a variety of domestic animals have
demonstrated that Salmonella isolated
from the feed mill or the nished feed
can be later isolated from the farm, meat
processing plant, eggs or meat (Shirota et
al., 2001, Liebana et al., 2002, sterberg
et al., 2006, Molla et al., 2010).
In countries with a low on-farm prevalence
of Salmonella, human infection linked to
pork consumption has been traced back
to Salmonella-contaminated feedstuffs
(Hald et al., 2006, Wierup et al., 2010). As
other EU countries reduce their Salmonella
incidence, they will have to become ever more
The EU pig industry should study how the
poultry sector reduced Salmonella risks.
12 Nutrition

|

By Alan Doyle
Watch the benets of using
live yeast in pig feed at
www.WATTAgNet.com/146597.
html.
For more
information
in pigs starts with clean feed
Country % prevalence
Spain 29.0%
Greece 24.8%
Portugal 23.4%
Luxembourg 22.4%
UK 21.2%
France 18.1%
Bulgaria 16.7%
Italy 16.5%
Ireland 16.1%
Belgium 13.9%
Cyprus 12.4%
Germany 10.9%
EU average 10.3%
Hungary 9.3%
Netherlands 8.5%
Denmark 7.7%
Slovenia 6.2%
Czech Republic 5.8%
Latvia 5.6%
Poland 5.1%
Slovakia 4.8%
Estonia 4.7%
Austria 2.0%
Lithuania 1.8%
Sweden 1.3%
Norway 0.3%
Finland 0.0%
TABLE 1: Observed prevalence
of slaughter pigs infected with
Salmonella spp. in lymph nodes
Source: EFSA Journal (2008); 135,1-111
Many pigs are Salmonella-positive at
slaughter.
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vigilant in terms of producing Salmonella-
free feedstuffs for their pigs.
Before looking at the options for
controlling Salmonella in feed, it is
important to remember the aim should be to
expose the pig to as few viable Salmonella
organisms as possible and not to rely on
that pigs ability (or otherwise) to protect
itself from the Salmonella it consumes.
Pigs are capable of killing some of
the Salmonella they ingest. However,
the more they consume, especially if
concentrated in micro-colonies within the
feed, the higher the risk that their innate
enteric defense mechanisms are unable to
cope and they become infected.
Producing clean feed
Heat i ng f eed duri ng t he st eam-
conditioning process is often relied upon to
produce Salmonella-free feed. However,
to be condent of eliminating 100% of
the Salmonella in feed (including heat-
tolerant strains), the meal must be heated
to more than 85C for at least four minutes
and have a moisture content of between
14.5% and 15%. The vast majority of
animal feed mills come nowhere close to
achieving these conditions.
Importantly, even when meeting these
standards, the clean feed still has to be
cooled, stored and distributed. It is easy
for Salmonella contamination to occur at
these stages and for pigs to be exposed to
Salmonella-contaminated feed.
Organic acids and their salts are also
popular Salmonella-control products in
pig feed. There are, however, signicant
limitations to their effectiveness in-feed.
To kill Salmonella they need to penetrate
the bacteria. This requires the molecule
to be dissociated; generally requiring low
pH conditions typically not found in feed.
But pigs stomach acid exert their greatest
anti-Salmonella effects; arguably too
little and too late for some pigs.
A recent study found that organic
acid-treated samples often show up as
Salmonella-negative, despite containing
viable Salmonella. (Carrique-Mas et al.,
2006). Such masking of Salmonella is
potentially catastrophic for both feed
manufacturer and pig producer. The feed
manufacturer risks contaminating their
mill and all the feed it produces, while the
pig producer risks infecting his pigs with
Salmonella.
For many organic acids and blends,
high inclusion levels are required to
provide effective in-feed Salmonella
control.
Learning from
the poultry industry
Again, looking at the poultry industry,
Spain 64.0%
Netherlands 57.8%
Ireland 52.5%
UK 52.2%
Italy 51.2%
France 50.3%
Cyprus 50.0%
Portugal 45.5%
Denmark 41.1%
Luxembourg 33.3%
Hungary 30.0%
EU average 28.7%
Germany 28.3%
Latvia 20.0%
Belgium 18.8%
Slovakia 11.5%
Czech Republic 10.4%
Poland 6.9%
Austria 6.3%
Bulgaria 2.1%
Sweden 4.8%
Slovenia 0.0%
Estonia 0.0%
Lithuania 0.0%
Norway 0.0%
Finland 0.0%
TABLE 2: Prevalence of
Salmonella-positive breeding
holdings (EU baseline suvey)
Netherlands 55.7%
Spain 57.8%
Ireland 47.7%
UK 44.0%
Italy 43.9%
Portugal 43.3%
Denmark 41.4%
France 38.7%
Belgium 36.4%
EU average 33.3%
Latvia 28.6%
Hungary 27.7%
Luxembourg 22.0%
Germany 20.6%
Slovakia 18.8%
Cyprus 18.3%
Czech Republic 10.4%
Slovenia 10.3%
Poland 9.6%
Lithuania 8.3%
Austria 5.8%
Estonia 3.6%
Bulgaria 0.0%
Sweden 0.0%
Norway 0.0%
Finland 0.0%
TABLE 3: Prevalence of
Salmonella-positive production
holdings (EU baseline suvey)
Source: EFSA Journal (2009); 7(12): 1377 Source: EFSA Journal (2009); 7(12): 1377
An example of Salmonella typhimurium
penetrating gut epithelium.
A high proportion of infected
pigs become carriers and
intermittent excretors of
Salmonella in their feces.
Preventing the contamination of
farms with viable and persistent
Salmonella burdens from outwardly
healthy pigs is difcult to achieve.
14
|

