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Copyright Term and the Public Domain in the United States

1 January 2014
1
Never Published, Never Registered Works
2
TypeofWork CopyrightTerm Whatwasinthepublic
domainintheU.S.asof1
January2014
3
Unpublishedworks Lifeoftheauthor+70years Worksfromauthorswhodied
before1944
Unpublished
anonymousand
pseudonymous
works,andworks
madeforhire
(corporate
authorship)
120yearsfromdateofcreation Workscreatedbefore1894
Unpublishedworks
whenthedeathdate
oftheauthorisnot
known
4
120yearsfromdateofcreation
5
Workscreatedbefore1894
5
Works Registered or First Published in the U.S.
Dateof
Publication
6
Conditions
7
CopyrightTerm
3
Before1923 None None.Inthepublicdomaindue
tocopyrightexpiration
1923through1977 Publishedwithoutacopyrightnotice None.Inthepublicdomaindue
tofailuretocomplywith
requiredformalities
1978to1March1989 Publishedwithoutnotice,andwithoutsubsequentregistrationwithin5
years
None.Inthepublicdomaindue
tofailuretocomplywith
requiredformalities
1978to1March1989 Publishedwithoutnotice,butwithsubsequentregistrationwithin5years 70yearsafterthedeathof
author.Ifaworkofcorporate
authorship,95yearsfrom
publicationor120yearsfrom
creation,whicheverexpiresfirst
1923through1963
Publishedwithnoticebutcopyrightwasnotrenewed
8 None.Inthepublicdomaindue
tocopyrightexpiration
1923through1963
Publishedwithnoticeandthecopyrightwasrenewed
8 95yearsafterpublicationdate
1964through1977 Publishedwithnotice 95yearsafterpublicationdate
1978to1March1989 Createdafter1977andpublishedwithnotice 70yearsafterthedeathof
author.Ifaworkofcorporate
authorship,95yearsfrom
publicationor120yearsfrom
creation,whicheverexpiresfirst
1978to1March1989 Createdbefore1978andfirstpublishedwithnoticeinthespecifiedperiod Thegreateroftheterm
specifiedinthepreviousentry
or31December2047
From1March1989
through2002
Createdafter1977 70yearsafterthedeathof
author.Ifaworkofcorporate
authorship,95yearsfrom
publicationor120yearsfrom
creation,whicheverexpiresfirst
From1March1989
through2002
Createdbefore1978andfirstpublishedinthisperiod Thegreateroftheterm
specifiedinthepreviousentry
or31December2047
After2002
None 70yearsafterthedeathof
author.Ifaworkofcorporate
authorship,95yearsfrom
publicationor120yearsfrom
creation,whicheverexpiresfirst
Anytime WorkspreparedbyanofficeroremployeeoftheUnitedStatesGovernment
aspartofthatperson'sofficialduties.
21
None.Inthepublicdomainin
theUnitedStates(17U.S.C.
105)
Works First Published Outside the U.S. by Foreign Nationals or U.S. Citizens
Living Abroad
9
DateofPublication Conditions CopyrightTerminthe
UnitedStates
Before1923 None Inthepublicdomain(Butsee
firstspecialcasebelow)
WorksPublishedAbroadBefore1978
10
1923through1977 PublishedwithoutcompliancewithUSformalities,andinthepublicdomainin
itssourcecountryasof1January1996(butseespecialcases)
20
Inthepublicdomain
1923through1977 PublishedincompliancewithallUSformalities
(i.e.,notice,renewal)
11
95yearsafterpublicationdate
1923through1977 Solelypublishedabroad,withoutcompliancewithUSformalitiesor
republicationintheUS,andnotinthepublicdomaininitshomecountryas
of1January1996(butseespecialcases)
95yearsafterpublicationdate
1923through1977 PublishedintheUSlessthan30daysafterpublicationabroad UsetheUSpublicationchartto
determineduration
1923through1977 PublishedintheUSmorethan30daysafterpublicationabroad,without
compliancewithUSformalities,andnotinthepublicdomaininitshome
countryasof1January1996(butseespecialcases)
95yearsafterpublicationdate
WorksPublishedAbroadAfter1January1978
1January19781
March1989
Publishedwithoutcopyrightnotice,andinthepublicdomaininitssource
countryasof1January1996(butseespecialcases)
20
Inthepublicdomain
1January19781
March1989
Publishedwithoutcopyrightnoticeinacountrythatisasignatorytothe
BerneConventionandisnotinthepublicdomaininitssourcecountryas
of1January1996(butseespecialcases)
20
70yearsafterthedeathof
author,orifworkofcorporate
authorship,95yearsfrom
publication
1January19781
