Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
N
i =1
_
D
2
s
_
P
_
2
N
(3)
The effective coil length was measured before forming it, and 90
the coil turns are separated fromeach other using plexiglas spac-
ers with a specic length to x the pitch of the coil such that the
ratio of P/d
o
is xed (=2.5) for all the test coils. The temperature
of the hot water tank is heated to a maximum of 80
C before
entering the test coil, and readings are taking every 5
C for each 95
run. The experiments are designed such that the outer (exter-
nal tubeside) overall average heat transfer coefcient, can be Q2
calculated using the measured temperatures, the predicted inner
(internal tubeside) heat transfer coefcient, and the coil-known
thermal conductivity. The volume ow rate of water inside the 100
tubes is 0.833 10
4
m
3
/s and the corresponding estimated
minimum Reynolds number is 14417. This Reynolds number
ensures that the ow inside the coil is turbulent when compared
to the critical Reynolds number of ow in helices (Re
c
= 7386
at the same diameter ratio) [11]. 105
ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENT
In this section, the physical properties of the hot water owing
inside the tube coil test section are assumed constant along the
coil length and evaluated at the average bulk temperature for
each run. Heat loss from the coil can be calculated from 110
Q = mc [(t
c
)
in
(t
c
)
out
] (4)
where Q is the heat loss from the coil, m is the hot water ow
rate, (t
c
)
in
is the coil inlet temperature, (t
c
)
out
is the coil outlet
temperature, andc is the hot water-specic heat. Havingobtained
a value for the heat transfer rate Q, the thermal resistance R
th
is
heat transfer engineering vol. 27 no. 3 2006
December 9, 2005 16:6 806 TFJF307-03-145844
M. E. ALI 3
Figure 2 Density calibrations of the Petromin heat transfer oil used in the
experiment, = 873.7 0.7 t.
calculated from 115
Q =
t
lm
R
th
, t
lm
=
(t
c
)
in
(t
c
)
out
ln
_
(t
c
)
in
t
a
(t
c
)
out
t
a
_ (5)
and R
th
is dened as
R
th
=
_
1
h
i
A
i
+
ln (d
o
/d
i
)
2k L
+
1
h
o
A
o
_
(6)
Once R
th
is calculated from Eq. (5), h
i
is evaluated from Eq. (2),
k for the coil material is given, and then the outer heat transfer
coefcient h
o
can be calculated from Eq. (6). In calculating the
physical properties of the oil, the bulk arithmetic mean temper- 120
ature is used:
= 0.5 [0.5 ((t
c
)
in
+(t
c
)
out
) +t
a
] (7)
The physical properties of the oil were taken from Petromin
oils product guide [9] and laboratory experiments for density
and viscosity, as seen in Figures 2 and 3 for density and vis-
cosity, respectively. It should be mentioned that the coefcient 125
of thermal expansion of the oil is a weak function of tempera-
ture. Therefore, , which is not provided by the Petromin oils
product guide [9], was taken as a constant value (0.7 10
3
K
1
) corresponding to the unused engine oil at similar oil char-
acteristics [12]. The inlet and outlet temperature of the water 130
owing inside the coil were measured using the YSI 703 tem-
perature probes (tubular thermistor, stainless steel probe with
time constant 3.6 s). The temperature readings were taken using
a digital ohmmeter with an accuracy of 10 ohms correspond-
ing to 0.06
2
h heat transfer coefcient, kW m
2
K
1
275
k thermal conductivity, W m
1
K
1
L coil length, m
m mass ow rate, kg/s
N number of coil turns
Nu Nusselt number, h L/k 280
heat transfer engineering vol. 27 no. 3 2006
December 9, 2005 16:6 806 TFJF307-03-145844
M. E. ALI 7
P coil pitch, m
Pr Prandtl number, /
1
Re Reynolds number, vd
i
/
t temperature,
C
t
1
average temperature, 0.5 [(t
c
)
in
+ (t
c
)
out
],
C 290
v water velocity inside coil, m/s
Greek Symbols
thermal diffusivity, m
2
s
1
coefcient for thermal expansion, K
1
density of the heat transfer oil, kg/m
3
295
bulk arithmetic mean temperature,
C
kinematic viscosity, m
2
s
1
Subscripts
a ambient medium (heat transfer oil)
c coil 300
i inner
in inlet
L characteristic length
lm logarithmic mean
o outer 305
out outlet
s slanted, or surface
REFERENCES
[1] Ali, M. E., Experimental Investigation of Natural Convection from
Vertical Helical Coiled Tubes, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, vol. 37, 310
no. 4, pp. 665671, 1994.