wh e r e Sal monel l a
control has largely been
a success story, we nd
that the most popul ar
i n- f eed Sal monel l a
control products include
Termin-8. Containing a
synergistic combination of
anti-microbial substances,
surfactant and propionic
acid, this is said to provide
r api d, per si st ent and
non-pH-dependant anti-
Salmonella activity.
Salmonella control in pigs will require
legislative and economic pressure on feed
manufacturers, pig producers and meat
processors to implement the increased
surveillance and multiple interventions
required over the coming years.
As these interventions take effect,
the need to ensure that pigs are fed
Salmonella-free feed will become ever
more important. As feed
manufacturers and pig
producers seek the most
effective ways to produce
t hi s f eed, t hey mi ght
be wise to look to the
successes achieved by
the poultry industry.
*Salmonella-free feed contains
insufcient viable Salmonella to pose an
infective risk to animals. PIGI
References: Carrique-Mas J.J., Bedford S. and
Davies R.H. (2006) Journal of Applied Microbi-
ology ISSN 1364-5072 Hald T., Wingstrand A.,
Brndsterd T. and Lo Fo Wong DM (2006) Food-
borne Pathog.Dis.. Winter;3(4):422-31 Liebana E.,
Crowley C.J., Garcia-Migura L., Breslin M.F., Corry
J.E.L., Allen V.M. and Davies R.H. (2002) British
Poultry Science, 43: 38-46 Molla B., Sterman A.,
Mathews J., Artuso-Ponte V., Abley M., Farmer
W., Rajala-Schultz P., Morgan Morrow W.E. and
Gebreyes W.A. (2010) Applied and Environmen-
tal Microbiology; 76(21): 7188-7193 sterberg J.,
Vgsholm I., Boqvist S. and Sternberg Lewerin S.
(2006) Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 47, 13-22
Shirota K., Katoh H., Murase T., Ito T., and Otsuki
K. (2001) Journal of Food Protection, Vol. 64, No.5:
734-737 Wierup M. and Hggblom P. (2010) Acta
Veterinaria Scandinavica, Feb 17; 52:15.
Alan Doyle is European business development
manager at Anitox Ltd.
Salmonella infections in pigs
are largely asymptomatic.
Alan Doyle
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Index of products
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Detailed product by
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OCTOBER 2011
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A growing number of European pig farmers
are turning to slurry, a natural renewable
resource, to help save on fuel bills.
One of Swedens largest pig breeding
farms, which produces up to 24,000 pigs
a year, has devised an innovative way to
recycle heat from slurry to keep its sheds
warm and save thousands of krona at the
same time.
Alternative heating method
Farmer Johan Nilsson built his new
facility at Grsta near stra Ingelstad in
south Sweden, and wanted to move away
from the traditional way of keeping the
piglets warms by using straw beds and
heat lamps. Instead, he invested in an
under-oor heating system, using ground
source heat pumps even though he didnt
have the ground to provide the heat.
Instead of boring hoses, or digging
trenches, installer Lars-Erik Bengstsson
put the heat pumps collector hoses in
the concrete castings under the slurry
gutters. He was following the example
set by some Danish pig farmers, who
have also experimented with heat pumps,
inserting the coils inside their slurry tanks
to capture and recycle the heat from them
for their pig buildings.
Pig slurry has a temperature of about
37 degrees C when it is fresh, he said.
It heats the surrounding concrete to
about 15 degrees C, which is extremely
efcient. The hoses were located in 16
different parts of the new building and
gathered together in a large coil for three
NIBE Fighter 1310 heat pumps, each with
an output of 30kW.
They were installed about four years
ago and have run for a combined total
of 140,000 hours and during that time
they have consumed 570,000 kWh, said
Bengstsson. But at the same time, they
have delivered nearly 3.3 million kWh.
Thats a heating factor of 5.5, with more
than 2.5 gigawatt hours extracted from the
slurry over the four-year period.
And the heat pumps just keep running
and running and running, said a happy
Nilsson. One small adjustment was
required at the very beginning, but since
then it has been a question of pressing
some menu buttons and seeing how much
money has been saved.
Anaerobic digestion power
Pig producers in other parts of Europe,
including the Netherlands, Germany and
Italy, also are using slurry and other
natural resources to provide energy for
their farms, or to sell off to the public.
German pig producer/businessman
Ulrich Wessel-Ellermann developed his
own small gas network around his farm
at Bohmte in Lower Saxony. Wessel-
El l ermann commi ssi oned anaerobi c
digestion, AD, plant manufacturer EnviTec
to build a state-of-the-art plant to supply
heat and power for his farm, a local
engineering shop, agribusiness and a
sports center via three combined heat and
power (CHP) plants.
Wessel-Ellermann explained that by
creating a microgas network, he was
able to transport the gas cheaply over gas
lines, keeping heat losses to a minimum
and increasing the plants overall energy
efciency.
He is using liquid pig manure combined
with maize and rye silage for feedstock to
produce the biogas that generates heat
and electricity for his farm and the other
nearby businesses.
The liquid remains are used in the
elds as a liquid fertilizer, while the dried
material is pressed into pellets and sold
off as high-grade fertilizer.
A sophisticated computer program
manages the entire operation and the
plant is being used by the manufacturer
as a research facility.
Thanks t o t hr ee- di mensi onal
visualization and numerous ways to
record results, we really are in an ideal
position to precisely examine biogas
production and to continue to perfect
it, he said.
In Italy, EnviTec has built another AD
plant that is using slurry from 25,000 pigs
Slurry offers a
green alternative for
heating pig sheds
and reduces fuel
consumption.
16 Energy

