Bonfring International Journal of Power Systems and Integrated Circuits, Vol.

1, Special Issue, December 2011 32

ISSN 2250 1088 | 2011 Bonfring
Abstract--- Automating a distribution system is an effective
means to provide a more reliable and economical system in
the fast growing technological world. This paper delivers into
automating a system using two- stage restoration (partial
automation) and put forward a feeder automation system
based on substation automation platform that can be applied
to electrical distribution systems for high economic-technical
efficiency. Improved reliability is evaluated when feeder
automation is applied to distribution. This paper studies three
different feeders and decides on the most probable reliable
feeder among them.
Keywords--- Reliability Evaluation, Distribution
Automation, Partial Automation or Two Stage Restoration,
Optimum Placement of Switches, Feeder Automation.
I. INTRODUCTION
Power system has a number of generating stations of
different types interconnected by a system of transmission
lines, sub transmission lines and distribution networks to
supply different types of loads to various consumers.
Distribution system is that part of an electrical power system
which is dedicated to delivering electric energy to the
consumer. The distribution system makes use of the
distribution substation, primary feeder, distribution transformer
(DTR) and distribution feeder to supply electric power to the
consumers.[7] Due to the increase in technology customers are
expecting more reliable and economic power from the
suppliers. Reliability can be increased by decreasing the
interruptions. Distribution Automation (DA) is the technique
which is used to reduce the interruptions from distribution
system. When compared to traditional system DA is more
expensive. To satisfy reliability, cost constraints partial
automation can be used.
II. RELIABILITY INDICES
Reliability can be evaluated and analyzed using Reliability
Indices. The reliability indices include load point indices and
overall system indices. [6], [7]
The load point indices are:
Average failure rate (f/yr)

C. Bhargava, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
Sreenidhi Institute of Science and Technology, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh-
India
P.S.R Murthy, Director, School of Electrical Engineering, Sreenidhi
Institute of Science and Technology, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh-India
V. Krishna Murthy, Department of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering, Sreenidhi Institute of Science and Technology, Hyderabad,
Andhra Pradesh-India
Average outage time r (hr)
Average annual outage time U (hr/yr)
Energy not supplied ENS (kWh/yr)
Formulae used to calculate Reliability Indices
A. Load Point Indices:
1
( 1 2 3 ..... )
n
i
i m i (1)

j
= average failure rate
n
1 j i,
j j ij i m im 2 i2 1 i1 i
/ r )/ r . r (r r
(2)
U
i
= r
i

i
(3)

U
i
= average annual outage time
B. System Indices
S.A.I.F.I.: System Average Interruption Frequency Index
is the average number of interruptions that a customer would
experience
= Total number of customer interruptions
Total number of customers served
1
1
n
i
n
i
iNi
Ni
(4)
S.A.I.D.I: System Average Interruption Duration Index is
the average outage duration for each customer served, and is
calculated as
served customers of number Total
durations on interrupti customer all of Sum


n
i
n
i
Ni
UiNi
1
1
(6)
C.A.I.D.I.: Customer Average Interruption Duration Index
is calculated as
Reliability Analysis of Distribution Automation on
Different Feeders
C. Bhargava, P.S.R. Murthy and V. Krishna Murthy
A
Bonfring International Journal of Power Systems and Integrated Circuits, Vol. 1, Special Issue, December 2011 33
ISSN 2250 1088 | 2011 Bonfring
ons interrupti customer of number Total
durations on interrupti customers all of Sum


SAIFI
SAIDI
(7)

A.S.A.I.: Average Service Availability Index
1 1
1
( *8760) ( )
( *8760)
n n
i i
n
i
Ni UiNi
Ni
(8)
E.N.S.: Energy Not Supplied
1
*100
n
i
Ui i
(9)
A.E.N.S.: Alternate Energy Not Supplied
1
1
*100
n
i
n
i
Ui i
Ni
(10)
Where
U=system unavailability
=system failure rate
N=number of consumers
III. TWO STAGE RESTORATION
Two stage restorations (partial automation) is the
combination of both automated and non automated switches. In
a two-stage restoration strategy, a first stage quickly restores a
limited set of customers using automated switches. A later
stage restores additional customers using manual
switches.[2][5]
IV. CASE STUDY ON DIFFERENT TYPES OF DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEMS
A. Analyzing Urban Feeder:
System Description
Consider a 33/11 KV Urban radial distribution system
which consists of circuit breakers, feeders, sectionalizing
switches, normally open tie-switch, 19 distribution
transformers with 2550 customers with an overall average load
consumption of 313.173MW. The reliability of this system is
assessed and a most feasible system is proposed. The urban
feeder is shown in Figure 2.



