SOURCE:

Luciano, G. & Scimone, E. (1995). Introduction to interpreting: Bachground notes to interpreting as a profession in a
multicultural society. Bexley, N.S.W.: Lantern Pulication!.
1 Introduction to Interpreting
"nter#retin$ i! a %ery ol& #ro'e!!ion, li(ely to )a%e come into ein$ *)en &i''erent )uman $rou#!
!#ea(in$ &i''erent lan$ua$e! 'elt t)e nee& to !#ea( to eac) ot)er.
1.1 Aims and scope of interpreting
Communication *a! an& )a! remaine& t)e main #ur#o!e o' inter#retin$. +o*e%er, in inter#retin$, t)e
relation!)i# et*een lan$ua$e an& communication i! one *)ic) tran!cen&! t)e normal &imen!ion
an& !co#e o' *or&! utterance in or&er to transmit thoughts 'rom one #er!on (or $rou#) to anot)er. By
eliminatin$ t)e lan$ua$e arrier t)at !e#arate! #eo#le, t)e inter#reter act! a! an in!trument o' mutual
un&er!tan&in$ et*een t)em, t)u! #er'ormin$ an interme&iary 'unction a! *ell a! t)e #rimary
'unction o' con%eyin$ a me!!a$e y mean! o' t)e !#o(en *or&.
1.2 The interpreter's tas
,t international le%el, inter#reter! are in!trument! o' mutual un&er!tan&in$ et*een nation!: in a
!en!e, t)ey #romote #eace an& #ro!#erity amon$ #eo#le o' &i%er!e ori$in! an& intere!t!. ,t )ome,
t)ey 'acilitate t)e relation!)i# et*een citi-en! an& %i!itor! o' a country. "n countrie! o' immi$ration
li(e t)e .S,, /ana&a, ,u!tralia 0 t)e !o0calle& multicultural countrie! 0 t)ey allo* 'or etter
inter#er!onal communication et*een #eo#le *)o !)are t)e !ame citi-en!)i# ut are o' &i''erent
et)nic extraction. "n !o &oin$, inter#reter! allo* e%eryone to )a%e t)e !ame o##ortunitie!, t)u!
a!!i!tin$ in creatin$ !ocial 1u!tice.
1.! The interpreter's "ua#ities
Great 2ualitie! are re2uire& o' inter#reter!. 3o e$in *it), t)ey mu!t )a%e an innate aility to ecome
proficient in two or more languages. 3)i! mu!t e accom#anie& y !#ecial attriute! !uc) a! resistance,
promptness of speech an& o' min&, in a&&ition to !e%eral intellectual $i't!, inclu&in$ memory, power of
concentration... to name ut t*o. 4inally, inter#reter! mu!t )a%e )i$) moral standards an& a sense of
responsibility to $ui&e t)em an& ma(e t)em ai&e y all canon! o' t)e #ro'e!!ion, !uc) a! con'i&entiality,
im#artiality, etc.
,ll t)o!e 2ualitie! ma(e u# t)e ac($roun& to t)e #ro'e!!ional etc. o' t)e inter#reter. , #er!on *)o *ant!
to ecome an inter#reter mu!t a&& to t)em t)e aility to reco$ni-e t)e !u1ect matter #re!ente& 'or
inter#retation an& to *or( com#etently in it. 3o e ale to &o !o, an inter#reter mu!t )a%e a wide culture:
t)e lar$er t)e culture, t)e etter t)e inter#reter5! c)ance! o' !ucce!!. "&eally, inter#reter! *ill e *ell
%er!e& in all current i!!ue! a''ectin$ t)eir country at national a! *ell a! at international le%el. 3)ey *ill
al!o )a%e a (no*le&$e o' )i!tory, $eo$ra#)y, economic!, #olitic!, me&ical !cience!, la*, an& ot)er
!u1ect! o' !#ecial intere!t, not lea!t all t)at concern! $o%ernment or$ani-ation an& #ulic a&mini!tration.
/learly, in t)i! context, t)e a!#irin$ inter#reter! nee& not e un&uly a##re)en!i%e t)at t)ey are ex#ecte& to
e, a! it *ere, *al(in$ encyclo#ae&ia!.
