Assistant Professor - UCET Telecommunication Systems & Applications SDH/SONET SDH/SONET, created in the mid-1980s, is the second generation of digital hierarchy. Whereas PDH involves a lot of overhead because it includes three standards throughout the world, SDH/SONET uses one common standard that applies to networks worldwide. SDH International Telecommunication Union (ITU) documented in standard G.707 and its extension G.708 Uses single master clock for synchronization. Basic transmission rate is 155.52Mbps SDH/SONET SONET is the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standard, which is part of SDH, and it is used in North America. SDH/SONET was created to be an industry standard for high-speed transmission over optical fiber. It was actually part of a much bigger standard in the works at that time Broadband ISDN. Broadband ISDN Two technologies were required in order to support such applications: a transport infrastructure (SDH/SONET) that had the significant bandwidth needed to support the applications and a switching technology (ATM) SDH/SONET for Optical Fiber SDH/SONET is a family of transmission standards designed to achieve compatibility between different fiber-optic transport products as well as to provide compatibility with the existing digital hierarchy, PDH. SDH defines a new table of data rates that are much higher than older transmission rates. SDH/SONET RING ARCHITECTURE Ring Example F C B D E A SONET: Bi-Directional Line-Switched Ring (BLSR) SDH: Multiplex Section Shared Protection Ring (MS-SPRING) S S S S S S S: Service P P P P P P P: Protection Original Circuit Protection Switch Ring Example F C B D E A S S S S S S S: Service P P P P P P P: Protection Original Circuit Protection Switch X SONET/SDH Dual Rings SONET/SDH Ring SONET/SDH Ring Telephone Switch Telephone Switch Telephone Switch Telephone Switch Rings can be Wrapped if a Trunk line is Broken SDH/SONET Frame In the case of SONET, this frame is called the Synchronous Transport Signal (STS). In SDH, the frame is called the Synchronous Transport Module (STM). The electrical side of the SONET signal is known as the STS, and the electrical side of the SDH is known as the STM. The optical side of a SONET/SDH signal is known as the Optical Carrier (OC). SDH/SONET Hierarchy The SDH/SONET signal hierarchy deals with Optical Carrier (OC) levels, which refer to the optical aspect of the transmission the optical pulse as it travels through the fibers. These optical pulses go through electronic muxes, and when the signal is going through these network elements, the bits are packaged in a frame for transport across the fiber. The SDH/SONET Hierarchy SONET Electrical Signal Optical Signal Bit Rate (Mbps) SDH Electrical Signal STS-1 OC-1 51.84 N/A or STM-0 STS-3 OC-3 155.52 STM-1 STS-9 OC-9 466.56 STM-3 STS-12 OC-12 622.08 STM-4 STS-18 OC-18 933.12 STM-6 STS-24 OC-24 1244.16 STM-8 STS-36 OC-36 1866.24 STM-12 STS-48 OC-48 2488.32 STM-16 STS-192 OC-192 9953.28 STM-64 STS: Synchronous Transport Signal OC: Optical Channel STM: Synchronous Transfer Module Find the data rate of an STS-1 signal Each Synchronous Transfer Signal STS-n is composed of 8000 frames. Each frame is a two-dimensional matrix of bytes with 9 rows by 90 n columns. Solution STS-1, like other STS signals, sends 8000 frames per second. Each STS-1 frame is made of 9 by (1 90) bytes. Each byte is made of 8 bits. The data rate is SONET Framing STM-N FRAME STRUCTURE 270 x N Columns 261 x N Columns 9 x N Columns 9
R o w s = 8 bits/byte SDH Rate ITU-T defines the frequency to be 8000 frames per second for all levels in STM hierarchy STM-1 Rate : 9 rows x 270 columns x 8 bits/byte x 8000 frames per second = 155.52 Mb/s STM-4 Rate : 9 rows x (270 x 4) columns x 8 bits/byte x 8000 frames per second = 622 Mb/s Find the data rate of an STS-3 signal. Solution STS-3, like other STS signals, sends 8000 frames per second. Each STS-3 frame is made of 9 by (3 90) bytes. Each byte is made of 8 bits. The data rate is Duration of an STS frame What is the duration of an STS-1 frame? STS-3 frame? STS-n frame? Solution In SONET, 8000 frames are sent per second. This means that the duration of an STS-1, STS-3, or STS-n frame is the same and equal to 1/8000 s, or 125 s. What is the user data rate of an STS-1 frame (without considering the overheads)? A SONET System STS Mux/Demux beginning & end points Regenerator repeater that regenerates the optical signals Add/drop mux add signals into a given path or remove a desired signal from a path An Example of a SONET Network Section optical link connecting 2 neighbor devices Line portion of a network between 2 muxes Path - end to end portion of the network between 2 STS muxes SONET/SDH Reference Model Path Layer (close to OSI layer 3 Network) Line Layer (close to OSI layer 2 Data Link) Section Layer (close to OSI layer 2 Data Link) Photonic Layer (close to OSI layer 1 Physical) Manages end-to-end connection, Monitoring and management of user connection. -Also responsible for the movement of signal from its optical source to its optical destination -Transformation of signals -STS mux provides path layer functions Path Layer Multiplexing of several path-layer connection among nodes, Protection and Fault Management. - STS mux and add/drop mux provide line layer functions Line Layer -Responsible for the movement of a signal across a physical section -Framing, error control Section Layer Defines all the transmission requirements of signals. -Specs for optical fiber channel, sensitivity of the receiver Photonic Layer Device-Layer Relationship in SONET STS-1 Frame Overhead SPE Synchronous Payload Envelope - Contains user data Path overhead - end-to-end tracking information Mapping Is the procedure through which signals are packed inside an SDH frame PDH signal passes through the following steps before emerging as an SDH Signal Container (C-X) Virtual Container (VC-X) Tributary Unit (TU-X) Tributary Unit Group (TUG-X) Administrative Unit (AU-4) STM Signal How 2 Mb signals are mapped into an SDH stream? C-12 VC-12 2 Mb/Sec Container Virtual Container Path Overhead (POH) How 2 Mb signals are mapped into an SDH stream? VC-12 STM-1/4/16 Payload Pointer SOH SOH 270 9 TU (Tributary Unit) Formation of Synchronous Signal Pointer Phase relation between virtual container (payload) and subordinate frame Plesiochronous signal Path overhead Additional information for end-to-end monitoring Tributary unit (TU) Virtual container (VC) Container (C) Synchronous Signal MAPPING OF PDH SIGNAL INTO SDH SIGNAL SDH Elements SDH Multiplexing PDH attributes scheme carry into different containers. Note that first digit of lowest level container is 1 and the second digit indicates whether it contains 1.5 Mbps (C11) or 2Mbps (C12). The container and its path overhead collectively form virtual container VC. The VC and its pointer are known as Tributary Unit (TU) if VC carries a lower order tributaries. The largest VC in an STM- 1 frame is known as Administrative Unit (AU). SDH Network Elements PathTerminatingElement These are the end point devices where the lower speed channels enter and leave the SDH Network. These are known as Path Level devices. Digital CrossConnect These devices can x-connect at the STM level down to individual E1 streams. So an E1 stream on one STM trunk could be x-connected to another STM trunk. SDH Network Elements Regenerator Is a device that regenerates the signal. Add/DropMultiplexer The Add/Drop mux has the ability to breakout and insert low speed channels into an STM stream. SDH Network Elements