Figure 1: Flow Chart
V. CASE STUDY ON DIFFERENT TYPES OF DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEMS
A. Analyzing Urban Feeder
System Description
Consider a 33/11 KV Urban radial distribution system
which consists of circuit breakers, feeders, sectionalizing
switches, normally open tie-switch, 19 distribution
transformers with 2550 customers with an overall average load
consumption of 313.173MW. The reliability of this system is
assessed and a most feasible system is proposed. The urban
feeder is shown in Figure 2. The network data and customer
data of urban feeder are shown from the TABLE I, TABLE II.

Bonfring International Journal of Power Systems and Integrated Circuits, Vol. 1, Special Issue, December 2011 34
ISSN 2250 1088 | 2011 Bonfring

Figure 2: Distribution System Urban Feeder

Table 1: Network Data of Urban Feeder


































Table 2: Load Data of Urban Feeder
Load Point Avg Load
No. Of
Customers
avg f (or)
(f/Yr)
LP1 23.738918 247 0.015
LP2 25.967 207 0.015
LP3 21.751 195 0.015
LP4 20.271 192 0.015
LP5 5.639 1 0.015
LP6 40.664 375 0.015
LP7 24.677651 253 0.015
LP8 3.205377 2 0.015
LP9 0.894 15 0.015
LP10 14.064 125 0.015
LP11 30.143 292 0.015
LP12 19.932 157 0.015
LP13 15.764 140 0.015
LP14 2.256 1 0.015
LP15 2.639628 8 0.015
LP16 23.230317 208 0.015
LP17 30.267286 116 0.015
LP18 2.102805 1 0.015
LP19 5.9662 15 0.015

B. Feeder Modeling and Evaluation
This paper describes the reliability evaluation of a utility
network for the following different radial distribution network
configurations.
Without Automation of switches
With Automation of switches
Partial Automation of switches
Optimum placement of switches and its automation

Components Length Avg f (f/Yr)
1 0.24 0.065 0.0156
2 0.12 0.065 0.0078
3 0.04 0.065 0.0026
4 0.28 0.065 0.0182
5 0.16 0.065 0.0104
6 0.08 0.065 0.0052
7 0.12 0.065 0.0078
8 0.16 0.065 0.0104
9 0.04 0.065 0.0026
10 0.12 0.065 0.0078
11 0.08 0.065 0.0052
12 0.12 0.065 0.0078
13 0.04 0.065 0.0026
14 0.04 0.065 0.0026
15 0.08 0.065 0.0052
16 0.04 0.065 0.0026
17 0.08 0.065 0.0052
18 0.16 0.065 0.0104
19 0.04 0.065 0.0026
20 0.04 0.065 0.0026
21 0.04 0.065 0.0026
22 0.2 0.065 0.013
23 0.08 0.065 0.0052
24 0.24 0.065 0.0156
25 0.04 0.065 0.0026
26 0.12 0.065 0.0078
27 0.08 0.065 0.0052
28 0.2 0.065 0.013
Bonfring International Journal of Power Systems and Integrated Circuits, Vol. 1, Special Issue, December 2011 35
ISSN 2250 1088 | 2011 Bonfring
Table 3: Comparing the Results of all Combinations of Urban
Feeder
SAIDI CAIDI ASAI ENS AENS
All Switches
as(MMMM
MAAA)
10.0701
77
20.7546
94
0.998850
4
3090388.
9
1211.9
172
1,3,5,6,8 as
(AAAMM)
13.1872
19
27.1789
35
0.998494
6
4063896.
3
1593.6
848
2,5,6,7,8 as
(AAAMM)
15.8894
08
32.7481
62
0.998186
1
4789767.
1
1878.3
4
1,2,3,4,7 as
(MMAAA)
13.4260
72
27.6712
12
0.998467
3
4313390
1691.5
255
1,3,4,5,7 as
(MMAAA)
10.8137
24
22.2871
48
0.998765
6
3472873.
4
1361.9
112

0
500
1000
1500
2000
All
Switches
Case1 Case2 Case3 Case4

Figure 3: Comparison on All Combinations of Urban Feeder
C. Analyzing of Rural Feeder
System Description
Consider a 33/11 KV Rural radial distribution system
which consists of circuit breakers, feeders, sectionalizing
switches, normally open tie-switch, 21 distribution
transformers with 422 customers with an overall average load
consumption of 72.304 MW. The reliability of this system is
assessed and a most feasible system is proposed. The urban
feeder is shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4: Distribution System Rural Feeder