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By Roger Abbott
Swedish pig farmer Johan Nilsson in one of his pig sheds with under-oor heating
harvested from slurry gutters.
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on nearby farms as feedstock to produce
biogas to generate electricit y for the
countrys national grid.
Wind, solar power
Heat is not the only renewable resource
being exploited by European pig producers.
In England, a number of pig farmers are
harnessing the wind and the sun to help
them reduce rising fuel bills.
Suffolk pig and poultry farmer Simon
Brice and his wife Alison have resorted to
using both wind power and solar energy
to help them restore their business after
a devastating re tore through their pig
sheds last year.
Caused by an electrical fault in the
piggerys wet feeding system, the early
morning re destroyed the pig shed and
killed more than 300 pigs part of a
1,500 herd under contract to nish on
the site in Suffolk, on the eastern side of
the country.
At rst, Brice had to rely on a back-up
generator that provided enough power
for the hen house. However, they were
determined to rebuild the business back
up to its full capacity of 3,000 pigs (which
account for about 80% of their business)
and more than 4,000 chickens. They
immediately looked into ways in which
they could save some of the money
lost and become more efcient and
sustainable for the future, as well.
We had to depopulate after the re
and having researched renewable energy
systems before, I decided to invest in
some form of wind energy, because that
seemed to offer one of the quickest ways
to make a noticeable impact, said Brice.
Af ter a year, the pi g business i s
back up and running at full speed with
the introduction of three small-scale
5-kilowatt wind turbines, which stand
15 meters high, a new pig shed and the
rst batch of pigs. It also has reached full
capacity on the poultry side, with 4,000
chickens.
A spokesman f or t he i nst al l er,
Wi ndcrop Ltd, commented that the
5-kilowatt generators were designed to
reduce installation time, minimize the
ground space required and make planning
permission easier to obtain.
In a typical installation with around 5
meters per second average wind speed,
these systems will produce approximately
8,000kWh of electricity each year. In a
high wind area, this could go as high as
20,000kWh, he said.
According to Brice, Although I havent
had a bill through yet, my digital meter
reader shows that the wind turbines have
already cut my electricity costs by at least
half and I am now working with another
company to put some solar panels on the
buildings in the near future.
He added that his plans to rebuild the
farm with a particular focus on energy
conservation and reducing its carbon
footprint have garnered a positive reaction
from neighboring farmers.
Several of them have commented
on how good the turbines look, although
most of them have also asked whether Ive
found them to be noisy. They are about
100 meters from the farm house, but I can
honestly say that even on a really windy
day the sound of the trees rustling and
the buildings creaking is noisier than the
turbines. PIGI
German pig farmer Ulrich Wessel-
Ellermann combines slurry with
maize and rye silage to produce
heat and power from his anaerobic
digestion plant.
A state-of-the-art anaerobic digestion
plant on Ulrich Wessel-Ellermanns
pig unit powers his farm and several
local businesses.
English pig farmers Simon and
Allison Brice cut their energy bills by
using wind and solar power.
C2201_R17781_1201PIGenergy_1.BK.indd 17 1/5/2012 10:23:44 AM
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2010 European pig production costs varied
greatly with the lowest in France (1.36
per kg slaughter weight) and the most
expensive in the Czech Republic (1.92 per
kg). A production cost comparison carried
out by InterPIG reveals that countries
with a professional and competitive pig
industry had production costs around
1.40-1.50 per kg.
Relatively low costs in France are because
of good sow productivity, reasonably priced
feed, low manure costs and a good slaughter
weight. Pig producers outside Europe (Brazil,
Canada and the United States) had a clearly
lower production cost level of between 1.00
and 1.10 per kg hot slaughter weight, as
shown in Table 1.
As in other years, the Netherlands and
Denmark top the sow productivity list. In
the Netherlands, 26.5 slaughter pigs are
sold annually per sow. Denmark is a close
second at 26.2 and France is third with 25.1.
Most of the countries in the comparison
have between 22 and 24 sold slaughter pigs
per sow. At fewer than 21 pigs per sow, the
United Kingdom is not quite in last place;
that position belongs to the Czech Republic
with just over 18 pigs per sow.
Feed conversion rates
The cost of feed has increased greatly
once again since 2010. In the Netherlands,
animal feed prices rose from approximately
21 per 100 kg in June 2010 to almost 29
in July 2011. The price has fallen again
very slightly since then. On average over
2010, the feed price was a little over 22
per 100 kg (the price of the complete feed
program for an integrated pig farm). At the
feed price level of July 2011, production
costs in the Netherlands would not have
amounted to 1.40 per kg of slaughter
weight but rather 1.64 per kg.
The development of the feed price is
comparable for all the countries listed.
However, countri es wi th a low feed
conversion rate have the advantage that
feed costs are rising less sharply. The feed
costs in Belgium increased by more than
5 euro cents per kg between 2009 and
2010, whereas those in the Netherlands
remained more or less the same. The
Netherlands together with Brazil top the
list in terms of overall feed conversion
rate (i.e., the total quantity of feed at an
integrated pig farm divided by the total
production in live weight of
slaughter pigs).
This overall feed conversion
rate amounts to approximately
2.7, as shown in Table 2. The
feed ration in Brazil has a
relatively high-energy value, the
health status is high and growth
promoters are sometimes used.
In other countries, the overall feed
conversion rate is higher because of lower
sow productivity, lower feed conversion
rate of the fattening pigs or lower slaughter
weight of the fattening pigs.
Feed conversion rates in Italy and the
Czech Republic are extremely high. In Italy,
this is associated with a high slaughter
weight. The pig sector in these countries is
extremely sensitive to increases in feed prices
because of unfavorable feed efciency.
Fixed costs
Labor used varies greatly between
countries. In the U.S., it is about six
hours per ton of slaughter weight (at
an integrated farm); in Denmark, the
Netherlands and Spain, it is around seven
hours per ton. However, in Germany and
Belgium, it is approximately nine hours per
ton and in France, it is 10 hours.
Labor levels are even higher in other
countries, with peaks of 27 hours in Brazil
(Santa Catarina) and 52 hours in the Czech
Republic. There is a clear link to the cost
of labor. In the latter two countries, labor
costs are around 4 per hour, while it
costs more than 20 per hour in Denmark
and the Netherlands. This results in labor
costs that vary from 9 euro cents per kg
slaughter weight in Brazil (Mato Grosso)
to around 15 euro cents in most Western
European countries.
To determine pig production costs
in Brazil, a distinction has been made
between Santa Catarina, the historic pig
production area in the southeast part of
the country, and Mato Grosso in the west
where large-scale integrations produce
pigs where feed is produced. Production
in Mato Grosso is cheaper than in Santa
Catarina, at 1.00 per kg of slaughter
weight. The lower production costs are
accompanied by higher transport costs for
delivering pig meat to population centers
or the ports.
Labor costs in Brazil, Canada and the
U.S. are all at a similar level. The calculated
production costs for these countries,
Managing pig production
costs key to protability
New InterPIG study nds animal productivity, feed
and labor efciency need to be optimized.
18 Exclusive report