March1989
PublishedwithcopyrightnoticebyanonUScitizeninacountrythatwas
partytotheUniversalCopyrightConvention(UCC)
70yearsafterthedeathof
author,orifworkofcorporate
authorship,95yearsfrom
publication
After1March1989
PublishedinacountrythatisasignatorytotheBerneConvention 70yearsafterthedeathof
author,orifworkofcorporate
authorship,95yearsfrom
publication
After1March1989 PublishedinacountrywithwhichtheUnitedStatesdoesnothave
copyrightrelationsunderatreaty
Inthepublicdomain
SpecialCases
1July1909through
1978
InAlaska,Arizona,California,Hawaii,Idaho,Montana,Nevada,Oregon,
Washington,Guam,andtheNorthernMarianaIslandsONLY.Publishedin
alanguageotherthanEnglish,andwithoutsubsequentrepublicationwith
acopyrightnotice
12
Treatasanunpublishedwork
untilsuchdateasfirst
UScompliantpublication
occurred
Priorto27May1973
PublishedbyanationalofTurkmenistanorUzbekistanineithercountry
19 Inthepublicdomain
After26May1973
PublishedbyanationalofTurkmenistanorUzbekistanineithercountry
19 Maybeprotectedunderthe
UCC
Anytime CreatedbyaresidentofAfghanistan,Eritrea,Ethiopia,Iran,Iraq,orSan
Marino,andpublishedinoneofthesecountries
13
NotprotectedbyUScopyright
lawuntiltheybecomepartyto
bilateralorinternational
copyrightagreements
Anytime
WorkswhosecopyrightwasonceownedoradministeredbytheAlien
PropertyCustodian,andwhosecopyright,ifrestored,wouldasofJanuary
1,1996,beownedbyagovernment
14
NotprotectedbyUScopyright
law
Anytime Ifpublishedinoneofthefollowingcountries,the1January1996date
givenaboveisreplacedbythedateofthecountry'smembershipinthe
BerneConventionortheWorldTradeOrganization,whicheverisearlier:
Andorra,Angola,Armenia,Bhutan,Cambodia,Comoros,Jordan,
DemocraticPeople'sRepublicofKorea,Laos,Malaysia,Micronesia,
Montenegro,Nepal,Oman,PapuaNewGuinea,Qatar,Samoa,Saudi
Arabia,SolomonIslands,Sudan,Syria,Tajikistan,Tonga,UnitedArab
Emirates,Uzbekistan,Vanuatu,Vietnam,Yemen

Sound Recordings
(Note: The following information applies only to the sound recording itself, and not to any copyrights in underlying
compositions or texts.)
Dateof
Fixation/Publication
Conditions Whatwasinthepublic
domainintheU.S.asof1
January2014
3
UnpublishedSoundRecordings,DomesticandForeign
Priorto15Feb.1972 Indeterminate Subjecttostatecommonlaw
protection.Entersthepublic
domainon15Feb.2067
After15Feb.1972 Lifeoftheauthor+70years.Forunpublishedanonymousand
pseudonymousworksandworksmadeforhire(corporateauthorship),
120yearsfromthedateoffixation
Nothing.Thesoonestanything
entersthepublicdomainis15
Feb.2067
SoundRecordingsPublishedintheUnitedStates
Dateof
Fixation/Publication
Conditions Whatwasinthepublic
domainintheU.S.asof1
January2014
3
Fixedpriorto15Feb.
1972
None Subjecttostatestatutoryand/or
commonlawprotection.Fully
entersthepublicdomainon15
Feb.2067
15Feb1972to1978 Publishedwithoutnotice(i.e, ,yearofpublication,andnameof
copyrightowner)
15
Inthepublicdomain
15Feb.1972to1978 Publishedwithnotice 95yearsfrompublication.2068
attheearliest
1978to1March1989 Publishedwithoutnotice,andwithoutsubsequentregistration Inthepublicdomain
1978to1March1989 Publishedwithnotice 70yearsafterdeathofauthor,or
ifworkofcorporateauthorship,
theshorterof95yearsfrom
publication,or120yearsfrom
creation.2049attheearliest
After1March1989 None 70yearsafterdeathofauthor,or
ifworkofcorporateauthorship,
theshorterof95yearsfrom
publication,or120yearsfrom
creation.2049attheearliest

SoundRecordingsPublishedOutsidetheUnitedStates
Priorto1923 None Subjecttostatestatutoryand/or
commonlawprotection.Fully
entersthepublicdomainon15
Feb.2067
1923to1March1989 Inthepublicdomaininitshomecountryasof1Jan.1996ortherewas
USpublicationwithin30daysoftheforeignpublication(butseespecial
cases)
Subjecttostatecommonlaw
protection.Entersthepublic
domainon15Feb.2067
1923to15Feb.1972 Notinthepublicdomaininitshomecountryasof1Jan.1996.Atleast
oneauthoroftheworkwasnotaUScitizenorwaslivingabroad,and
therewasnoUSpublicationwithin30daysoftheforeignpublication(but
seespecialcases)
Enterspublicdomainon15Feb.
