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= n
(products) - n
(reactants)
Hmolar =
Experiment 3
Enthalpy of Neutralization of a Strong Acid with a Strong Base
The enthalpy of the chemical process can be measured as the enthalpy difference between
reactants and products and it appears in the form of heat gained or lost by the reaction. The heat
exchange can be read in a Styrofoam calorimeter.
Solution of hydrochloric acid and solution of sodium hydroxide are combined and the
enthalpy change for the neutralization, can be calculated using the temperature difference, the mass
and the specific heat capacity; since the difference between specific heat capacity of water and the
specific heat capacity of NaCl solution is negligible, the specific heat capacity of water is used.
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl (aq) + H2O(l)
Since both HCl and NaOH are strong acids and bases, they completely dissociate to form ions in
aqueous solution. The net ionic equation for the reaction is:
H
+
(aq) + OH
-
(aq) H2O(l)
As the reaction progressed and the neutralization completed, the heat lost or gained was
transferred to the water.
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H (neutralization) = H (water)
H (neutralization) = (mass water)(water specific heat capacity)(T water)
The mass of water can be determined from the volume of the whole solution using a density for
water (1.0 g/ml), and the specific heat of the reaction solution can be assumed to be approximately
that of water.
Experiment 4
Enthalpy of Neutralization of a Weak Acid with a Weak Base
Weak acids dont completely dissociate in the solution when reacted with weak bases. The
reaction is a 2 step process. The first step is the dissociation and the second is the neutralization.
1. NH4OH(aq) + HC2H3O2(aq)
(aq) +
(aq) +
(aq) +
= n
(products) - n
(reactants)
Hmolar =
The enthalpy of formation data from the book was used to determine the expected value for the
molar enthalpy of dissolution of ammonium nitrate.
Experiment 3
Materials needed: Styrofoam cup, pipette, 150ml beaker, 2 thermometers, balance, and
graduated cylinder.
Procedure: 20 ml of 1.0 M HCl was poured into a Styrofoam cup. 5 drops of
phenolphthalein indicator were added to verify the neutralization of the acid. 20.0 ml of 1.1 M
NaOH were poured into a small beaker. The temperature of both solutions were brought to the
same value of 26C. The NaOH solution was combined with the HCl solution in the Styrofoam cup.
They were mixed with the thermometer, and the final temperature was observed and recorded
when it stopped changing to 31C. The solution was disposed down the drain and the cup was
rinsed with water.
As the reaction progressed and the neutralization completed, the heat lost or gained was
transferred to the water. The following equations were used to calculate the enthalpy.
H (neutralization) = H (water)
H (neutralization) = (mass water)(water specific heat capacity)(T water)
The mass of water was determined from the volume of the whole solution and density for water
(1.0 g/ml) was used. The specific heat of the reaction solution was be assumed to be approximately
that of water.
Experiment 4
Materials needed: Styrofoam cup, pipette, 150ml beaker, 2 thermometers, balance, and
graduated cylinder.
Procedure: 20 ml of 1.0 M HC2H3O2 was poured into a Styrofoam cup. 5 drops of
phenolphthalein indicator were added to verify the neutralization of the acid. 20.0 ml of 1.1 M
NH4OH were poured into a small beaker. The temperature of both solutions was brought to the
same value of 20.2C. The NH4OH solution was combined with the HC2H3O2 solution in the
Styrofoam cup. They were mixed with the thermometer, and the final temperature was observed
and recorded when it stopped changing to 27.3C. The solution was disposed down the drain and
the cup was rinsed with water.
The enthalpy of neutralization of NH4OH sample was determined using the equations:
H (NH4NO3) = H (water)
H (NH4NO3) = (mass water)(water specific heat capacity)(T water)
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The stoichiometry of the reaction was used to determine the moles of water formed, and the
enthalpy of neutralization per mole of water formed was calculated. The molar enthalpy of reaction
and the molar enthalpy of neutralization were used to determine the enthalpy of dissociation:
H (reaction) = H (dissociation) + H (neutralization)
The H (dissociation) was calculated once H (reaction) was determined.
H (dissociation) = H (reaction) - H (neutralization)
Experiment 5
Materials needed: gas generating bottle, graduated cylinder, pipette, 2 1/2 inch hoses, 2
thermometers, source of compressed air, Styrofoam cup,
Procedure: 100 ml of concentrated ammonia solution was placed into the gas generating bottle.
The process was carried in the hood. A graduated cylinder was used to measure out 100 ml of 1.00
M hydrochloric acid, and it was placed into a large Styrofoam cup. 3 drops of methyl red indicator to
the acid were added to the acid. The apparatus as shown in the diagram was already assembled.