|

By Robert Hoste
Labor costs in
Brazil, Canada and the
U.S. are all similar.
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expressed i n euros, depend on the
exchange rates. The relatively high value of
the Brazilian real is unfavorable for exports
and for the countrys competitiveness.
Inefcient production costs
The Czech Republic has exceptionally
high pig production costs of approx. 1.90
per kg, which is about a third higher than
costs in a number of Western European
countries. This also explains the shrinking
pig population in the Czech Republic. Pig
populations are declining in other central
and eastern European countries, as well.
The number of slaughter pigs sold per
sow in the Czech Republic is just over 18,
about a third fewer than in Denmark and
the Netherlands. Feed efciency in the
Czech Republic is also much lower.
The overall feed conversion rate (kg feed
for all pigs at an integrated farm per kg live
slaughter weight) amounts to approximately
4.0 as opposed to 2.7 in the most feed-
efcient countries. At current high feed prices,
high feed efciency is of great importance.
The feed is, however, relatively cheap.
Because approximately 6% of the
global pork production is traded between
continents, the production cost position
is primarily of importance within the
continents (trading blocks). The major
differences in pig production costs between
European countries lead to differences in
competitiveness. Relatively high costs lead
to shrinking production in the longer term.
However, if a pig farmer has high
production costs but is able to sell pork
at a higher price there is no problem. That
is what happens in Italy, for example; pig
production costs are 25% higher than in
northwestern Europe, but the heavy hams
are a premium product there. The market
price compensates for the additional
expenses.
In the Netherlands, there has also been
a development in recent years towards a
higher market standard. Pig production
satises higher animal-welfare requirements
(such as non-castration, increased living
surface area, enrichment materials and
light) and sells for a slightly higher price than
conventionally produced meat. Consumers
are prepared to pay more for it.
Pig production costs are only a partial
factor determining competi ti veness,
al though they do form an important
indicator. Countries that cannot compete
on the basis of production costs will have
to seek added value upon sale.
However, i t r emai ns i mpor t ant
to control pig production costs. For
instance, at present sharply increased
feed costs in Italy are not being sufciently
compensated by the market price, thus
placing the pig sector under pressure. It is
therefore necessary to control production
costs, even in a segment with added value.
To this end, both the animal productivity
and the feed and labor efciency need to
be further optimized. PIGI
Robert Hoste is a pig production economist at the
Agricultural Economics Research Institute (part of
Wageningen UR in the Netherlands).
Country Netherlands Denmark Germany France Spain Italy Belgium Austria
Feed 75.4 79.5 80.0 75.7 91.3 114.1 86.9 86.8
Other variable costs 11.9 10.1 15.4 10.4 13.9 13.4 10.2 17.7
Labour 14.3 14.6 14.1 17.7 10.5 15.3 13.5 16.4
Other fxed costs 38.3 34.9 40.0 32.5 23.4 32.3 34.4 36.8
Total 139.8 139.1 149.4 136.3 139.1 175.0 145.0 157.8
Country Ireland UK Sweden Czech Republic Brazil (MT) Brazil (SC) Canada USA
Feed 89.0 97.6 80.5 95.4 64.0 72.7 64.4 75.4
Other variable costs 13.2 9.9 11.7 16.2 9.4 8.7 11.7 8.4
Labour 13.5 14.8 17.9 21.6 8.8 10.4 16.2 9.6
Other fxed costs 33.0 44.3 58.8 59.3 17.4 16.0 17.0 16.7
Total 148.6 166.7 169.0 192.5 99.6 107.9 109.3 110.2
TABLE 1: 2010 pig production costs (euro cents/kg hot slaughter weight, excl. VAT)
Source: InterPIG
Country Netherlands Brazil (SC) Brazil (MT) Ireland Denmark France Spain Germany
Overall feed conversion rate 2.72 2.74 2.74 2.84 2.86 2.92 2.93 2.95