2067
15Feb.1972to1978 Notinthepublicdomaininitshomecountryasof1Jan.1996.Atleast
oneauthoroftheworkwasnotaUScitizenorwaslivingabroad,and
therewasnoUSpublicationwithin30daysoftheforeignpublication(but
seespecialcases)
95yearsfromdateof
publication.2068attheearliest
1978to1March1989 Notinthepublicdomaininitshomecountryasof1Jan.1996.Atleast
oneauthoroftheworkwasnotaUScitizenorwaslivingabroad,and
therewasnoUSpublicationwithin30daysoftheforeignpublication(but
seespecialcases)
70yearsafterdeathofauthor,or
ifworkofcorporateauthorship,
theshorterof95yearsfrom
publication,or120yearsfrom
creation
After1March1989 None 70yearsafterdeathofauthor,or
ifworkofcorporateauthorship,
theshorterof95yearsfrom
publication,or120yearsfrom
creation
SpecialCases
Fixedatanytime CreatedbyaresidentofAfghanistan,Eritrea,Ethiopia,Iran,Iraq,orSan
Marino,andpublishedinoneofthesecountries
13
NotprotectedbyUScopyright
lawbecausetheyarenotpartyto
internationalcopyright
agreements
Fixedpriorto1996
WorkswhosecopyrightwasonceownedoradministeredbytheAlien
PropertyCustodian,andwhosecopyright,ifrestored,wouldasof1
NotprotectedbyUScopyright
law
January1996 beownedbyagovernment
14
Fixedatanytime
Iffixedorsolelypublishedinoneofthefollowingcountries,the1January
1996dategivenaboveisreplacedbythedateofthecountry's
membershipintheBerneConventionortheWorldTradeOrganization,
whicheverisearlier:
Algeria,Andorra,Angola,Armenia,Bhutan,Cambodia,Comoros,Jersey,
Jordan,DemocraticPeople'sRepublicofKorea,Laos,Malaysia,
Micronesia,Montenegro,Nepal,Oman,PapuaNewGuinea,Qatar,
Samoa,SaudiArabia,SolomonIslands,Sudan,Syria,Tajikistan,Tonga,
UnitedArabEmirates,Uzbekistan,Vanuatu,Vietnam,Yemen

Architectural Works
16
(Note: Architectural plans and drawings may also be protected as textual/graphics works)
Dateof
Design
DateofConstruction CopyrightStatus
Priorto1
Dec.1990
Notconstructedby31Dec.
2002
Protectedonlyasplansordrawings
Priorto1
Dec.1990
Constructedby1Dec.1990 Protectedonlyasplansordrawings
Priorto1
Dec.1990
Constructedbetween30Nov.
1990and31Dec.2002
Buildingisprotectedfor70yearsafterdeathofauthor,orifworkofcorporateauthorship,
theshorterof95yearsfrompublication,or120yearsfromcreation
17
From1
Dec.1990
Immaterial Buildingisprotectedfor70yearsafterdeathofauthor,orifworkofcorporateauthorship,
theshorterof95yearsfrompublication,or120yearsfromcreation
17
Notes
1.ThischartwasfirstpublishedinPeterB.Hirtle,"RecentChangesToTheCopyrightLaw:CopyrightTermExtension,"ArchivalOutlook,
January/February1999.Thisversioniscurrentasof1January2014.Themostrecentversionisfoundat
http://www.copyright.cornell.edu/resources/publicdomain.cfm.Forsomeexplanationonhowtousethechartandcomplicationshiddeninit,see
PeterB.Hirtle,"Whenis1923GoingtoArriveandOtherComplicationsoftheU.S.PublicDomain,"Searcher(Sept2012).