The network data and customer data of rural feeder are
shown from the TABLE IV, TABLE V.
Table 4: Network Data of Rural Feeder

Components Length Avg f (f/Yr)
1 1.1 0.065 0.0715
2 0.01 0.065 0.00065
3 0.02 0.065 0.0013
4 0.5 0.065 0.0325
5 0.9 0.065 0.0585
6 0.2 0.065 0.013
7 0.2 0.065 0.013
8 0.2 0.065 0.013
9 0.2 0.065 0.013
10 0.01 0.065 0.00065
11 0.01 0.065 0.00065
12 0.01 0.065 0.00065
13 0.2 0.065 0.013
14 0.1 0.065 0.0065
15 0.1 0.065 0.0065
16 0.1 0.065 0.0065
17 0.1 0.065 0.0065
18 0.01 0.065 0.00065
19 0.01 0.065 0.00065
20 0.2 0.065 0.013
21 0.2 0.065 0.013
22 0.2 0.065 0.013
23 0.2 0.065 0.013
24 0.2 0.065 0.013
25 0.1 0.065 0.0065
26 0.3 0.065 0.0195
27 0.1 0.065 0.0065
Table 5: Load Data of Rural Feeder

Load Point
Avg
Load
No. of
Customers
avg f (or)
(f/Yr)
LP1 0.894 7 0.015
LP2 1.314 9 0.015
LP3 2.639 17 0.015
LP4 6.412 7 0.015
LP5 9.602 103 0.015
LP6 5.901 65 0.015
LP7 6.678 3 0.015
LP 8 0.615 14 0.015
LP 9 1.162 14 0.015
LP10 2.367 35 0.015
LP11 1.127 1 0.015
LP12 6.215 63 0.015
LP13 2.544 1 0.015
LP14 1.412 12 0.015
LP15 1.5 6 0.015
LP16 8.284 5 0.015
LP17 8.714 1 0.015
LP18 0.721 2 0.015
LP19 1.282 4 0.015
LP20 2.036 52 0.015
LP21 0.885 1 0.015
D. Feeder Modeling and Evaluation
This paper describes the reliability evaluation of a utility
network for the following different radial distribution network
configurations.

Bonfring International Journal of Power Systems and Integrated Circuits, Vol. 1, Special Issue, December 2011 36
ISSN 2250 1088 | 2011 Bonfring
Without Automation of switches
With Automation of switches
Partial Automation of switches
Optimum placement of switches and its automation
Table 6: Comparing the Results of all Combinations of Rural
Feeder
SAIDI CAIDI ASAI ENS AENS
All Switches
as
(AAMMMA)
11.514863 17.155636 0.9986855 793870.81 1881.2105
1,3,4,5,6 as
(AMMAA)
17.951454 26.745313 0.9979508 1171109 2775.1399
1,2,4,5,6 as
(AAMMA)
16.259851 24.225046 0.9981439 1071168.4 2538.3137
1,2,3,5,6 as
(AAMMA)
14.29327 21.2951 0.998368 957769.5 2269.596
1,2,3,4,6 as
(AAMMA)
15.728719 23.433729 0.9982045 1196986.5 2836.4608
1,2,3,4,5 as
(AMMAA)
13.09304 19.50691 0.998505 1063791 2520.831

0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
All
Switches
Case1 Case2 Case3 Case4 Case5


Figure 5: Comparison on all Combinations of Rural Feeder
E. Analyzing of Industrial Feeder
System Description
Consider a 33/11 KV Industrial radial distribution system
which consists of circuit breakers, feeders, sectionalizing
switches, normally open tie-switch, 32 distribution
transformers with 42 customers with an overall average load
consumption of 460.207MW.