Country UK Canada Austria Sweden Belgium USA Italy Czech Republic
Overall feed conversion rate 3.00 3.01 3.03 3.04 3.09 3.12 3.64 3.98
TABLE 2: 2010 pig feed consumption per kg live weight
Countries with a low feed conversion rate have the advantage that feed costs are rising less sharply.
Pig producers outside Europe (Brazil, Canada and the United States) had a clearly lower production cost level of between 1.00
and 1.10 per kg hot slaughter weight.
Source: InterPIG
C2201_R17782_1201PIGcosts_1.BK.indd 19 1/5/2012 10:23:58 AM
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Asian pig producers are taking the lead
from European and American pig farmers
and are focusing on improving animal
welfare conditions and limiting antibiotic
use in livestock.
Top-level Chinese pig specialists attended
summit meetings organized by the DLG at
the Hannover EuroTier shows in Germany
in 2008 and 2010. It appears that Asian pig
producers and processors are ready to adopt
new welfare-friendly systems.
Observers said they believe the Chinese
delegates were particularly interested in
the 2010 keynote speaker, the EU welfare
commissioner Dr Andrea Gavinelli, who
devoted much of his presentation to
discussing the imminent partial sow stall
ban due to come into effect in the EU in
January 2013. They also took note of
Western concerns over castration and the
overuse of antibiotics.
Animal welfare advances
The standard of living in Asia is rising
and with more disposable income, pork
consumption is increasing. Therefore,
Asian pork producers are looking for ways
to produce pork as efciently and cheaply
as possible.
Because the Asian pork market is
growing, all the major genetics houses in
North America and Europe are rushing to do
business in Asia. Countries such as China
and Vietnam need pigs that consistently
produce large, healthy litters that will grow
quickly and convert feed efciently.
The vast majority of pig farms in Asia
currently house their gestating sows in
stalls, as management is relatively easy.
Replacement breeding gilts, though, are
often housed in groups on solid oors
which are regularly swilled down or on
slatted ooring and are trough-fed or fed
via ad lib feeders.
However, the rapidly increasing middle
class in China is aware of animal production
techniques and an increasing number of pig
producers want to capitalize on a niche market
for welfare-friendly and organic pork.
The World Society for the Protection
of Animals, WSPA, has even set up a
special model farm project in China,
with a series of small farms producing
pigs under organic conditions. Organic pig
farmers are commanding a premium price
for their pork, which is being consumed by
a growing number of middle-class Chinese
consumers, who want ethically produced
pig meat. Since 2007, the WPSA has been
collaborating with Chinese authorities to
train slaughterhouse workers on how to
handle and slaughter pigs humanely.
Asian market buying equipment
Many Western equipment companies
are selling electronic sow feeding systems
developed for the European and North
American markets in China.
Roger Partt, pig expert and technical
specialist with Big Dutchman (China),
said, There is growing interest here in
the group housing of sows and several
big units are investing in our Callmatic ESF
systems. Progressive Chinese pig farmers
want to be technically advanced.
Agreeing with this, Andrew Houston,
British pig producer and managing director
of UK-based MPS Agri, said, We are
making good progress in China with our
ESF systems, with inquiries from a number
of producers wishing to make the grade for
UK welfare standards, so they may tap into
the added value market. However, there is
no premium in the domestic market yet, as
far as animal welfare is concerned.
The Asian pig sector is adopting Western standards to satisfy
consumer demands for welfare-friendly and organic pork.
20 Production
|