6 "nter#reter!, )o*e%er, mu!t &i!#lay a t)orou$) an& accurate (no*le&$e o' all !u1ect matter concernin$
t)eir *or(, inclu&in$ t)e u!e o' a##ro#riate terminolo$y, to re'lect t)eir un&er!tan&in$ o' t)e conce#t! to
*)ic) it a##lie!. 4or in!tance, it *oul& not e a&mi!!ile 'or an inter#reter to ma(e t)e ty#e o'
lin$ui!tic7$eo$ra#)ic error illu!trate& y t)e 'ollo*in$ exam#le ta(en 'rom t)e #rocee&in$! o' a royal
commi!!ion o' en2uiry )el& !ome year! a$o in Sy&ney. , *itne!!, a!(e& i' !)e (ne* t)e location o'
Portu$al, re#lie&: 8Portu$al9 :), 0 it i! a #lace !ome*)ere in Bra-il.8 Portu$al, o' cour!e, i! not a 8#lace,8
it i! a nation 0 one o' t)e ol&e!t an& mo!t reno*ne& nation! o' Euro#e.
1.$ Interpreting %s trans#ating
3)e *or& interpreting in t)e #ro'e!!ion5! 1ar$on mean! 8to tran!'er orally a text in a lan$ua$e into
anot)er.8 3)e lan$ua$e o' ori$in i! calle& !ource #anguage &S'() t)e lan$ua$e into *)ic) t)e text i! to e
tran!'erre& i! calle& tar$et lan$ua$e (3L).
1;.1 W)en t)e #ro&uct o' t)i! tran!'er a##ear! in t)e written form, t)e *or&! a##lyin$ to t)e #roce!! are
translating and translation.
3)i! cour!e i! e!!entially concerne& *it) inter#retin$. Let u! !ee *)at ot)er &i''erence! t)ere are in
#ractice et*een inter#retin$ an& tran!latin$. 3o t)i! en&, *e !)all 2uote t*o exam#le!.
1.;.< :ne i! t)e length of the text. 3)e inter#reter normally #ro&uce! a text in t)e tar$et lan$ua$e
*)ic) i! !)orter t)an t)e text in t)e !ource lan$ua$e. "n tran!lation t)e contrary i! true: t)e 'inal
#ro&uct come! out in%arialy lon$er t)an t)e ori$inal.
1.;.= ,not)er a!#ect concern! access to reference books. 3)e tran!lator )a! ea!y acce!! &urin$ )i! or
)er *or( to ilin$ual an& monolin$ual &ictionarie!, t)e!auri, encyclo#ae&ia!, an& t)e li(e. 3)i! ne%er
)a##en! 'or inter#retin$: e%eryo&y a!!ume! t)e inter#reter !)oul& (no* any !in$le *or& uttere& y
t)e !#ea(er!. ,n inter#reter *)o con!ult! a &ictionary i!, at time!, loo(e& at *it) !u!#icion.
3)i! i!, in e''ect, an erroneou! attitu&e *)ic) re'lect! t)e incom#lete &e$ree o' (no*le&$e an&
un&er!tan&in$ o' t)e #ro'e!!ion y u!er! o' inter#reter!. ,'ter all, &i&n5t *e !ay t)at inter#reter! are
not *al(in$ encyclo#ae&ia!9
3)ere are encoura$in$ !i$n!, ne%ert)ele!!, t)at t)rou$) an on0$oin$ e&ucation #roce!! o' t)e u!er!,
t)e role o' inter#reter! an& t)e &ynamic! o' t)eir *or( are, $ra&ually, ein$ etter un&er!too& an&
a##reciate&. 3)i! i! an area *)ere inter#reter! t)em!el%e! mu!t #lay a (ey role.
1<
2 'anguage and Communication
W)en #eo#le $et to$et)er, eit)er to *or( or to #lay, to 'i$)t or to ma(e lo%e, t)ey tal( to eac) ot)er.
"t i! )ar& to t)in( o' any #iece o' )uman acti%ity *)ic) i! not accom#anie& y tal(, eit)er oral tal( or
it! recor&e& counter#art, *ritin$. We tal( to &e!crie, to ex#lain, to or&er, to clari'y, to #ro)iit, to
#rai!e, to com#lain...
2.1 *ords and their meaning
,ll our tal( come! in *or&!, *)ic) *e u!e *it) t)e aritrary an& unc)an$eale meanin$! attac)e& to
t)em y t)e lan$ua$e t)ey elon$ to. "' you are En$li!) !#ea(in$ ,u!tralian!, 'or in!tance, you *ill
(no* t)e i&ea o' 818 i! re#re!ente& y t)e *or& one. ,n "talian an& a S#aniar&, to re#re!ent t)e !ame
conce#t, *ill !ay uno; a 4renc), un; a German, eins; a Gree(, ena; a >a#ane!e, ichi, an& !o on.