The reliability of this system is assessed and a most
feasible system is proposed. The industrial feeder is shown in
Figure 6.
Table 7: Network Data of Rural Feeder

Components Length Avg f (f/Yr)
1 0.15 0.015 0.00225
2 0.1 0.015 0.0015
3 0.1 0.015 0.0015
4 0.45 0.015 0.00675
5 0.1 0.015 0.0015
6 0.25 0.015 0.00375
7 0.1 0.015 0.0015
8 0.1 0.015 0.0015
9 0.05 0.015 0.00075
10 0.15 0.015 0.00225
11 0.1 0.015 0.0015
12 0.05 0.015 0.00075
13 0.1 0.015 0.0015
14 0.1 0.015 0.0015
15 0.1 0.015 0.0015
16 0.2 0.015 0.003
17 0.1 0.015 0.0015
18 0.05 0.015 0.00075
19 0.1 0.015 0.0015
20 0.1 0.015 0.0015
21 0.2 0.015 0.003
22 0.2 0.015 0.003
23 0.15 0.015 0.00225
24 0.14 0.015 0.0021
25 0.15 0.015 0.00225
26 0.05 0.015 0.00075
27 0.1 0.015 0.0015
28 0.2 0.015 0.003
29 0.1 0.015 0.0015
30 0.05 0.015 0.00075
31 0.1 0.015 0.0015
32 0.1 0.015 0.0015
33 0.05 0.015 0.00075
34 0.1 0.015 0.0015
35 0.15 0.015 0.00225
36 0.3 0.015 0.0045
37 0.1 0.015 0.0015
38 0.15 0.015 0.00225
39 0.05 0.015 0.00075
40 0.1 0.015 0.0015
41 0.05 0.015 0.00075
42 0.1 0.015 0.0015
43 0.15 0.015 0.00225



Figure 6: Distribution System Industrial Feeder
Bonfring International Journal of Power Systems and Integrated Circuits, Vol. 1, Special Issue, December 2011 37
ISSN 2250 1088 | 2011 Bonfring
Table 8: Load Data of Industrial Feeder
Load Point Avg Load
No. Of
Customers
avg f (or)
(f/Yr)
LP1 27.524 1 0.001
LP2 2.115 1 0.001
LP3 57.098 1 0.001
LP4 3.357 1 0.001
LP5 29.692 1 0.001
LP6 7.044 2 0.001
LP7 2.705 1 0.001
LP8 5.822 1 0.001
LP9 0.559 1 0.001
LP10 0.6 1 0.001
LP11 3.029 2 0.001
LP12 56.332 1 0.001
LP13 15.638 1 0.001
LP14 2.069 1 0.001
LP15 0.784 2 0.001
LP16 1.329 1 0.001
LP17 30.056 1 0.001
LP18 6.13 1 0.001
LP19 26.842 1 0.001
LP20 5.773 1 0.001
LP21 70.578 1 0.001
LP22 12.63 7 0.001
LP23 20.291 1 0.001
LP24 2.982 1 0.001
LP25 6.587 1 0.001
LP26 36.286 7 0.001
LP27 3.472 1 0.001
LP28 3.975 2 0.001
LP29 0.591 1 0.001
LP30 3.181 1 0.001
LP31 14.897 1 0.001
F. Feeder Modeling and Evaluation
This paper describes the reliability evaluation of a utility
network for the following different radial distribution network
configurations.
Without Automation of switches
With Automation of switches
Partial Automation of switches
Optimum placement of switches and its automation
Table 9: Comparing the Results of all Combinations of
Industrial Feeder
SAIDI CAIDI ASAI ENS AENS
All
Switches
as
(AAMMM
AMM)
0.92756
4
8.21943
9
0.999894 413901 8622.937
1,2,5,6,8
as

(AAMAM
)
1.67628
9
14.8541
3
0.999809
750170.
3
15628.55
1,2,3,5,8
as
(AAAMM
)
1.91266
8
16.9487
6
0.999782
844395.
1
17591.56
1,3,5,6,8
as
(AAMAM
)
1.49690
8
13.2645
8
0.999829
704760.
6
14682.51
1,2,4,6,7
as
(AAMMA
)
1.56666
6
13.8827
3
0.999821
632322.
3
13173.38
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
All
Switches
Case1 Case2 Case3 Case4