By Stuart Lumb
Roger Partt (left), with Liu Yang, checks a Callmatic installation at a recently
upgraded pig farm in Asia.
C2201_R17802_1201PIGasiawelfare_1.BK.indd 20 1/5/2012 10:24:16 AM

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21
Castration issues
Even the debate over castration, a
big issue in Europe where many pig
producers are using Improvac, Pzers
anti- boar taint vaccine, has crossed over
the borders into several Asian countries.
Jim Allison, the companys senior
veterinary director, pointed out that a
number of independent studies using
trained taste panels in Asia have conrmed
the acceptability of pork from vaccinated
entires. In Asia, people were thought to be
more sensitive to boar taint than Europeans
due to cultural and genetic reasons.
Thai pig producers, for example, sell
their pigs to middlemen and thanks to the
success of local trials and activities such
as tasting parties, vaccinated entires
signicantly have gained acceptance and
receive a price premium.
Rawat Pokawattana farms 3,000 sows
in southern Thailand and is concerned
about boar taint and the pain castration
could cause piglets, in addition to the
mortality and check on growth that may
result from this practice.
Using a vaccine, he has kept 20% of
his male pigs intact. These pigs reach
market weight (100kg) nine days sooner
than castrates, saving feed and providing
Pokawattana with higher prices, because
of their superior carcass characteristics.
He pointed out that the vaccinated pigs
were fed higher protein and energy rations
to support their improved lean meat
deposition and faster growth rate.
Antibiotic cut backs
UK pig producers 40 years ago routinely
included antibiotic cocktails in feeds,
especially post-weaning diets as a shortcut
to treating digestive disorders that could
have been cured by better management and
husbandry techniques. Today, these drugs
are only available with a prescription.
In contrast, visitors to Asia cannot
help but notice companies freely selling
antibiotics. These drugs have a place in
disease control when used responsibly.
Eddy Ng owns a 550-sow pig business
based outside Kuala Lumpur in Malaysia
and he also manages several restaurants
and meat shops. His business is HACCP
certied and was the rst in Malaysia
to achieve ISO 2200 status. However,
he notes that the indiscriminate feeding
of antibiotics to pigs has caused many
afuent Malaysians to eat other meat.
Even large animal feed companies
are monitoring the routine inclusion of
antibiotics in feeds. The company is very
concerned about antibiotic resistance
and so we have been trialing probiotics
and other green growth promoters,
said Ta Van Hung, vice general director
at Proconco.
Asian countries are likely soon to
follow their counterparts in the West as
far as the use of antibiotics is concerned.
It appears they won t be far behind
with more welfare-friendly production
techniques, as well but Rome wasnt
built in a day! PIGI
WPSA website; Asian Pork Aug 2011
Stuart Lumb is a UK-based freelance writer. He
can be contacted at stuart@lumb.karoo.co.uk.
Andrew Houston (right) poses with
a Chinese pig producer who recently
invested in a new pig housing system
to modernize his operation.
Drinking-Systems
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Tel.: +49 (0) 54 42 - 98 79-0
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The oor stays dry. The animals feel
better.
C2201_R17802_1201PIGasiawelfare_1.BK.indd 21 1/5/2012 10:24:26 AM
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|
Chinas pork industr y produces and
consumes about half the worlds pig meat
and it accounts for a large chunk of the
countrys GDP.
While most people know the Chinese
economy is booming, the numbers are still
staggering. Retail sales are expected to reach
18 trillion Yuan (2 Tn., US$ 2.8 Tn.) this year,
up 17% in 2010 and 34% in 2009.
In 2001, Chinese retail sales represented
only 2.76 trillion Yuan. Car sales, expenditure
on health and tourism, even jewelry are
beneting more than food, including meat
nonetheless, meat consumption, mainly
pork, continues rising.
Economic transitions
At the moment, the Chinese government
is successfully managing the transition
of the economy from investment and
export-led to a more balanced one where
consumption plays a larger part. It is also
successfully combating ination, which
fell from a peak of 6.5% in August to a more
manageable 5.5% in October 2011.
Fresh pork is the largest single item in
the consumer basket used to calculate
the price index and an increase in price is
responsible, to some extent, for the rise in
ination. On the positive side, wages are
rising faster in rural areas reducing the gap in
incomes between rural and urban areas.
On the negative side, ination has hit
low wage earners, many of whom claim
they cannot afford to buy pork anymore. A
housing bubble in the largest cities and the
explosion of investment credit also cast a
shadow on what is a uniquely successful
experiment in lifting hundreds of millions
out of poverty.
Development of the pork sector
Chinese pig production has increased
considerably over the past 20 years at an
average rate of 2.1% per year. However,
the average Chinese pig farm remains
small, with only nine sows.
There are no cl ear est i mates of
the number of backyard producers,
although some estimate about 50 million
pig producers. Approximately 92% of
pig production is concentrated in 12
provinces. The Yangtze River region alone
accounts for 42.6% of the pig population,
Northern China a further 22.5% and the
Southern coastal region 16.8%.
Pigs compete with people in these
densely populated areas and there is clear
political will to move pig production to
less populated regions. The Chinese pig
sector faces a formidable challenge of
converting to large-scale production to
offset the dramatic exodus of small-scale
producers through subsidies.
Mode r n pi g pr oduc t i on now
accounts for around 30% of the total.
Fast-growing concerns have emerged,
among them Shuangui, Yurun, Zhongpin,
Jinluo, Tangreshen, Gaojin and Delisi.
The revolution that is taking place in
production is also affecting processing.
The government plans to cut the number of
abattoirs from 20,000 to 3,000 by 2020.
Processed pork
The production of processed pork
products is progressing fast and now
accounts for 13% of pork usage with a
ratio of 45% Chinese-style products and
55% Western-st yle products, mainly
frankfurters and ham. The high rate of
growth of processed meat products sales
is expected to continue in the foreseeable
future. Pork processors are also becoming
perceptive and more marketing-led.
In the short term, pig wholesale and
retail prices have come back about 10%
from their summer high at around 24.28
Yuan/kg (2.84 /kg US$3.80 /kg) to mid-
November, although they are still nearly a
third higher than a year ago. There is every
indication that supplies will remain tight
until next spring.
Chinese pork consumption
continues to grow
China is keeping a close eye on pork imports while
transiting from small-scale to large-scale pig production.
22 Market focus

|

By Jean-Pierre Garnier
The Chinese pig sector
faces a formidable
challenge of converting
to large-scale production to offset
the dramatic exodus of small-scale
producers through subsidies.
Jean-Pierre Garnier
C2201_R17804_1201PIGchina_1.BK.indd 22 1/5/2012 10:24:36 AM