ThechartisbasedinpartonLauraN.Gasaway'schart,"WhenWorksPassIntothePublicDomain,"at<http://www.unc.edu/~unclng/public
d.htm>,andsimilarchartsfoundinMarieC.Malaro,ALegalPrimerOnManagingMuseumCollections(Washington,D.C.:SmithsonianInstitution
Press,1998):155156.AusefulcopyrightdurationchartbyMaryMinow,organizedbyyear,isfoundat
<http://www.librarylaw.com/DigitizationTable.htm>.A"flowchart"forcopyrightdurationisfoundat<http://sunsteinlaw.com/practices/copyright
portfoliodevelopment/copyrightpointers/copyrightflowchart/>,andatreeviewchartoncopyrightisat<http://chart.copyrightdata.com>.
SeveralU.S.copyrightdurationcalculatorsareavailableonline,includingthePublicDomainSherpa
(http://www.publicdomainsherpa.com/calculator.html)andtheDurationator(inbetaathttp://www.durationator.com/).Europeanaspublicdomain
calculatorsfor30differentcountriesoutsideoftheU.S.(athttp://www.outofcopyright.eu/).TheOpenKnowledgeFoundationhasbeen
encouragingthedevelopmentofpublicdomaincalculatorsformanycountries:seehttp://publicdomain.okfn.org/calculators/.SeealsoLibraryof
CongressCopyrightOffice.Circular15a,DurationofCopyright:ProvisionsoftheLawDealingwiththeLengthofCopyrightProtection(
Washington,D.C.:LibraryofCongress,2004)<http://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ15a.pdf>.Furtherinformationoncopyrightdurationisfoundin
Chapter3,"DurationandOwnershipofCopyright,"inCopyrightandCulturalInstitutions:GuidelinesforDigitizationforU.S.Libraries,Archives,
andMuseums,byPeterB.Hirtle,EmilyHudson,andAndrewT.Kenyon(Ithaca,NY:CornellUniversityLibrary,2009)availableforpurchaseat
http://bookstore.library.cornell.edu/andasafreedownloadathttp://ecommons.cornell.edu/handle/1813/14142.
2.Treatunpublishedworksregisteredforcopyrightpriorto1978asiftheyhadbeenpublishedintheUS(thoughnotethattheonlyformalitythat
appliedwastherequirementtorenewcopyrightafter28years).Unpublishedworksregisteredforcopyrightsince1978canbeconsideredasif
theywerean"Unpublished,UnregisteredWork."
3.Alltermsofcopyrightrunthroughtheendofthecalendaryearinwhichtheywouldotherwiseexpire,soaworkentersthepublicdomainonthe
firstoftheyearfollowingtheexpirationofitscopyrightterm.Forexample,abookpublishedon15March1923willenterthepublicdomainon1
January2019,not16March2018(1923+95=2018).
4.Unpublishedworkswhenthedeathdateoftheauthorisnotknownmaystillbecopyrightedafter120years,butcertificationfromtheCopyright
Officethatithasnorecordtoindicatewhetherthepersonislivingordiedlessthan70yearsbeforeisacompletedefensetoanyactionfor
infringement.See17U.S.C.302(e).
5.Presumptionastotheauthor'sdeathrequiresacertifiedreportfromtheCopyrightOfficethatitsrecordsdisclosenothingtoindicatethatthe
authoroftheworkislivingordiedlessthanseventyyearsbefore.
6."Publication"wasnotexplicitlydefinedintheCopyrightLawbefore1976,butthe1909Actindirectlyindicatedthatpublicationwaswhencopiesof
thefirstauthorizededitionwereplacedonsale,sold,orpubliclydistributedbytheproprietorofthecopyrightorunderhisauthority.
7.Notallpublishedworksarecopyrighted.WorkspreparedbyanofficeroremployeeoftheUnitedStatesGovernmentaspartofthatperson's
officialdutiesreceivenocopyrightprotectionintheUS.Formuchofthetwentiethcentury,certainformalitieshadtobefollowedtosecure
copyrightprotection.Forexample,somebookshadtobeprintedintheUnitedStatestoreceivecopyrightprotection,andfailuretodeposit
copiesofworkswiththeRegisterofCopyrightcouldresultinthelossofcopyright.Therequirementsthatcopiesincludeaformalnoticeof
copyrightandthatthecopyrightberenewedaftertwentyeightyearswerethemostcommonconditions,andarespecifiedinthechart.
