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CHAPTER IV
RESULT AND ANALYSIS
4.1 Implementation
The first thing to do before the implementation began is capturing the
initial conditions of the WRT160NL. With those data, all of the data on the
experiments can be compared to find the boundary of parameter to be optimized.
After the data is captured, the next step is changed the firmware of
WRT160NL into DD-WRT. With DD-WRT, the wireless can be unleashed with
more advanced configuration. After the DD-WRT firmware installed, the wireless
will be replacing the existing wireless on Orchid Campus, Bina Nusantara
University, and the experiment begin with changing each parameter of advanced
configuration and captured the traffic, signal, the transfer rate, and the capacity
queuing using insider software and monitoring tools on the DD-WRT firmware.
Hardware required:
Type Quantity Function
Linksys Cisco WRT160NL 1 Main Experiment Object
Laptop 1 Client
Bina Nusantara WLAN 1 Network
Table 2.Hardware for analysis





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Software required:
Name Version Function
insider Metageek 1.2.8.0331
Monitoring the signal, channel, security,
& speed rate of the wireless
DU meter 3.50 Build R2822 Monitoring the transfer rate of wireless
wrt160nl-
firmware.bin
1 Linksys WRT160NL: Web flash image
linksys-to-ddwrt-
firmware.bin
1
Linksys WRT160NL: Special image for
initial flashing
Table 3.Software for research analysis
4.2 Data Collection Result
4.2.1 Initial Condition Data
This is an initial condition before the DD-WRT firmware installed.

Figure 11.Initial Condition using inssider software



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In this condition we can capture that the default configuration have
information such as:
a. Signal strength Max : -74
b. Signal strength Min : -89
c. Speed Rate : 18
d. Channel : 8
The wireless no use automatic channel setting. Thats why the wireless
channel is 8. The efect of this configuration this wireless interfer to the other
wireless signal. This can make all the wireless that interfer got low bandwidth and
transfer rate.
The picture is also displaying the environment on Kampus Anggrek of
Bina Nusantara University. There is lot of access point the very crowded.
The transfer rate setting also default setting. Below is the data of the
transfer rate of the default value.

Figure 12.Default Linksys transfer data captured using DU meter





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4.2.2 Data After DD-WRT Installed With Default Configuration
Below are the list of default configruation & Condition after the wireless
installed using DD-WRT firware without changing the default DD-WRT
configuration.
Standard Configuration:
1. Wireless Mode : AP
2. Wireless Network Mode : Mixed
3. Channel Width : Full (20MHz)
4. Wireless Channel : Auto
5. Wireless Network Name (SSID) : Binus-Access
6. Wireless SSID Broadcast : Enable
7. Advanced Settings : On
8. TX Power : 20 dBm
9. Antenna Gain : 0 dBi
10. Protection Mode : None
11. RTS Threshold : Disable
12. Transmission Minimum Rate : Auto
13. Transmission Maximum Rate : Auto
14. Short Preamble : Disable
15. Outdoor Band : Disable
16. TX Antenna Chain : 1
17. RX Antenna Chain : 1+2
18. AP Isolation : Disable
19. Radar Detection : Disable
20. Sensitivity Range (ACK Timing) : 2000
21. Max Associated Clients : 253
22. MTik Compatibility : Disable
23. Network Configuration : Bridge



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Based on the configuration above we can see that Linksys WRT160NL
using Mixed wireless network mode. That is mean DD-WRT combine all the
Linksys WRT160NL network mode such as a/b/g/draft-n. Its also set automatic
on the wireless channel set a default TX Power which is 20 dBm and 0 dBi of
antenna gain, set automatic on transmission maximum and minimum rate, and
using TX antenna chain to make the signaling more stable. The Maximum client
is not change as the default firmware, its can be manage maximum client less
than 253.

Figure 13.Transfer Rate Default DD-WRT using DU Meter




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Figure 14.DD-WRT default using inssider software
Because the default channel of DD-WRT configuration is the same as the
default setting with linksys configuration (Auto Configuration) the channel still
the same. But the transfer rate a bit different because the maximum transfer rate
on DD-WRT bigger than linksys. The loss signal is not to often.
In this condition we can capture that the default configuration have
information such as:
e. Signal strength Max : -77
f. Signal strength Min : -87
g. Speed Rate : 18
h. Channel : 8
i. Bandwidth Max : 48(in), 130(out)
j. Received (RX) Packet Info : 20099 OK, No Packet Loss
k. Transmitted (TX) Packet Info : 69919 OK, 636 Packet Loss
Based on the packet information, there is lot of transmitted packet loss.
This mean there is still need configuration to make this wireless more optimal.
Even though, this default configuration of DD-WRT more stable that default
firmware. One of the effect of the stable signal is make more stable transfer rate.
Based on the definition of optimize router, the parameter that will be focus on
signal, transfer rate of packet, and automation configuration that help performance
of the router.
4.2.3 Analyze The Optimal Configuration for Signal Strength
To optimize the performance of the signaling, the parameter that should be
considered in this configuration is TX Power, Antenna Gain, and TX/RX Antenna


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Chains. The following are the data obtained from monitoring the changing of
TX/RX antenna chain:

Min
TX
1 1+2 1+3 1+2+3
R
X

1 77
1+2 72 76
1+3 79 80 73
1+2+3 85 78 77 72
Table 4.Minimum signal strength in dBm
Max
TX
1 1+2 1+3 1+2+3
R
X