The temperatures of the hydrochloric acid and the ammonia solution were recorded and the
hydrochloric acid was at 20C and the ammonia solution was at 21C. Compressed air was bubbled
at a moderate rate through the ammonia solution. The compressed air containing ammonia gas was
bubbled through the hydrochloric acid. When the methyl red indicator in the acid changed color,
the compressed air was shut down, the temperature of the ammonia solution was recorded at 15C
and the neutralized hydrochloric temperature was recorded at 38.5C. The neutralized solution in
the cup, was poured down the drain. The remaining ammonia solution in the bottle was placed in
the waste bottle in the hood.
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The enthalpy change for the process in the bottle was determined as H(bottle) and the enthalpy
change for the process occurring in the cup was determined as H(cup). The net enthalpy is given
by the relationship:
H(net) = [H(bottle)] + [H(cup)].
Since 0.1 moles of HCl were in the cup, 0.1 moles of ammonia were used in the reaction because the
stoichiometric ratio is 1:1. H(net), H(bottle), and H(cup) per mole HCl used, were determined.
For the second part of experiment 5
Materials needed: Styrofoam cup, pipette, funnel, thermometer, balance, and graduated
cylinder.
Procedure: 50.0 ml of 1.00 M hydrochloric acid was poured into a Styrofoam cup. 4
drops of methyl red indicator were added to the acid. The temperature of the acid was recorded to
21C. 4 ml concentrated (15 M) ammonia solution were added to the acid though a funnel, with the
end of the funnel immersed in the acid. The resulting solution was stirred, the temperature of
31.5C was recorded. The solution was disposed down the drain and the cup was rinsed with water.
As the reaction progressed and the neutralization completed, the heat lost or gained was
transferred to the water. The following equations were used to calculate the enthalpy.
H (reaction) = H (water)
H (reaction) = (mass water)(water specific heat capacity)(T water)
The molar enthalpy of the reaction was calculated using the equations:
= n
(products) - n
(reactants)
Hmolar =
Note: Only 0.05 moles of ammonia was used in this part.
The net enthalpy H (net) was compared for the direct and indirect methods.
Discussion:
Determination of the specific heat capacity of a metal
In Chemistry a material can be identified based on its chemical and physical properties. One
physical property of a substance is the specific heat capacity, which is defined as the amount of heat
energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of that substance by 1C. Some materials like water
have high heat capacities and require a significant amount of heat to raise their temperatures. Other
substances like lead have very low heat capacities and require significantly less heat to raise their
temperatures. For example, 4.184 J of heat will raise 1 gram of waters temperature by 1C whereas
only 0.13 J of heat is required to raise 1 gram of leads temperature by 1C. Based on this data, the
specific heat of water is equal to 4.184 J/g. C and the specific heat of lead is 0.13 J/g. C.
The specific heat of a metal can be determined using the proprieties of the calorimeter. The
calorimeter consists in a Styrofoam Coffee Cup and it was used to accurately determine the specific
heat capacity of a known metal. The heat that accumulates in the metal (the system) is transferred
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to the water (the surrounding) until the temperature of both elements was equal. The difference
between the final temperature and the initial temperature, the mass of the metal and the mass of
the water, the specific heat capacity of the water are proprieties that are known. The equations
used and the values are listed below:
Mass water = 50g
Mass metal = 10.00 g
T initial of water = 26.4C
T initial of metal = 99.8C
T final = 29.8C
T water = -3.4C
T water = -70C
H(calorimeter) = (mass water)(specific heat of water)(T water)
H(metal) = (mass metal)(specific heat metal)(T metal)
The law of thermodynamics states that no energy is created or destroyed, but it is transferred.
Therefore the heat absorbed by the metal is released in to the water.
H(metal) = H(calorimeter)
Therefore,
(mass metal)(specific heat metal)(T metal) = (mass water)(specific heat water)(T water)
Specific heat metal =
Plugging in the values to calculate the specific heat of the metal:
H(calorimeter) = (50g)( 4.184 J/g. C)( 3.4C)
H(metal) = (10g)(specific heat metal)( 70C)
H(metal) = H(calorimeter)
(10g)(specific heat metal)( 70C)= [(50g)( 4.184 J/g. C)( 3.4C)]
Specific heat metal =
= 1.015 J/g. C
Error Analysis: The experiment was repeated 2 times due to errors acquired during the
process. One error was caused by the hot metal transfer to the calorimeter. The time dedicated to
this process was too long and the temperature of the metal was not accurate. The final result was
more than 10% error margin and it was rejected. Another error could be caused by the rate of
steering of the water and the metal. A slow speed of steering would not facilitate the heat transfer
efficiently.
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In the second part of the experiment the determination of the approximate atomic masses
from specific heat capacities: The Law of DuLong and Petit, based on the equation:
Atomic mass x Specific heat = 24. 9 J.mol
-1
.C
-1
the class values rendered a different slope value. From the plot of the inverse of atomic
mass vs specific heat capacity of metals (attached), the slope value is 17.8. This error is too big
compared with the value stated in the law of DuLong and Petit. The difference in error can be
caused by variance in temperatures due error factors discussed previously: metal transfer time, the
rate of steering and possibly the insulation of the calorimeters used.