8.A1961CopyrightOfficestudyfoundthatfewerthan15%ofallregisteredcopyrightswererenewed.Forbooks,thefigurewasevenlower:7%.
SeeBarbaraRinger,"StudyNo.31:RenewalofCopyright"(1960),reprintedinLibraryofCongressCopyrightOffice.Copyrightlawrevision:
StudiespreparedfortheSubcommitteeonPatents,Trademarks,andCopyrightsoftheCommitteeontheJudiciary,UnitedStatesSenate,
EightysixthCongress,first[second]session.(Washington:U.S.Govt.Print.Off,1961),p.220.Agoodguidetoinvestigatingthecopyrightand
renewalstatusofpublishedworkisSamuelDemasandJennieL.Brogdon,"DeterminingCopyrightStatusforPreservationandAccess:Defining
ReasonableEffort,"LibraryResourcesandTechnicalServices41:4(October,1997):323334.SeealsoLibraryofCongressCopyrightOffice,
Howtoinvestigatethecopyrightstatusofawork.Circular22.[Washington,D.C.:LibraryofCongress,CopyrightOffice,2004].TheOnline
BooksPageFAQ,especially"HowCanITellWhetheraBookCanGoOnline?"and"HowCanITellWhetheraCopyrightWasRenewed?",is
alsoveryhelpful.
9.ThefollowingsectiononforeignpublicationsdrawsextensivelyonStephenFishman,ThePublicDomain:HowtoFindCopyrightfreeWritings,
Music,Art&More.(Berkeley:Nolo.com,2012).ItappliestoworksfirstpublishedabroadandnotsubsequentlypublishedintheUSwithin30
daysoftheoriginalforeignpublication.WorksthatweresimultaneouslypublishedabroadandintheUSaretreatedasiftheyareAmerican
publications.
10.Foreignworkspublishedafter1923arelikelytobestillundercopyrightintheUSbecauseoftheUruguayRoundAgreementsAct(URAA)
modifyingtheGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade(GATT).TheURAArestoredcopyrightinforeignworksthatasof1January1996had
fallenintothepublicdomainintheUSbecauseofafailuretocomplywithUSformalities.OneoftheauthorsoftheworkhadtobeanonUS
citizenorresident,theworkcouldnothavebeenpublishedintheUSwithin30daysafteritspublicationabroad,andtheworkneededtostillbein
copyrightinthecountryofpublication.SuchworkshaveacopyrighttermequivalenttothatofanAmericanworkthathadfollowedallofthe
formalities.Formoreinformation,seeLibraryofCongressCopyrightOffice,HighlightsofCopyrightAmendmentsContainedintheUruguay
RoundAgreementsAct(URAA).Circular38b.[Washington,D.C.:LibraryofCongress,CopyrightOffice,2004].
11.USformalitiesincludetherequirementthataformalnoticeofcopyrightbeincludedintheworkregistration,renewal,anddepositofcopiesinthe
CopyrightOfficeandthemanufactureoftheworkintheUS.
12.ThedifferingdatesisaproductofthequestionofcontroversialTwinBooksv.WaltDisneyCo.decisionbythe9thCircuitCourtofAppealsin
1996.ThequestionatissueisthecopyrightstatusofaworkonlypublishedinaforeignlanguageoutsideoftheUnitedStatesandwithouta
copyrightnotice.IthadlongbeenassumedthatfailuretocomplywithUSformalitiesplacedtheseworksinthepublicdomainintheUSand,as
such,weresubjecttocopyrightrestorationunderURAA(seenote10).ThecourtinTwinBooks,however,concluded"publicationwithouta
copyrightnoticeinaforeigncountrydidnotputtheworkinthepublicdomainintheUnitedStates."Accordingtothecourt,theseforeign
publicationswereineffect"unpublished"intheUS,andhencehavethesamecopyrighttermasunpublishedworks.Thedecisionhasbeen
harshlycriticizedinNimmeronCopyright,theleadingtreatiseoncopyright,asbeingincompatiblewithpreviousdecisionsandtheintentof
Congresswhenitrestoredforeigncopyrights.TheCopyrightOfficeaswellignorestheTwinBooksdecisioninitscircularonrestored
copyrights.Nevertheless,thedecisioniscurrentlyapplicableinallofthe9thJudicialCircuit(Alaska,Arizona,California,Hawaii,Idaho,Montana,
Nevada,Oregon,Washington,andGuamandtheNorthernMarianaIslands),anditmayapplyintherestofthecountry.