Figure 7: Comparison on all Combinations of Industrial
Feeder
Table 10: Comparing the Reliability of All Feeders
VI. CONCLUSION
This paper has examined the impact of partial automation
on reliability of distribution system. It has described the
optimal placement of switches needed to evaluate reliability of
automated distribution system of different three feeders. When
compared to the fully automation, the partial automation is
economical. The reliability analysis shows that two- stage
automation is an effective means to reduce the outage duration.
The system reliability has increased considerably by automatic
service restoration. With the implementation of the two- stage
restoration on different feeders namely Urban, Rural and
Industrial feeders the Energy not supplied will be decreased in
case of industrial feeder due to less interruptions duration. It
has shown that industrial feeders are highly reliable compared
to urban and rural feeders.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I express my sincere thanks to Dr. V. Vasudeva Rao,
Principal and Dr. P. Narasimha Reddy, Director of
SREENIDHI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE &
TECHONOLOGY, Ghatkesar for giving me an opportunity to
do this paper work.
REFERENCES
[1] Fahime Teihooee Asr, Ahad Kazemi Modeling the Impact of an
Automated and Control on the Reliability Distribution System. - 2008
IEEE Electrical Power & Energy Conference
[2] Richard E. Brown, Member, IEEE and Andrew P. Hanson, Impact of
Two-Stage Service Restoration on Distribution Reliability - Member,
IEEE
URBAN RURAL INDUSTRIAL
SAIFI 0.4852 0.6712 0.11285
SAIDI 10.813724 14.29327 17.18263
CAIDI 22.287148 21.2951 152.2608
ASAI 0.9987656 0.998368 0.999995
ENS 3472873.4 957769.5 632322.3
AENS 1361.9112 2269.596 13173.38
% ENS before
DA
33.4128304

37.67894

3.1272

% ENS after
DA
1.540181475 1.83978126 0.190833
Bonfring International Journal of Power Systems and Integrated Circuits, Vol. 1, Special Issue, December 2011 38
ISSN 2250 1088 | 2011 Bonfring
[3] Distribution System Reliability Through Reconfiguration, Fault
Location, Isolation And Restoration - Prof. P. M. Sonwane, Prof. D. P.
Kadam, Prof. Dr. B.E. Kushare, Member IEEE
[4] [Extreme Adverse Whether Modeling In Transmission And Distribution
System Reliability Evaluation -R.Billinton, C.Wu, G.singh
[5] Distribution Automation IEEE Trtorial Course -Prepared by IEEE
Working Group on Distribution Automation
[6] Power Distribution system Reliability- Practical Methods and
Applications, IEEE press series on Power Engineering - Ali A.
Chowdhury Don O. Kova
[7] Reliability evaluation of radial distribution system for different
automation intensity levels
[8] S. R. Gilligan, A method for estimating the reliability of distribution
circuits, IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 694698,
Apr.1992.
[9] G. Kjolle and K. Sand, RELRADAn analytical approach for
distribution system reliability assessment, IEEE Trans. Power
Delivery, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 809814, Apr. 1992.
[10] IEEE Working Group on System Design, Trial use guide for power
distribution reliability indices, IEEE, Report P1366, 1998.
[11] Billinton, R., and Allen , R.N.: "Reliability evaluation of power
systems"(Plenum Press, 1996, 2nd edn.)
[12] He, Y., Soder,L., and Allen,R.N.:"Distribution automation :impact of
communication system on reliability of automatic control,.Proc. Power
Tech.,2001, Porto, vol.3
[13] R. N. Allen,R. Billinton, and M. F. De Olivaira, "An efficient algorithm
for deducing the minimal cuts and reliability indices of a general
network configuration ", IEEE Trans. On reliability , Vol. R-25, No.
4,Oct. 1976.
[14] S. Kazemi, M. Fotuhi-Firuzabad and R. Billinton , " Reliability
Assessment of an Automated Distribution System ", IET Gener.
Transm. Distrib., 2007,1,(2),pp.223-233.
[15] Pahwa, A,: " Role of distribution automation in restoration of
distribution systems after emergencies ", IEEE Trans. On reliability ,
Vol. 2, pp. 1204-1205.

C.Bhargava received B.Tech from kakatiya university and M.Tech from
JNTU kakinada. He is presently working as a Asst. Professor in the
Department of Electrical and Electronics, Sreenidhi Institute of Science and
Technology, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh-INDIA. He is pursuing his PhD in
Distribution Automation at JNTU Hyderabad. His research interest is in the
area of distribution automation system, power systems.

P.S.R.Murthy received Doctorate from Ingg.(Germany) and power system
and control. Presently he is working as Director, School of Electrical
Engineering, Sreenidhi Institute of Science and Technology, Hyderabad,
Andhra Pradesh-INDIA. His research interest is in the area of distribution
automation system, smart grids, power quality.

V.Krishna Murthy received B.Tech and M.Tech from Osmania University,
Hyderabad. He has 17years of Industrial experience (Industrial Drives). He is
presently working as a Asst. Professor in the Department of Electrical and
Electronics, Sreenidhi Institute of Science and Technology, Hyderabad,
Andhra Pradesh-INDIA. His research interest is in the area of distribution
automation system, power systems.