"nter#reter! !)oul& #o!!e!!, or !tri%e to $et, an exten!i%e %ocaulary ((no*le&$e o' *or&! an& o'
)o* to u!e t)em) in t)eir *or(in$ lan$ua$e!.
2.2 'anguage ru#es
4urt)ermore, t)ere are certain rules in t)e lan$ua$e, *)ic) #re!crie t)at *e u!e t)e *or&! in a
certain *ay, or !e2uence, *)ic) i! al!o aritrary an& unc)an$eale. " can !ay in En$li!), 8" )a%e a re&
oo(,8 ut " cannot !ay, 8Boo( a )a%e " re&,8 or 8" )a%e a oo( re&8 (e%en i' t)e latter *oul& !till
ma(e !ome !en!e).
3)e !ame 'or all lan$ua$e!: i' " *ant to !ay 8" )a%e a re& oo(8 in "talian, " *ill !ay 8)o un liro
ro!!o,8 *)ic) tran!late& ac( literally into En$li!) re#re!ent! !omet)in$ li(e 8" )a%e a oo( re&.8 "t
*oul& e un$rammatical in "talian to !ay t)e e2ui%alent o' 8" )a%e a re& oo(,8 in t)i! or&er.
?ou (no* a lan$ua$e *)en you (no* t)e *or&! ()o* to #ronounce an& )o* to *rite t)em), t)eir
meanin$!, an& t)e rule! 'or or&erin$ t)em a! &one y t)e nati%e !#ea(er! o' t)e lan$ua$e.
1=
:nce you (no* a lan$ua$e, you can u!e t)e rule! o' !uc) a lan$ua$e (it! $rammar in t)e roa&er
!en!e o' t)e *or&) to ma(e ne* #)ra!e! an& !entence! e%ery time you *ant to. Similarly, you may
u!e t)e!e rule! to un&er!tan& any !entence t)at i! #re!ente& to you.
"n !um, t)e numer o' *or&! o' a lan$ua$e i! 'inite, an& !o i! t)e numer o' rule! *)ic) $o%ern *or&
$rou#in$, ut *it) t)e!e you can ma(e in'inite #)ra!e! an& !entence!. 3)e lin$ui!t Noam /)om!(y
calle& t)i! aility t)e 8creati%e a!#ect8 o' lan$ua$e u!e. "t &oe! not mean t)at (no*in$ a lan$ua$e
allo*! you to create literary *or(@ it !im#ly mean! t)at i' you (no* a lan$ua$e you !)oul& e ale to
ma(e a ne* !entence *)ene%er you nee& it an& to un&er!tan& a ne* !entence *)ene%er it i!
#re!ente& to you.
2.! Idio#ect and dia#ect
Lan$ua$e! %ary *it) t)e #er!on! *)o !#ea( t)em an& t)e #lace *)ere !uc) #er!on! li%e.
,ll nati%e !#ea(er! o' a lan$ua$e )a%e a #articular *ay o' !#ea(in$, *)ic) &e#en&! on t)eir a$e, !ex,
moo&, e&ucation. 3)i! #er!onal *ay o' !#ea(in$, calle& idiolect, allo*! you to reco$ni!e a #er!on y
t)e %oice, e%en i' you &o not !ee )im or )er. 3)ere5 are aout ;AA,AAA,AAA En$li!) !#ea(er! in t)e
*orl&@ eac) o' t)em, you mi$)t !ay, !#ea(! a &i''erent i&iolect o' En$li!).
Be$ional %ariation! o' a lan$ua$e are calle& dialects: ,u!tralian an& .S En$li!) can e con!i&ere&
&ialect! o' En$li!). "t i! rat)er &i''icult, )o*e%er, to &e'ine a &ialect a! !uc), t)at i! to &eci&e *)en
t*o ton$ue! are to e cla!!i'ie& a! !e#arate lan$ua$e! in!tea& o' one ein$ a &ialect o' t)e ot)er.
Ne%ert)ele!!, t)ere i! a rule o' t)um *)ic) !tate! t)at t*o &ialect! ecome &i''erent lan$ua$e! *)en
t)ey are mutually unintelli$ile.