13.SeeLibraryofCongressCopyrightOffice,InternationalCopyrightRelationsoftheUnitedStates.Circular38a.[Washington,D.C.:Libraryof
Congress,CopyrightOffice,2011].
14.See63Fed.Reg.19,287(1998),LibraryofCongressCopyrightOffice,CopyrightRestorationofWorksinAccordanceWiththeUruguayRound
AgreementsActListIdentifyingCopyrightsRestoredUndertheUruguayRoundAgreementsActforWhichNoticesofIntentToEnforce
RestoredCopyrightsWereFiledintheCopyrightOffice.
15.CopyrightnoticerequirementsforsoundrecordingsarespelledoutintheCopyrightOffice'sCircular3,"CopyrightNotice,"availableat
http://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ03.pdf.Hereistheexacttext:
Thecopyrightnoticeforphonorecordsembodyingasoundrecordingisdifferentfromthatforotherworks.Soundrecordingsaredefinedas
"worksthatresultfromthefixationofaseriesofmusical,spokenorothersounds,butnotincludingthesoundsaccompanyingamotionpictureor
otheraudiovisualwork."Copyrightinasoundrecordingprotectstheparticularseriesofsoundsfixedintherecordingagainstunauthorized
reproduction,revision,anddistribution.Thiscopyrightisdistinctfromcopyrightofthemusical,literary,ordramaticworkthatmayberecordedon
thephonorecord.Phonorecordsmayberecords(suchasLPsand45s),audiotapes,cassettes,ordisks.Thenoticeshouldcontainthe
followingthreeelementsappearingtogetheronthephonorecord:
1.Thesymbol and
2.Theyearoffirstpublicationofthesoundrecordingand
3.Thenameoftheownerofcopyrightinthesoundrecording,oranabbreviationbywhichthenamecanberecognized,oragenerally
knownalternativedesignationoftheowner.Iftheproducerofthesoundrecordingisnamedonthephonorecordlabelorcontainerand
ifnoothernameappearsinconjunctionwiththenotice,theproducer'snameshallbeconsideredapartofthenotice.
4.Example: 2004X.Y.Z.Records,Inc.
16.Architecturalworksaredefinedas"thedesignofabuildingasembodiedinanytangiblemediumofexpression,includingabuilding,architectural
plans,ordrawings.Theworkincludestheoverallformaswellasthearrangementandcompositionofspacesandelementsinthedesign,but
doesnotincludeindividualstandardfeatures."ArchitecturalworkswereexpresslyincludedincopyrightbyTitleVIIofPub.L.101650.
17.Whatconstitutes"publication"ofabuildingisaveryinterestingquestion.AstheCopyrightOfficehasnoted,"Aworkisconsideredpublished
whenunderlyingcopiesofthebuildingdesignaredistributedormadeavailablepublicbysaleorothertransferofownership,orbyrental.
Constructionofabuildingdoesnotitselfconstitutepublicationregistration,unlessmultiplecopiesareconstructed."SeeitsCircular41,"Copyright
ClaimsinArchitecturalWorks,"availableathttp://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ41.pdf.
19.TurkmenistanandUzbekistanmayhaveinheritedUCCobligationsandprotectionsfromtheUSSR,whichjoinedtheUCCon27May1973.
SeePeterB.Maggs,"PostSovietLaw:TheCaseofIntellectualPropertyLaw,"TheHarrimanInstituteForum5,no.3(November1991).They
havenotasyet,however,fileda"NotificationofSuccession"withtheUCC.Seehttp://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/ev.php
URL_ID=1814&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.htmlforsignatoriestothetwoUCCtreaties.
20.Ifthesourcecountry'sfirstadheredtoeithertheBerneTreatyortheWTOafter1January1996,thentherelevantdateistheearliestdateof
membership.Dateofmembershipistrackedathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/list_of_parties_to_international_copyright_agreements
21.Contractorsandgranteesarenotconsideredgovernmentempoyees.Generalytheycreateworkswithcopyright(thoughthegovernmentmay
ownthatcopyright).SeeCENDIFrequentlyaskedQuestionsaboutCopyright:IssuesAffectingtheU.S.Government.Thepublicdomainstatus
ofU.S.governmentworksappliesonlyintheU.S.

200414PeterB.Hirtle.Lastupdated3January,2014.UseofthischartisgovernedbytheCreativeCommons
Attribution3.0License.
CornellCopyrightInformationCenter<http://www.copyright.cornell.edu/>