1 88
1+2 86 86
1+3 89 87 82
1+2+3 89 88 85 85
Table 5.Maximum signal strength in dBm
Drop
TX
1 1+2 1+3 1+2+3
R
X

1 0
1+2 1 0
1+3 0 1 0
1+2+3 5 3 0 3
Table 6.Quantity signal loss during capturing
The result of changing TX/RX Antenna Chains parameter can be
By looking at the table above, the combination that have good value are
TX =1 & RX =1, TX =1 & RX =1+3, TX =1+2 & RX =1+2, TX =1+3 & RX
=1+3, and TX =1+3 & RX =1+2+3. But the most optimal combination is TX =
1 +3 and =1 +2 +3. Because this combination is the most stable if look at the
length of minimum and maximum signal.


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Because in Indonesia there are regulations about EIRP, that where
influenced by the value of TX power and antenna gain, in this study TX power
and antenna gain will be limited based on maximum EIRP calculation of the TX
power and antenna gain, which is 36 dBm. Below is result of TX power and
antenna gain:

Figure 15.TX Power =30, Antenna Gain =0


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Figure 16.TX Power =20, Antenna Gain =0
Based on the picture above, the conclution is the power settings cannot be
applied in this situation. Because all wireless in Bina Nusantara is put above the
ceiling. This mean despite being set the parameter as high it could, it still only
influence a bit, because it obstructed by the ceiling and walls. But in the other case
such as outdoor infrastructure, this feature is very helpful by increase the coverage
area. Below is the signal strength that captured with a distance 200 meter
without interference such as ceiling and wall.


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Figure 17.Signal Strength 200 Meter without interference

4.2.4 Analyze The Optimal Configuration of Transfer Rate
In an optimization problem should be maximize or minimize a specific
quantity as an objective, which depends on the input number of decision variables
(Bronson, 1983). In this case, to optimize the parameter of transfer rate in this
research will change and capture to find the best combination of transmission
minimum rate and transmission maximum rate settings. Below is the
representative of the comparison data that have been captured and processed into


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table. This data captured while computer client streaming data. Data taken in 10
minute and streaming data about 300MB.

Figure 18.Transmission Minimum & Maximum Rate Auto

Figure 19.Transmission Minimum & Maximum Rate 1MBps


Figure 20.Minimum Rate 1MBps & Maximum Rate 2MBps


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Figure 21.Minimum Rate 1MBps & Maximum Rate 5MBps

Figure 22.Minimum Rate 1MBps & Maximum Rate 6MBps



Max.
Transfer
Rate
TotalData
Rate
MaximumTransfer
Rate
AverageTransfer
Rate
1MBps 74.59 234.3 127.1
2MBps 119.97 1470 204.4
5.5MBps 77.54 1150 132.1
6MBps 71.62 374 122

Table 7.Download Transfer Rate using Min 1MBps



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Figure 23.Chart of download using Min 1MBps


Max.
Transfer
Rate
TotalData
Rate
MaximumTransfer
Rate
AverageTransfer
Rate
1MBps 2.62 12.2 4.5
2MBps 3.5 30 6
5.5MBps 2.54 20 4.3
6MBps 2.41 13.3 4.1
Table 8Upload Transfer Rate using Min 1MBps

Figure 24.Chart of upload using Min 1MBps


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Based on the above table, it can be concluded that the best performance
combination between minimum and maximum transmission rate is transmission
minimum rate =1MBps and transmission maximum rate =2MBps.

4.2.5 Analyze The Optimal Configuration of RTS Threshold,
Outdoor Band, Radar Detection, and Sensitivity Range
(ACK Timing)
Below is the functionality of each parameter based on the literature.
RTS Threshold is the frame size above which an RTS/CTS handshake will
be performed before attempting to transmit. RTS/CTS ask for permission to
transmit to reduce collisions, but add considerable overhead. Disabling RTS/CTS
can reduce overhead and latency in WLANs where all stations are close together,
but can increase collisions and degrade performance in WLANs where stations are
far apart and unable to sense each other to avoid collisions (aka Hidden Nodes).
By setting it if a packet that is sent greater than the RTS Threshold, the
station will send a RTS packet to the destination wireless node. It used to improve
the reliability of wireless connection (Purbo, 2006).
Outdoor Band: to make the router support with outdoor band feature. With
this feature router can cover all the higher frequencies including channel 165.
Radar Detection: Select channel with the lowest number of detected
networks and use it if no radar is detected on it for 60 seconds. Otherwise, select
different channel.
ACK Timing: ACK refer as ACKnowledgement. When a packet is sent
out from the router, it waits for an "ACKnowledgement" frame from the other


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end. The router will wait for a response until a certain amount of time has elapsed,
called the "ACK timeout". The higher the ACK timing, the lower the throughput
will be. If set too high, packets could be lost as the router waits for the ACK
window to timeout. Conversely, if ACK is set too low, the window will expire too
soon and returning packets could be dropped, also lowering throughput.
Because of the capturing tools do not support on capturing the parameter
affect and the value of those parameter is just enable and disable, author
recommend that this feature should be enable based on the explanation of the
functionality of each parameter. On Sensitivity Range (ACK Timing), author
recommends that the ACK Timing should be set 2000 because with this range is
enough to place like Kampus Anggrek Bina Nusantara University.