?et, Cani!) an& Nor*e$ian are con!i&ere& !e#arate lan$ua$e!, e%en i' t)eir !#ea(er! can un&er!tan&
eac) ot)er@ !#ea(er! o' many !o0calle& /)ine!e &ialect!, on t)e ot)er )an&, can )ar&ly un&er!tan&
eac) ot)er. , )umori!t once !ai& a &ialect ecome! a lan$ua$e *)en it! !#ea(er! $et an army, a na%y,
an& an air 'orce...
W)ile t)e i&iolect i! no #rolem 'or t)e #ro'e!!ional inter#reter (i' it *ere, t)ere *oul& ne%er e any
inter#retation), a re$ional &ialect may occa!ionally cau!e uncertainty. :ne o' your aut)or!
rememer! an international con'erence at *)ic) )e *a! *or(in$ a! a !imultaneou! inter#reter (*e
!)all !ee later *)at t)at mean!). "t *a! a )i$)ly tec)nical con%ention on 8&ental im#lantolo$y8@ t)e
inter#reter!, )o*e%er, )a& &one t)eir )ome*or( (#re0rea&in$ o' #a#er!, #re#aration o' $lo!!arie!,
etc.) an& *ere co#in$ %ery *ell.
1;
, &ele$ate 'rom t)e .nite& State! !u&&enly !ai&, 8...a #ano$ra#)y i! #re'erale in t)e!e ca!e!.8 Panic@
*)at t)e &e%il *a! t)at9 :ne o' t)e t*o "talian inter#reter! )a& timi&ly trie& to tran!late t)e *or&,
more or le!! literally, into "talian (8#ano$ra'ia8), *)ile t)e ot)er *a! 'rantically $oin$ t)rou$) t)e
&ictionary. Pan... #anacea... #anel... Not)in$.
3)e !#ea(er )a& ma&e a %ery !)ort #au!e. 3)e "talian &ele$ate! to t)e con%ention, a! it )a##en! in
!uc) circum!tance!, )a& turne& roun& an& *ere loo(in$ in2ui!iti%ely to*ar&! t)e inter#reter!5 oot).
Su&&enly t)e trut) !truc( li(e t)e 'amou! li$)tnin$ on t)e roa& to Cama!cu!: t)e $uy meant
8#anto$ra#)y,8 t)at5! *)at )e meantD ,n& t)e "talian 'or t)at i! 8#anto$ra'ia.8 3)e *or& *a! 'e& to
t)e "talian com#onent o' t)e au&ience, *)o no&&e& )a##ily an& turne& ac( to t)eir &ele$ate, *)o
)a& alrea&y re!ume& )i! !#eec).
2.$ S#ang) +argon) cant
Slang *or&! occur 're2uently in !#eec). ,lt)ou$) *e u!e !lan$ on many occa!ion!, it i! &i''icult to
&e'ine it. 3)e u!e o' !lan$, or collo2uial lan$ua$e, create! ne* 'orm! y cominin$ exi!tin$ *or&!
(eat it, ri#0o''), $i%in$ ne* meanin$! to *or&! ($ra!!, #i$, cool), or intro&ucin$ ne* *or&! into t)e
lan$ua$e.
,ll #ro'e!!ion!, !cience!, tra&e! an& occu#ation!, inclu&in$ t)e le!! )onourale one!, )a%e a
lan$ua$e *)ic) inclu&e! *or&! (no*n only to t)eir memer! or initiate!. 3)e!e 8lan$ua$e!8 are
calle& argons (al!o argots, cants!. 3)e exi!tence o' 1ar$on! i! ma&e clear y t)e 'ollo*in$ e#i!o&e, *)ic)
too( #lace !ome year! a$o in a Sy&ney !uuran /ourt o' Petty Se!!ion (no* (no*n a! Local /ourt).
, &octor *a! ein$ cro!!0examine& a! a *itne!! 'or t)e &e'ence in an a!!ault ca!e. 3)e #olice
#ro!ecutor a!(e& t)e &octor: 8Ci& you notice anyt)in$ !#ecial aout t)e &e'en&ant, *)en )e came to
!ee you on >uly <9t)98
83)e &e'en&ant98 a!(e& t)e &octor, *)o until t)en )a& een *aitin$ out!i&e t)e court0room. 8Er
>elen(o%ic,8 !ai& con&e!cen&in$ly t)e #ro!ecutor.
:), ye!,8 !ai& t)e &octor, 8)e )a& a #eri0ori a ))ematoma,8 an&, to t)e
#ro!ecutor5! !tarin$ loo(, )e a&&e& 8, lac( eye.8 3o eac) )i! o*n 1ar$on.
