BASKETBALL

Basketball is a sport played by two teams of five players on a rectangular court.

The objective is to shoot a ballthrough a hoop 18 inches (46 cm) in diameter and
10 feet (3.0 m) high mounted to a backboard at each end. Basketball is one of the
world's most popular and widely viewed sports.
[1]

A team can score a field goal by shooting the ball through the basket during
regular play. A field goal scores two points for the shooting team if a player is
touching or closer to the basket than the three-point line, and three points (known
commonly as a 3 pointer or three) if the player is behind the three-point line. The
team with the most points at the end of the game wins, but additional time
(overtime) may be issued when the game ends with a draw.

Violations are called "fouls". A personal foul is penalized, and a free throw is
usually awarded to an offensive player if he is fouled while shooting the ball.
A technical foul may also be issued when certain infractions occur, most
commonly forunsportsmanlike conduct on the part of a player or coach. A
technical foul gives the opposing team a free throw, and the opposing team also
retains possession of the ball.
As well as many techniques for shooting, passing, dribbling and rebounding,
basketball has specialized player positionsand offensive and defensive
structures (player positioning). Typically, the tallest and strongest members of a
team will play the center or power forward positions, while slightly shorter and
more agile players will play small forward, and the shortest players or those who
possess the best ball handling skills and speed play point guard or shooting
guard.







VOLLEYBALL

Volleyball is a team sport in which two teams of six players are separated by a
net. Each team tries to score points by grounding a ball on the other team's court
under organized rules. It has been a part of the official program of theSummer
Olympic Games since 1964.
The complete rules are extensive. But simply, play proceeds as follows: a player
on one of the teams begins a 'rally' by serving the ball (tossing or releasing it and
then hitting it with a hand or arm), from behind the back boundary line of the
court, over the net, and into the receiving team's court. The receiving team must
not let the ball be grounded within their court.

A volleyball court is 18 m (59 ft) long and 9 m (29.5 ft) wide, divided into 9 m 9 m
halves by a one-meter (40-inch) wide net. The top of the net is 2.43 m (8 ft 0 in)
above the center of the court for men's competition, and 2.24 m (7 ft 4 in) for
women's competition, varied for veterans and junior competitions.
The minimum height clearance for indoor volleyball courts is 7 m (23 ft), although
a clearance of 8 m (26 ft) is recommended.
A line 3 m (9.84 ft) from and parallel to the net is considered the "attack line". This
"3 meter" (or "10-foot") line divides the court into "back row" and "front row"
areas (also back court and front court). These are in turn divided into 3 areas
each: these are numbered as follows, starting from area "1", which is the position
of the serving player:







TABLE TENNIS

Table tennis (also called ping pong) is a sport in which two or four players hit a
lightweight ball back and forth using a table tennis racket. The game takes place
on a hard table divided by a net. Except for the initial serve, players must allow a
ball played toward them only one bounce on their side of the table and must
return it so that it bounces on the opposite side. Points are scored when a player
fails to return the ball within the rules. Play is fast and demands quick reactions.
Spinning the ball alters its trajectory and limits an opponent's options, giving the
hitter a great advantage. When doing so the hitter has a good chance of scoring if
the spin is successful.
Table tennis is governed by the worldwide organization International Table
Tennis Federation, founded in 1926. ITTF currently includes 220 member
associations.
[1]
The table tennis official rules are specified in the ITTF
handbook.
[2]
Table tennis has been an Olympic sport since 1988,
[3]
with several
event categories. In particular, from 1988 until 2004, these were: men's singles,
women's singles, men's doubles and women's doubles. Since2008, a team event
has been played instead of the doubles.
After the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, the ITTF instituted several rule
changes that were aimed at making table tennis more viable as a televised
spectator sport.First, the older 38 mm (1.50 in) balls were officially replaced by
40 mm (1.57 in) balls in October 2000.This increased the ball's air resistance and
effectively slowed down the game. By that time, players had begun increasing the
thickness of the fast sponge layer on their paddles, which made the game
excessively fast and difficult to watch on television. A few months later, the ITTF
changed from a 21-point to an 11-point scoring system (and the serve rotation
was reduced from five points to two), effective in September 2001 .This was
intended to make games more fast-paced and exciting.




LAWN TENNIS
Tennis is a racquet sport that can be played individually against a single opponent (singles) or
between two teams of two players each (doubles). Each player uses a racquet that is strung with
cord to strike a hollow rubberball covered with felt over or around a net and into the
opponent's court. The object of the game is to play the ball in such a way that the opponent is not
able to play a good return. The opponent who is unable to return the ball will not gain a point, while
the opposite opponent will.