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23
|
www.WATTAgNet.com
Growing pains
Management is a major area of concern.
Living in the countryside is still associated
with poverty and hardship. Few graduates
choose agriculture and fewer choose to
work in the pig production sector.
Food safet y has become a major
concern for Chinese consumers. Regarding
pork, more than 800 people were arrested
between January and September 2011 for
administering or trafcking clenbuterol.
Chilled logistics represents around
10% of the meat distribution in mainland
China and wet markets represent 68% of
the pork sold in China. With millions of
food outlets, the situation looks intractable
for the authorities.
The environment is another issue. This
could be mitigated by higher efciency, but
requires the major transformation from
backyard to more controlled large-scale
pig production. For instance, raising the
productivity of Chinese pig production to
Danish levels could save 25 million tons
of feed and limit pollution.
Pig health may be the limiting factor in
the expansion of the Chinese pig sector,
with many diseases remaining endemic
and the impact of PRRS still not fully
discounted.
Finally, the issue of long transport of
live pigs is raising its head. Many pigs
face more than 1,000 kilometers journey
leading to animal welfare issues.
Pork imports increasing
Although imports are growing fast,
China remains 97% to 98% self sufcient
in pork. Between January and September
2011, about 249,800 tons of pork was
imported to China and 620,600 tons of
offal. This does not take into account
stomachs (maws) and hog casings.
The value of Chinas pork imports
increased from US$1.10/kg to US$1.43/kg
in 2011, reecting rising prices and a move
towards meatier cuts. Still, offal represents
about 80% of imports. The United States
has overtaken Denmark as the main supplier
but there are also rising imports from
France, Spain, Canada and Ireland.
Frozen pork is increasingly imported
for manufacturing as it offers a high level
of standardization and facility of use and
storage. Frozen manufacturing pork also
is important to regulate the market.
Premium chilled pork is gaining in
popularity as wealthy Chinese buyers opt
for organic and safer pork (see Chart
1). The 230,000 or so mainly Western
residents and visitors also often choose
imported against locally produced pork.
Imports are used as a regulator y
mechanism (a topping up) for the huge
pork market, which is very much under
stress because of the conversion to large-
scale pig production.
Smithfield Foods exports of frozen
carcasses in 2011 was used to dampen
pork prices on the internal market (as was
the release of intervention pork). Tnnies
active involvement on the market is also
inuencing pork prices. Demand is high and
traders report, for example, that French and
Irish plants are unable to meet demand.
However, the consequence of this
situation is high volatility of import prices
of key commodities like heads and trotters.
In a falling market, the downwards price
swings are amplied and so are the upward
trends in a rising market.
The market is largely commodity-driven
with limited loyalty, although some individual
European or North American plants are
favored. It is likely that China will keep an eye
on the import tap to regulate a market that
gives a living to millions of its citizens.
Pork consumption patterns
Pork consumption is high at around
39kg per person per year, but is below
Taiwan or Hong Kong. Pork remains
the meat of choice for the Chinese and
represents around 65% of consumption.
Still, the consumption of chicken,
duck, farmed sh and to a lesser extent
beef have grown and cut the proportion
of pork eaten from 85.9% in 1989. Pork
consumption per capita is now growing
slowly (it is expected to rise from 105 g/
day in 2010 to 110 g/day in 2020).
Pork accounts for 73% of meat
consumption in the countryside and only
61% in urban areas. Pork consumption is also
much lower in the countryside but as incomes
have risen there so has pork intake.
Although pork is consumed all year
round, Chinese New Year is the occasion
for pork feasts. The Chinese are open to
Western goods but they are conservative
in their eating habits.
China will take the central place in
tomorrows pig world and we are now
witnessing rapid change. The country
has successfully started a revolution
in the production of pork but there is
a long road ahead for pig producers,
processors and consumers toward a
different industry. PIGI
Jean-Pierre Garnier is an export manager for the
British Pig Executive. Garnier has worked in the
international meat business for more than 20 years.
CHART 1: Reasons for buying imported food
0 10 20 30 40 50
Authentic
Healthier
Safer
Curiosity / never
tasted before
Good taste
Source: Adapted from The Imported Food Study, N-dynamic
Reasons for buying imported food
47%
41%
32%
29%
25%
Premium chilled pork is gaining in popularity as wealthy Chinese buyers opt for
organic and safer pork.
C2201_R17804_1201PIGchina_1.BK.indd 23 1/5/2012 10:24:42 AM
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|
The 2012 edition of Victam, FIAAP and
GRAPAS Asia will take place February 15-17
in Bangkok, at the exhibition and conference
centre of the Bangkok International Trade
and Exhibition Centre for animal feed and
pig industry professionals.
There wi l l be speci f i c techni cal
conferences on aquafeed, animal feed
ingredients, pet food, biomass technology
and grain processing. All three trade shows
will be co-located within one hall at BITEC,
enabling visitors to view the products and
technology needed to formulate and operate
safe and economic animal feed production
and grain processing facilities.
Victam Asia 2012
Victam Asia is Asias largest exhibition
for pig feed specialists and for the ancillary
equipment and technology necessary for
the production of animal feeds, aquafeed
and dry pet foods. Visitors will see the
latest technology from the worlds leading
designers, manufacturers and suppliers
of this technology. Exhibitors will cover a
range of products and services, including
mills, upgrades to existing systems
or formul ation programmes and re-
conditioned equipment.
FIAAP Asia 2012
FIAAP Feed Ingredients & Additives
Asia Pacic is Asias only show and
conference dedicated to the specialist
ingredients and additives used in the
safe and cost-efficient formulation of
animal feeds, aquafeed and dry pet foods.
Exhibitors will be displaying the latest
products from within this sector of the
feed industry.
GRAPAS Asia 2012
The GRAPAS show proles the latest
technology and systems for rice and our
milling, grain processing, preservation,
storage and movement, and noodle,
breakfast cereal and extruded snack
production. Major international companies
will be displaying the latest equipment
used in these processes. PIGI
Victam Asia 2012 to bring together
pig feed professionals in Bangkok
The trade shows new exhibition space, which hosts Victam,
FIAAP and GRAPAS Asia in the same hall, will feature a
larger hall and easy transit to and from the show.
24 Show preview
|