2,- Idiom
4inally, in a&&ition to !in$le or com#oun& *or&! *e (no* in a lan$ua$e, t)ere :re #)ra!e!, calle&
idioms, t)e meanin$ o' *)ic) cannot e in'erre& y t)e
1-
in&i%i&ual *or&! t)ey con!i!t o'. +ere are !ome exam#le! o' En$li!) i&iom!: to ta(e !omeone 'or a
ri&e, to $i%e a #iece o' one5! min&, to ite one5! ton$ue... /an you t)in( o' any i&iom! in your ot)er
lan$ua$e9 Later in t)e cour!e (FG.=) you5ll !ee )o* to )an&le inter#retin$ !ituation! in *)ic)
!#ea(er! u!e i&iom!, *or&0#lay an& ot)er (in&! o' 8culture0oun&8 ex#re!!ion!.
! O.+ects and /odes of Interpreting
"n our intro&uctory comment! *e mentione& !e%eral 2ualitie! nee&e& y inter#reter!. :nce e2ui##e&
*it) all t)e!e 2ualitie!, t)e inter#reter! *ill e rea&y... 'or trainin$. 3)e trainin$ *ill $i%e t)e
inter#reter! &i''erent !(ill!, accor&in$ to t)e exi!tin$ area! o' !#eciali!ation.
3)e main area! o' !#eciali!ation are consecuti"e an& simultaneous inter#retin$. Eac) o' t)e!e allo*!
!u!tantial %ariation! *it)in it!el'. 3)e!e %ariation! (or mo&e!) *ill e &i!cu!!e& in&i%i&ually, un&er
!e#arate !u)ea&in$!. 8
!.1 Consecuti%e interpreting
/on!ecuti%e inter#retin$, 'ir!t in time an& 'ir!t in !(ill, i! t)e mo!t ex)au!ti%e 'orm o' inter#retation.
"t con!i!t! o' li!tenin$ to a !#eec) in one lan$ua$e an& tran!latin$ or !ummari!in$ it orally into
anot)er. 3)e time la#!e et*een t)e !#eec) an& it! inter#retation %arie!@ 'or #ractical #ur#o!e!, t*o
ty#e! o' con!ecuti%e inter#retation are con!i&ere&:
#.$.$ Sentence%by%sentence interpretation. ,l!o (no*n a! 8&ialo$ue inter#retin$,8 t)i! i! t)e common
met)o& o' inter#retin$ in ,u!tralian court!, commi!!ion!, triunal!, at con'erence!, inter%ie*! an&
ot)er 8trian$ular8 !ituation! (%.F11.<). "t re2uire! $oo& memory trainin$.
#.$.& Summarising the whole speech. 3)i! may la!t one, t*o, 'i%e, ten minute!, u# to )al' an )our or one
)our. 3)i! ty#e o' inter#retation, re'erre& to in mo!t ca!e! a! 8con!ecuti%e inter#retin$,8 re2uire!
excellent memory an& noteta(in$ !(ill!, ot) otainale y trainin$ an& exerci!e.
1G
!.2 Sight trans#ation
3)i! i! t)e rea&in$ alou& in one lan$ua$e o' a text #re!ente& to t)e inter#reter in anot)er lan$ua$e.
3)e time la#!e et*een t)e mental rea&in$ o' t)e me!!a$e an& it! ren&ition a##roac)e! t)e
!imultaneou! tec)ni2ue. 3)e inter#reter, )o*e%er, )ol&! control o' t)e !ource lan$ua$e@ *it)
#ractice, )e or !)e learn! to rea& a)ea& o' *)at )e or !)e i! tran!latin$.
Si$)t tran!lation i! u!e& *)en a &ocument emer$e! &urin$ an inter#retin$ !e!!ion, 'or exam#le, a
letter or a tele$ram #ro&uce& in e%i&ence in court, t)e rea&in$ o' t)e in&ictment to t)e accu!e&, t)e
tran!lation o' a contract or ot)er &ocument *)ic) conclu&e! a meetin$ *it) a !olicitor or a an(
mana$er, an& !o on. "t may al!o e an inte$ral #art o' t)e inter#retin$ !e!!ion, !uc) a! t)e oral te!t
(8(no*le&$e te!t8) at Eotor Be$i!trie!, *)ere inter#reter! rea& 2ue!tion! to can&i&ate! 'rom te!t
#a#er! or com#uter !creen!.
