Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
CHAPTER TWO
The most plentiful rock forming silicate in the earth’s crust is FELDSPAR
Takes up over 50% of the earth’s crust FELDSPAR
On the Mohs hardness scale, feldspar is a 6
Feldspar has __ cleavage planes at __ degrees 2, 90
Two groups of feldspar are ORTHOCLASE AND PLAGIOCLASE
Orthoclase feldspar is very common IN GRANITE
Orthoclase feldspar is ______ in color PINK
Soda-lime feldspar PLAGIOCLASE
Ferromagnesian, green-black in color PLAGIOCLASE
_________ is the 2nd most common mineral, after feldspars QUARTZ
Quartz is the __________ common mineral HARDEST
On the Mohs hardness scale, quartz is a 7
Quartz has _____________ fracture CONCHOIDAL
Conchoidal fracture has a gentle ______ in it CURVE
Quartz occurs in many different _______ COLORS
Mica is a ___ to ___ on the Mohs hardness scale 2, 3
Mica peels away in _______ SHEETS
The two types of mica are MUSCOVITE AND BIOTITE
Most silicates form from _______________________ COOLING MAGMA OR LAVA
Carbonates contain the carbonate ______________ ion POLYATOMIC
__________ is the most common carbonate CALCITE
Calcite is found in _________ and ________ LIMESTONE, MARBLE
Calcite has __ cleavage planes at __ degrees 3, 60
Calcite is susceptible to _______________ _____ HYDROCHLORIC ACID
2 other carbonates that are important are AZURITE, MALACHITE
Azurite is _____ in color BLUE
Malachite is _____ in color GREEN
An oxide is a __________________________________ METAL BONDED WITH OXYGEN
__________ and __________ are important evaporates HALITE, GYPSUM
The most important oxide is __________ HEMATITE
A sulfide is a __________________________________ METAL BONDED WITH SULFUR
__________ and ___________ are important sulfides PYRITE (FOOL’S GOLD), GALENA
__________ is the major ingredient in sheetrock and plaster GYPSUM
__________ is used primarily for road salt in winter HALITE
Huge deposit of _______ is located in upstate NY HALITE
Important native minerals are Au, Pt, C, Cu, S, Ag, Hg
An ____ is a useful metallic mineral that is mined for a profit ORE
A mineral ________ is a known deposit that is not recoverable RESOURCE
The _________ is the useless part of an ore GANGUE
Igneous rocks consist mostly of SILICATES
Igneous rocks form from COOLING/CRYSTALLIZING MAGMA
Extrusive rocks result from VOLCANIC ERUPTION
Rock formed underground is called INTRUSIVE (PLUTONIC)
______ is hot vicious fluid MAGMA
Molecules / Ions arrange themselves into patterns is CRYSTALLIZATION (magma creation)
_____ cooling means large crystals SLOW
Fast cooling means ______ crystals SMALL
Very rapid cooling results in no _____ structure (volcanic glass) CRYSTALLINE
Igneous texture depends on the _____ and ____ of crystals SIZE, SHAPE
Extrusive rocks are _____-grained FINE
Intrusive rocks are _____-grained COARSE
Fine-grained rock have very ____ crystals TINY
Extrusive (fine-grained) rocks are ____________ APHANITIC
Intrusive (coarse-grained) rocks are ___________ PHANERITIC
Intrusive rocks have ______ crystals that are equally sized LARGE
Porphyritic texture is a combination of ____ and ___ crystals LARGE, SMALL
Large crystals are also called PHENOCRYSTS
Magma that suddenly erupts onto surface has _____ texture PORPHYRITIC
Sediments are formed by WEATHERING
Andesite is a _____-grained rock COARSE
Airborne lava cools ________, and has no __________ _________ RAPIDY, CRYSTALLINE
STRUCTURE
Pumice has many ______ and _______ called ________ HOLES, POCKETS, VESICLES
Scoria is formed as lava is ______ ____ ___ __ ____ BEING SHOT INTO THE AIR
Pumice is formed when a ________ is ________ VOLCANO, ERUPTED
Igneous names are groups based on their ___ of light/dark minerals PERCENTAGE
________ is the most common igneous rock BASALT
Granitic rocks are also called ______ rocks FELSIC
Felsic rocks have mostly ____-colored silicates LIGHT
Most of the felsic rocks are rich in ________, about __% SILICA, 70
