Bonfring International Journal of Power Systems and Integrated Circuits, Vol.

1, Special Issue, December 2011 11

ISSN 2250 1088 | 2011 Bonfring

AbstractThis paper presents a system in which a wind
Permanent Magnet Generator (PMG) feeds an isolated load
through a Closed Loop Boost Converter (CLBC). The output
voltage and frequency of the PMG is variable in nature due to
non uniform wind velocities. The fluctuating output is rectified
and kept constant by means of a boost converter. The boost
converter is provided with a closed loop feedback control,
which is designed using a PID controller. In this converter,
the output voltage is continuously sensed and duty ratio of the
switch is varied to maintain a constant DC output voltage.
This converter output is converted to single phase ac using a
single phase PWM inverter, which employes PWM unipolar
switching to control the output voltage and current. A three-
phase ac source, based on a-b-c reference frame is used to
simulate the performance of this system. The power converters
together with independent control systems can effectively
improve the output voltage and frequency of the wind PMG
feeding an isolated load.

Keywords---Closed Loop Boost Converter (CLBC);
Permanent Magnet Generator (PMG); PWM Unipolar Single
Phase Inverter; Three Phase Diode Bridge Rectifier

I. INTRODUCTION
IND-power technology is experiencing significant
growth in developing countries like India. As a result
of scientific assessments of wind resources throughout India,
wind power has emerged as a viable and cost-effective option
for power generation. Also studies shows that small-scale
WECS are more efficient and cost effective. Among AC type
generation systems, those based on PMG is one of the most
favorable and reliable methods of power generation for small
and large wind turbines. To meet the amplitude and frequency
requirements of conventional loads, the amplitude and
frequency outputs of PMG require additional conditioning [1].
This paper presents an efficient small scale wind energy
conversion system using PMG and power electronic
converters. In the proposed system, the PMG output is
converted to constant DC using a full bridge rectifier and a
CLBC. This constant DC output is converted to AC using

B. Shyam, M.Tech Scholar, Department of EEE, Amal Jyothi College of
Engineering, Kottayam, India. E-mail: shyambal@gmail.com
Aswathy B.Raj, M.Tech Scholar, Department of EEE, Amal Jyothi College
of Engineering, Kottayam, India. E-mail: aswathybraj@gmail.com
Robins Anto, Assistant Professor, Department of EEE, Amal Jyothi
College of Engineering, Kottayam, India. E-mail:
robinsanto@amaljyothi.ac.in
SPWM single phase inverter with unipolar voltage switching..
II. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION



Figure 1: Block Diagram of the Proposed System
The block diagram of the proposed system is shown in
Fig. 1. The wind turbine is the prime mover of the PMG. As
wind velocity is non-uniform in nature, the output of
permanent magnet generator will be fluctuating. Therefore it
cannot be directly interfaced to the load. The output of PMG is
converted to constant DC using a full bridge rectifier and a
CLBC. This constant DC output is converted to AC using
interfacing inverter. This inverter is controlled by SPWM with
unipolar voltage switching.
A. Permanent Magnet Generator (PMG)
This proposal focuses on permanent magnet (PM)
machine as a generator for the wind turbine system. PM
machines may be grouped in several categories, those with
surface mounted magnets, those with buried magnets and
those with damper windings. In PMGs with many poles,
because of the relatively large air- gap, the leakage flux
remains below an acceptable limit [2], [3]. PM machines with
a large number of poles may be designed with smaller D2L
value for a given output. This means that PM machines with
many poles will have an acceptable size in relation to the rated
output. PM machines with surface mounted magnets may be
designed with relatively large air-gap. This eases the
mechanical problems encountered when building and
operating a large generator. On the other hand, surface
mounted magnets eliminate the problems of high voltages at
speeds above the base speed, because of reduced field
weakening. Advantages of PMGs are highest energy yield,
higher active/reactive power controllability, absence of
brush/slip ring, low mechanical stress, absence copper losses
on rotor, high power density, lower rotor inertia, robust
construction of the rotor and low level of acoustic noise
[4],[5].