!.! Simu#taneous interpreting
3)i! i! u!e& 'or lar$e meetin$!, 'or exam#le con'erence! an& con%ention!. "t con!i!t! o' inter#retin$
t)e !#eec) *)ile li!tenin$ to it. "t re2uire! !#eciali!e& trainin$ an& e2ui#ment: !oun&0#roo' oot)!,
)ea&#)one!, ear#)one!, micro#)one!, am#li'ier!, a! *ell a! a !oun& en$ineer to monitor an&
!u#er%i!e t)e lot.
!.$ Out,of,.ooth interpreting
, %ariation o' =.=. 3)e inter#reter has no oot), !it! at a &i!tance 'rom t)e !#ea(er an& *)i!#er! in a
micro#)one t)e inter#retation o' t)e !#eec), *)ic) t)o!e concerne& li!ten to t)rou$) )ea&#)one! or
ear#)one!.
3)i! inter#retation *a! u!e& 'or t)e 'ir!t time in an ,u!tralian court at t)e trial o' a lar$e numer o'
&e'en&ant! *)o !#o(e a lan$ua$e ot)er t)an En$li!). Eore recently, t)e #ractice )a! e$un to $ain
acce#tance in court! in Ne* Sout) Wale!, *)ere inter#reter! 'rom t)e Et)nic ,''air! /ommi!!ion
)a%e een allo*e& to u!e #ortale *irele!! e2ui#ment, *)ic) enale! t)em to inter#ret
!imultaneou!ly 'or u# to 'i%e in&i%i&ual! *it)out t)e nee& to e near eac) o' t)em.
,lternati%ely, *)en no )ea&#)one! or ear#)one! are a%ailale, t)e inter#reter may e #lace& *it) )i!
or )er lan$ua$e $rou# an& #ro%i&e t)e inter#retation alou&, *it)in t)e con'ine! o' t)at $rou#. 3)i! i!
o'ten t)e ca!e, in ,u!tralia, *it) #arent0teac)er meetin$! or ot)er !imilar $at)erin$!.
!.- *hispered interpretation
W)en t)ere are one or t*o #er!on! *)o !#ea( a $i%en lan$ua$e, t)e inter#reter !it! next to t)em, or
et*een t)em, an& ren&er! t)e inter#retation 8!otto %oce,8 'or t)em only. "' t)ey *ant to contriute
!omet)in$ to t)e meetin$, t)e inter#reter *ill inter#ret t)eir comment! y t)e con!ecuti%e met)o&.
W)i!#ere& inter#retation i! #racti!e& in ,u!tralian court!, *it) t)e inter#reter !ittin$ near t)e accu!e&
an& inter#retin$ 'or )i! or )er ene'it all t)e #rocee&in$!. "n t)eory, *)i!#ere& inter#retation nee& not
e !imultaneou!, alt)ou$) it u!ually en&! u# ein$ !o, a! t)e !#ea(er! ten& to i$nore or 'or$et t)e
inter#reter!, e!#ecially i' !uc) inter#reter! are !o a&e#t at &oin$ t)eir *)i!#erin$ t)at t)ey &o not
&i!tur t)e au&ience.
"n conclu&in$ our intro&uction, *e !tate& t)at t)i! cour!e i! mainly concerne& *it) inter#retin$,
rat)er t)an tran!latin$. We )a%e t)en i&enti'ie& t)e %ariou! mo&e! in *)ic) inter#retin$ can occur. :'
t)e!e, you !)all ecome more ac2uainte& *it) t)e con!ecuti%e mo&e, a! t)e one *)ic) *ill 'orm t)e
core o' our trainin$ #ro$ram.
SE'0,RE1ISIO2 E3ERCISE 2o. I
1. W)at are t)e 2ualitie! re2uire& o' an inter#reter9
<. W)at i! inten&e& 'or !ource lan$ua$e9
=. W)at i! inten&e& 'or tar$et lan$ua$e9
;. W)at i! an i&iolect9
5. Ce'ine 1ar$on, cant, !lan$, an& i&enti'y t)e intrin!ic &i''erence! et*een t)e!e cultural
a!#ect! o' lan$ua$e.
H. W)at are i&iom!9
G. W)at &i!tin$ui!)e! con!ecuti%e 'rom !imultaneou! inter#retation9
I. "&enti'y an& &e'ine %ariou! ty#e! o' !imultaneou! inter#retation.
9. W)at !(ill! are nece!!ary in t)e con!ecuti%e mo&e! o' inter#retation9
1A. W)at i! meant y !i$)t tran!lation9