Victam Asia 2012, in combination
with FIAAP and GRAPAS, will offer
technical conferences on topics such
as pig feed ingredients, biomass
technology and grain processing.
What: FIAAP, Victam and
GRAPAS Asia 2012
When: Ofcial opening 15
February, 9:30
15 and 16 February, 10-18
hours
17 February, 10-17 hours
Where: Bangkok
International Trade and
Exhibition Centre
Admission: Free, and visitors
can pre-register at
www.victam.com/?i=134
For more information: visit
www.victam.com
Show facts
15 February:
Aquafeed Horizons Asia 2012
The GRAPAS Asia Conference
2012
16 February:
Petfood Forum Asia 2012,
Petfood Industry Magazine,
Watt Publishing Company
The FIAAP Conference 2012
17 February:
Bioenergy International
Pellets Update Asia The Thai
Feed Conference 2012 Bangkok
Conferences
The Online Catalogue offers you extensive
information for all conrmed exhibitors,
at www.victam.com/?i=158.
You can search by product/service to
nd companies that supply the product or
service that you need or by company name
to nd a specic company.
The catalogue will compile a list
of relevant companies and clicking on
any of the results will show the user all
information, including stand number
and address details, for that particular
company.
Victam, FIAAP and GRAPAS
Asia 2012 Online Catalogue
P
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t
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t
e
s
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w
w
w
.
b
i
t
e
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.
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t
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P
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o
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o

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y

V
i
c
t
a
m
Victam Asia 2012 is moving to
the Bangkok International Trade
and Exhibition Centre, close to
the heart of downtown Bangkok.
C2201_R17433_1111PIGvictamasia_1.BK.indd 24 1/5/2012 10:24:51 AM
|
www.WATTAgNet.com
PRODUCTS
Slap-Shot Co. Inc.
Slap Shot Flexible Oral Doser
The Slap Shot Flexible Oral Doser
was developed by Slap-Shot Co. Inc.
for oral dosing of medicine and vita-
mins to small livestock animals. The
oral doser attaches to disposable or
pistol grip syringes, and is reusable.
The company says it is made of medi-
cal grade, FDA- and USDA-approved
materials.
www.slapshot-ex-vac.com
Merck Animal Health
Panacur AquaSol
Merck Animal Healths Panacur AquaSol
is a swine dewormer, approved for use
in the European Union. The product is
a suspension for use in drinking water,
designed for the treatment and control of
gastro-intestinal nematodes. The com-
pany says the products active ingredi-
ent is fenbendazole, an anthelminthic
medicinal product.
www.merck-animal-health.com
ECO Animal
Health Group Aivlosin
ECO Animal Health Groups Aivlosin is
approved in Canada as 625 mg/g water
soluble granules for pigs. The formula-
tion is marketed for the treatment of il-
eitis (porcine proliferative enteropathy),
an enteric disease of pigs.
www.ecoanimalhealth.com
Master Trading TUBE-O-MAT
Classic wet/dry feeder
Master Trading TUBE-O-MAT Classic
is a wet/dry feeder for pigs. Its classic
metal cylinder, used as dosing unit, has
four wings, which the pigs quickly learn
to activate to make the feed come out
into the trough. An elevated platform
under the dosing unit secures that
the feed outlet is kept dry. The TUBE-
O-MAT also features a built-in water
bowl and water nipples at each end
of the trough.
www.mastertrading.dk

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C2201_R17806_1201PIGprod_1.BK.indd 25 1/5/2012 10:25:07 AM
www.WATTAgNet.com
|
26
|

WEDA Dammann &
Westerkamp GmbH Sow-Comp
Sow-Comp from WEDA Dammann
& Westerkamp GmbH is a demand
feeding station that allows up to 25
devices to be connected for group
management of gestating sows. Each
animal is identifed at the control com-
puter via ear tag transponder, which
adjusts the feed requirements to the
individual animal. Accordingly, the
feed amount assigned to the sow is
dosifcated at the trough and once the
animal has exhausted its ration, the
system switches off the components.
The feeding computer is ISO-AgriNet-
capable, and is compatible with cus-
tomary feeding, separating and heat
systems, the company says.
www.weda.de
BiOWiSH Technologies
BiOWiSH Manure &
Odor Treatment
BiOWiSH Technologies BiOWiSH
Manure & Odor Treatment is de-
signed to reduce ammonia levels
from swine and poultry. According to the
company, the product is 100% organi-
cally certifed in the United States.
www.biowishtechnologies.com
CO2 Meter Inc.
EC100 rechargeable
electrochemical data loggers
CO2 Meter Inc. offers four different
models of its EC100 rechargeable
electrochemical data loggers. These
include data loggers for oxygen,
carbon monoxi de, ethyl ene and
ethylene oxide. The data loggers
feature LiPoly rechargeable batter-
ies, USB plug-and-play capability
with free data acquisition system
software and a logging memory up
to 15,000 data points. The EC100 is
designed to remotely log data on the
concentrations of a chosen gas for
long periods of time. The sensors use
a diffusion sampling method and log
data at 15-second to 18-hour sample
intervals.
www.co2meter.com
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VAN BEEMEN
Tel: +31 344 653 442
Fax: +31 344 653 261
beemenfw@xs4all.nl
Absolute Swine Insemination .........................................10
Agrovet Market S.A. ..........................................................7
Amlan International.........................................................14
Biomin GmbH .................................................................. 11
Hotraco Agri BV ..............................................................25
Impex Barneveld BV ..........................................................7
InterHeat Inc ................................................................... 11
Lubing Maschinenfabrik GmbH ......................................21
Omega Protein Inc ..........................................................26
Produmix SA .................................................................. C4
SPACE................................................................................3
Vi-COR............................................................................ C2
Vitfoss A/S ......................................................................25
Zagro Singapore Pte Ltd .................................................15
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Eliminating Salmonella

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