PMG Based Wind Energy Conversion System with
Closed Loop Boost Converter
B. Shyam, Aswathy B. Raj and Robins Anto
W
Bonfring International Journal of Power Systems and Integrated Circuits, Vol. 1, Special Issue, December 2011 12
ISSN 2250 1088 | 2011 Bonfring
B. Rectification and Regulation
The 3phase full bridge rectifier circuit is shown in Fig. 2,
which converts 3 phase AC generated by PMG to DC.



Figure 2: Three Phase Diode Bridge Rectifier
The three phase input voltages are represented in a-b-c
reference frame as Vab, Vbc and Vac respectively. The
magnitude of the output voltage Vdcr varies with the change in
AC input due to the varying wind velocity. This dc is stored in
a battery, which is used to supply energy when wind velocity
is low. The varying DC output of the three phase rectifier and
battery is stepped up and maintained constant with the help of
a closed loop DC-DC boost converter. The circuit of the boost
converter is shown in Fig.3.



Figure 3: Three Phase Diode Bridge Rectifier
The output voltage of the boost converter is given by,

Where, Vs is the input voltage, V0 is the output voltage and
D is the duty ratio of the switch. From equation (1), it is clear
that for a boost converter 200% step up is possible when
D=0.5 [6]. The CLBC steps up variable DC to constant DC
irrespective of variations in input voltage [7]. In the proposed
system a PI controller based CLBC is used. The output of the
CLBC remains constant even if there are variations in the
input voltage. A schematic diagram of CLBC is shown in


Figure 4: Schematic Diagram of CLBC
Closed loop control is obtained by comparing the reference
signal with the output of the boost converter. The reference
signal corresponds to the desired output voltage. The duty
ratio of the boost converter is adjusted to compensate the
changes in input voltage and thereby keeps the output voltage
at a desired value.
C. Interfacing inverter
One of the most common problems when connecting small
renewable energy systems to the electric grid concerns the
interface unit between the power sources and the load.


Figure 5: Schematic Diagram of Single Phase Inverter
An inverter is a circuit that converts DC to AC. PWM is a
switching technique that is used to decrease the total harmonic
distortion (THD) in the inverter circuit. The output of CLBC is
fed to a single phase inverter which converts the constant DC
to constant AC having a frequency of 50Hz. The schematic
diagram of a single phase inverter is shown in Fig. 5, where
Vdc is the output of the CLBC, R is the load and S1, S2, S3,
S4 are MOSFET switches. PWM unipolar switching is
employed for controlling the inverter switches, in which the
amplitude of the significant harmonics and its sidebands is
much lower for all modulation indices. This makes the
filtering easier.
III. CONTROL SYSTEM
The control system of the proposed system includes
control of the CLBC and the interfacing inverter. Control of
the boost converter aims at maintaining a constant DC input
to the interfacing inverter. Control of interfacing inverter
provides for active and reactive power injection, and harmonic
compensation.

Bonfring International Journal of Power Systems and Integrated Circuits, Vol. 1, Special Issue, December 2011 13
ISSN 2250 1088 | 2011 Bonfring
A. Control Strategy for CLBC


Figure 6: Control Strategy for CLBC
Control strategy for closed loop DC-DC boost converter is
shown in Fig. 6. Here the output voltage is sensed and it is
compared with a set reference voltage. The error is processed
through a PID controller. The output of PID controller is used
to modulate the pulses that drive the MOSFET gate. The gate
signals of MOSFET are generated by PWM by comparing a
carrier signal with the signal generated by PID controller. The
simplest way to generate a PWM signal is the interceptive
method, which requires only a saw tooth or a triangle
waveform and a comparator. When the value of the reference
signal is more than the modulation waveform, the PWM signal
is in the high state, otherwise it is in the low state.
B. Control strategy for interfacing inverter
Control strategy for grid side inverter is shown in Fig. 7.
The duty ratio of inverter switches are varied in a power cycle
appears as voltage to the load. In this scheme, the triangular
carrier waveform is compared with two reference signals Vr
and -Vr which are positive and negative signal. The process of
comparing these two signals to produce the unipolar voltage
switching signal is graphically illustrated in Fig.8. In unipolar
voltage switching, the output voltage switches between 0 and
Vdc, or between 0 and Vdc. In unipolar voltage switching
scheme, the amplitude of the significant harmonics and its
sidebands is much lower for all modulation indices thus
making filtering easier, and with its size being significantly
smaller.