Felsic rocks also consist of 10% ____ ________ (like Biotite) DARK SILICATES
Four important felsic rocks are _____, _____, _____ and _____ GRANITE, RHHYOLITE, PUMICE, OBSIDIAN
_________ is the most common extrusive rock BASALT
______________ creates sediments WEATHERING
_______ carries sediments away EROSION
____________ turns sediments into other rocks LITHIFICATION
Sedimentary rock is important to ____________ GEOLOGISTS
__% of surface rocks are sedimentary 75
Sedimentary rock tell us ______ _________ EARTH’S HISTORY
Sedimentary rock is also very important ECONOMICALLY
____, ____ and _______ are important sedimentary rocks COAL, OIL, METALS
_____ forms from the breakdown of feldspar CLAY
_______ is very durable QUARTZ
Roundness of detrital rocks indicate ____ AGE
The rounder, the ______ OLDER
_________ _____ tells about transportation PARTICLE SIZE
The larger, the stronger the _______ CURRENT
A detrital rock that is deposited in thick layers STRATA
Natural cements hold strata’s layers together CALCITE, SILICA, IRON OXIDE
Conglomerate is _____-grained COARSE
______ is the weakest detrital rock SHALE
Evapoites form from _____________ _____ _______ EVAPORATING SEA WATER
Calcite can be determined from the ____ test HYDROCHLORIC ACID (HCL)
_____ cement is much more durable than calcite cement SILICA
________ ________ rocks result from materials carried in solution CHEMICAL SEDIMENTARY
__________ is the most common chemical sedimentary rock LIMESTONE
Limestone is made of mostly ______ CALCITE
Dissolved silicates CHERT, GEODES (microcrystalline quartz)
_____ is mostly organic carbon COAL
Carboniferous Period lasted 300 MILLION YEARS
Material accumulates in _______ swamps TROPICAL
____ is the first step of coal compaction PEAT
_______ & _________ are sedimentary coal LIGNITE, BITUMINOUS
___________ is metamorphic coal ANTHRACITE
_______ marks are preserved in stones sometimes RIPPLE
_____ is sedimentary rock layers STRATA
____________ is creating layers STRATAFICATION
______________ means to “change form” METAMORPHISM
When rocks are changed due to heat and pressure METAMORPHISM
Changes during metamorphism can be extremely _________ RADICAL
_______ can be obliterated during metamorphism FOSSILS
_____ can flow and fold ROCKS
_______ or _______ metamorphism only affects a small area around magma THERMAL, CONTACT
________ metamorphism affects large portions REGIONAL
____ is the most important metamorphism agent HEAT
________ ________ temperatures increase as you go down GEOTHERMAL GRADIENT
_______ increases with depth PRESSURE
Pressure can shorten or ________ rocks ELONGATE
Surface rocks are brittle FLEXIBLE
_______ rocks become ductile at high temperatures SURFACE
Low-grade change makes rock ________ DENSER
High-grade change causes ___________ & ________ crystals RECRYSTALLIZATION, LARGER
Many _________ rock have visible crystals METAMORPHIC
Banded structure FOLIATION
Foliation means that the rock has very ____ layers THIN
Nonfoliated rocks are made out of _ mineral and don’t have _____ 1, LAYERS
Foliated rocks are common among __________________ rocks METAMORPHIC
Slate is a ____-grade rock that forms from ______ LOW, SHALE
Schist is a ____-grade rock that forms from ______ HIGH, SHALE
_____ has a very strong banding appearance GNEISS
Gneiss starts as _______ GRANITE
____________ are also common among metamorphic rocks NONFOLIATED ROCKS
______ is a popular building material MARBLE
Marble is a coarse __________ CRYSTALLINE
Quartzite starts as ______ sandstone, and is ____-grade QUARTZ, HIGH
Mineral ______ are a known deposit, don’t know how to get it RESOURCES
Mineral ______ are a known deposit, profitable to mine RESERVE
The ____ is the valuable part of a mineral ORE
The _____ is the useless part of a mineral GANGUE
Ore of Aluminum BAUXITE
Ore of Iron HEMATITE
Ore of Lead GALENA
Ore of Mercury CINNABAR