4.

461: Building Technology 1

CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS
FALL TERM 2004
SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING: MIT
Professor John E. Fernandez Concrete and Composites
Stadelhofen Station
Zurich
Santiago Calatrava Valls
Image courtesy of Per Waahlen, photographer, and Structurae
concrete and composites
1. Introduction
practice
research
2. Concrete Issues
ductility
CO
2
generation
durability
3. Improved Structural Materials
substitution
dematerialization
technology transfer
4. Material Selection and Evaluation (CES)
multi-objective optimization
material indices/ CES software
5. New and Emerging Materials
new concretes
composites
6. Architectural Form and Research Priorities
research development: NFRC
design
concrete and composites
1. Introduction
practice
research
2. Concrete Issues
ductility
CO
2
generation
durability
3. Improved Structural Materials
substitution
dematerialization
technology transfer
4. Material Selection and Evaluation
multi-objective optimization
material indices/ CES software
5. New and Emerging Materials
new concretes
composites
6. Architectural Form
research development: NFRC
design
concrete and composites ductility
e
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e
Strain,
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Strain, Strain, , L/L

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A

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brittle
ductile
plastic flow
extensive cold drawing plastic
partial plasticity reinforced concrete
full plasticity metals
brittle ceramics
Stress - Strain Curves Not To Scale
viscous flow elastomer
Image by MIT OCW.
concrete and composites ductility
Failure strain,
f

f
- measure of the deformation of the
material at final fracture stress
Ceramics
Fracture and failure is unpredictable
Material
f
concrete, unreinforced
(compression)
0
0.02
0
0.02-0.03
0.18-0.25
0.2-0.3
0.45-0.65
0.15-0.25
0-0.18
0.3
0.5
0.55
0.01-0.7
5.0
concrete, reinforced
soda glass
low-alloy steel
mild steel
carbon steel
stainless steel,
austenitic
stainless steel,
ferritic
cast irons
iron
aluminum
copper
brasses and bronzes
natural rubber
Tensile Ductility,
f
(except for certain
materials such as concrete, unreinforced)
Figure X
Fracture stress (ceramic)
P
r
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b
a
b
i
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y

f
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t
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Images by MIT OCW.
concrete and composites ductility
Toughness, G
f
, and
Fracture toughness, K
c
measures of energy absorption potential through
resistance to crack propagation.
G
f
( toughness), K
c
(fracture toughness) -
both material properties.
G
f
= energy per unit of crack area
Various ways of measuring depending on the
material.
Therefore, search for materials that have high
resistance to cracks that are formed through
loading or other lifecycle stresses.
Sometimes toughness is also referred to as the area
under the stress-strain curve.
Price per density
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1e6
F
r
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s
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(
k
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^
1
/
2
)
0.01
0.1
1
10
Carbon Fibre
Alumina Fibre
Ceramic foam (carbon)
Normal Density Concrete
Aerated Concrete
Ice (H2O)
Lightweight Concrete
Granite
Limestone
Aluminium Nitrides (Glass ceramic)
Silicon Nitride (Glass ceramic)
Machineable Glass Ceramic
Low Density Refractory Brick
concrete and composites CO
2
generation
Ecological Issues
Concrete production contributes 8% of worlds total CO
2
emissions.
Research in building materials for the developing world
is a moral obligation.
Issues
Poverty allevation
Safety
Health (IAQ, toxicity)
Resource Management
Cultural Issues
Form (resonance with place)
Process (acknowledges local skill set)
Material (regional resources)
Production Energy (kcal/lb)
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
Y
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'
s

M
o
d
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s

(
1
0
^
6

p
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)
1e-5
1e-4
1e-3
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
Sandstone(2.35)
Marble(2.7)
Granite(2.63)
Concrete (Insulating Lightweight)
Concrete (High Performance)
Common Hard Brick
Low Density Refractory Brick
Plaster of Paris
Cement (Super Sulphate)
Ultra Low Density Wood (Transverse) (0.09-0.22)
Insulation Board, perpendicular to board
Natural Rubber (NR), unfilled
Alumina Tungsten - High Alloy (<89%W)
Medium Density Aluminium Foam (0.24-0.48)
Carbon Steel
Epoxy SMC (Carbon Fibre)
Diamond
Carbon Matrix Composite
concrete and composites durability
Concrete
Need for durable reinforcing and water impermeable
concrete matrix
Especially for freeze/thaw climates
concrete and composites
1. Introduction
practice
research
2. Concrete Issues
ductility
CO2 generation
durability
3. Improved Structural Materials
substitution
dematerialization
technology transfer
4. Material Selection and Evaluation
multi-objective optimization
material indices/ CES software
5. New and Emerging Materials
new concretes
composites
6. Architectural Form
research development
design
concrete and composites dematerialization, substitution, technology transfer
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
5
Year
Q
u
a
n
t
i
t
y

(
t
o
n
s
)
2
0
0
0
1
9
7
5
1
9
5
0
1
9
2
5
1
9
0
0
1
8
7
5
1
8
5
0
1
8
2
5
1
8
0
0
1
7
7
5
1
7
5
0
10
9
10
8
10
7
10
6
10
5
10
4
10
3
10
2
10
1
C
A
S(r)
S(r)
R
R
B
A
B
P
P
C
G
G
S(n)
S(n)
W(r)
W(n)
W(n)
Projection
W(r)
Image by MIT OCW.
concrete and composites dematerialization, substitution, technology transfer
Concrete
Dematerialization: a decrease in the material input per
unit service
Is occurring in certain industrial sectors but ecological
rucksack needs to be accounted for
Substitution: substituting concrete best in situations in
which safety is at high risk of compromise
Technology transfer: best employed in situations in
which to lengthen lives of existing building stock (such
as infrastructure refurbishment using carbon/epoxy
reinforcing)
40
20
0
60
80
100
2
0
2
0
2
0
1
0
Year
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e

o
f

T
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t
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l

(
w
e
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h
t
)
2
0
0
0
1
9
9
0
1
9
8
0
1
9
7
0
1
9
6
0
1
9
5
0
1
9
4
0
1
9
3
0
1
9
2
0
1
9
1
0
1
9
0
0
Measurement of Percentage of Renewable Versus Nonrenewable
Materials Consumption in the US
Projection
Image by MIT OCW.
concrete and composites
1. Introduction
practice
research
2. Concrete Issues
ductility
CO2 generation
durability
3. Improved Structural Materials
substitution
dematerialization
technology transfer
4. Material Selection and Evaluation (CES)
multi-objective optimization
material indices/ CES software
5. New and Emerging Materials
new concretes
composites
6. Architectural Form
research development
design
concrete and composites multi-objective optimization
concrete and composites multi-objective optimization
Thermal Expansion (strain/F)
0.1 1 10 100
Y
o
u
n
g
'
s

M
o
d
u
l
u
s

(
1
0
^
6

p
s
i
)
1e-5
1e-4
1e-3
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
Normal Density Concrete
Carbon Steel
ceramics
Glass ceramics
Machineable, good fracture
toughness
Very HPC (Ductal)
Ductile concrete
Ceramic foams
Lightweight, structural material
New laminated
glasses
Laminated glass (Dupont SGP
interlayer)
concrete and composites new concrete
Ductile concrete
Steel whisker reinforcement
Increased toughess
Increased water impermeability (few
micropores)
10
0
20
30
40
50
60
900 1200 600 300 0
Displacement, microns
B
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n
d
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g

s
t
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g
t
h
,

M
P
a
ductile concrete
normal concrete
Image by MIT OCW.