Figure 7: Control Strategy for Grid Side Inverter


Figure 8: Unipolar Voltage Switching Signal
IV. SIMULATION RESULTS
The proposed model is simulated using MATLAB7.1 and
the simulation model is shown in Fig. 9. The voltage is
measured at different points in the simulation circuit. The
system is tested with different load and source voltages. The
designed system generates AC power with a 24V PMG. The
generated output is converted to DC and it will vary with the
wind speed. Fig. 10 shows the output of 3 phase full bridge
rectifier. This DC voltage is then boosted with the closed loop
boost converter (CLBC). Thus the output at the CLBC is
always rated voltage as shown in Fig 11.


Figure 9: MATLAB/Simulink Simulation model
Referring to Fig. 11, the output of the CLBC is constant at
48V DC (ref voltage). CLBC parameters are, L=0.165 mH,
C=153.75 F, fs=100 kHz, V0=48V, Kp=0, Ki=5.



Figure 10: Rectifier Output Voltage
Bonfring International Journal of Power Systems and Integrated Circuits, Vol. 1, Special Issue, December 2011 14
ISSN 2250 1088 | 2011 Bonfring
The output voltage of CLBC is then converted to single
phase AC. A MOSFET inverter is designed with an open loop
PWM technique and feeds the AC load. Thus a regulated
single phase AC supply is transmitted to the load. Fig. 12
shows the 50Hz output voltage wave form of the inverter.
Inverter parameters are, modulation index= 0.8, frequency of
carrier wave ftri = 4 kHz, Vo= 48V AC and frequency of sine
wave, fsin= 50 Hz. The voltage and frequency of the output
remains constant irrespective of a wide range of wind speed
variations.



Figure 11: CLBC Output Voltage


Figure 12: Inverter output voltage
V. CONCLUSION
This paper presents an efficient control method for PMG
based wind energy conversion system. In the proposed system,
the output of the PMG is converted to constant DC using a full
bridge rectifier and it is regulated using a PID controller based
CLCB. The constant DC is converted to AC and it is fed to the
load. From the simulation results, we can conclude that, even
at low wind speed and low power generation, the required
voltage and frequency can be obtained at the output. The main
advantage of this system is its minimum wind speed
requirements and reduced generator power ratings.
REFERENCES
[1] R. Esmaili, Application of advanced power electronics in renewable
energy sources and hybrid generating systems, Dept. of Electrical and
Computer Engineering, Ohio State University, 2006.
[2] Z. Chen, and E. Spooner, Wind Turbine Power Converters: a
Comparative Study, IEE Seventh International Conf. Power Electronics
and Variable Speed Drives, pp. 471 476, Sep 1998.
[3] Z. Chen and E. Spooner, A Modular Permanent Magnet Generator for
Variable Speed Wind Turbines, IEE Seventh International Conf.
Electrical Machines and Drives, pp. 453 457, Sep 1995.
[4] Z. Chen and E. Spooner, Grid Interface Options for Variable-Speed
Permanent- Magnet Generators, IEE Proc. Electric Power Applications,
vol.145, pp. 273 283, July 1998.
[5] Hyong Sik Kim, D.D. C , Review on wind turbine generators and
power electronic converters with the grid-connection issues, 20th
Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC),
2010, pp. 1 6, Dec. 2010
[6] N. Mohan, T. M. Undeland and W. P. Robbins, Power Electronics
Converters Applications and Design, 3rd Ed, New York: John Wiley &
Sons, 2004.
[7] G. Liping, Design and implementation of digital controllers for buck
and boost converters using linear and nonlinear control methods,
Dept.of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Auburn University,
Beijing, 2006.