[2] Xin, R. C., and Ebadian, M. A., Natural Convection Heat Transfer
from Helicoidal Pipes, J. Thermophysics and Heat Transfer, vol.
12, no. 2, pp. 297302, 1996.
[3] Ali, M. E., Laminar Natural Convection from Constant Heat Flux 315
Helical Coiled Tubes, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, vol. 41, no. 14,
pp. 21752182, 1998.
[4] Ali, M. E., Natural Convection fromVertical Helical Coiled Tubes
inAir, 33rdNational Heat Transfer Conference, Paper #NHTC99-
114, August 1517, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 1999.
[5] Ali, M. E., Free Convection Heat Transfer From the Outer Sur- 320
face of Vertically Oriented Helical Coils in Glycerol-Water So-
lution, Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 40, no. 8, pp. 615620,
2004.
[6] Prabhanjan, D. G., Rennie, T. J., and Vijaya Raghavan, G. S.,
Natural Convection Heat Transfer from Helical Coiled Tubes, In- 325
ternational Journal of Thermal Sciences, vol. 43, pp. 359365,
2004.
[7] Ito, H., Friction Factors for Turbulent Flowin Curved Pipes, Trans.
ASME, D81, pp. 123134, 1959. Q5
[8] Rogers, G. F., and Mayhew, Y. R., Heat Transfer and Pressure 330
Loss in Helically Coiled Tubes with Turbulent Flow, Int. J. Heat
Mass Transfer, vol. 7, pp. 12071216, 1964.
[9] Saudi Arabian Lubricating Oil Co. (Petrolube), Petromin Oils
Product Guide, pp. 9596, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, 2002.
[10] Bejan, A., Heat Transfer, p. 464, Wiley, New York, 1993. 335
[11] Srinivasan, P. S., Nandapurkar, S. S., and Holland, F. A., Friction
Factors for Coils, Trans. Inst. Chem. Eng., vol. 48, pp. T156-T161,
1970.
[12] Incropera, F. P., and DeWitt, D. P., Introduction to Heat Transfer,
3rd ed., p. 762, Wiley, New York, 1996. 340
[13] Holman, J. P., Experimental Methods for Engineers, 5th ed., Ch.
3, McGraw Hill, 1989. Q6
[14] Kern, D. Q., Process Heat Transfer, McGraw Hill, New York,
1950.
[15] Fujii, T., Takeuchi, M., Fujii, M., Suzaki, K., and Uehara, H., Ex- 345
periments on Natural-Convection Heat Transfer from the Outer
Surface of a Vertical Cylinder to Liquids, Int. J. Heat Mass Trans-
fer, vol. 13, pp. 753787, 1970.
[16] Burmeister, L. C., Convection Heat Transfer, Wiley, New York,
1983. 350
Mohamed E. Ali is an associate professor in
thermo-uid section at King Saud University,
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. He received his Ph.D. in
1988 from the University of Colorado at Boulder,
Colorado. His main research interests are natural 355
and mixed convection (experimentally, numeri-
cally, and analytically) applied to helical coils and
stretched surfaces, and the stability of Taylor Cou-
ette ow. He has published more than thirty arti-
cles in well-recognized journals and proceedings. 360
He is a reviewer for IJHMT, IJHFF, Phys. of Fluids, HMT, IJThS, and Applied
Thermal Engineering. He was a visiting professor at the University of Colorado
at Boulder, Colorado, and Northwestern University Evanston, Illinois.
heat transfer engineering vol. 27 no. 3 2006