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October 2014 t www.power-eng.com
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ENERGY STORAGE
THE MARKET AND THE TECHNOLOGY
CLEAN COAL
NETL: A REPORT ON CHEMICAL LOOPING
316(b):
A New Challenge
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DEPARTMENTS
2 Opinion
4 Industry News
8 Clearing the Air
No. 10, October 2014
18
316(B) COMPLIANCE:
A New Technical and Implementation
Challenge for Power Plants
After a decades-old legal battle between utilities and environmental
groups, power plants are moving forward with plans to comply with
the 316(b) rule. Researchers at the Electric Power Research
Institute examine the new rule.
32 Poised for Growth
One year ago, California adopted the nations first energy storage mandate for
investor-owned utilities. The new mandate is accelerating the development of
emerging storage technologies. Power Engineering examines the market for
grid-scale energy storage in North America.
COVER: A turnkey installation
of a refurbished Thru-Flow
traveling water screen at a
coal-fired power plant. Photo
courtesy: Atlas Manufacturing
46 Keeping the Lights On
Motion control is key to the efficient and safe performance of gas and steam turbines.
Keeping motion control systems operating at a high level around the clock in rugged
environments is the central challenge for operators. Learn how to minimize downtime
and improve performance by refurbishing valves and actuators.
26 NETL Research Zeroes in on
Improving Chemical Looping Technology
Researchers at the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) are closing in on key improvements
to an evolving energy technology known as Chemical Looping Combustion (CLC). Learn how NETL is
making CLC even more efficient and economical.
38 Power Plant UpratesDont Forget the Generator
American utilities are building very few new coal-fired and nuclear plants, and power generation companies are
turning to alternatives to increase the reliability and output of existing infrastructure. Learn how an uprated generator
can meet needs of additional output and reactive power.
50 The Promise of Small Modular Reactors
Small modular reactors (SMR) have been in worldwide use since the 1950s in countries
like Russia and China, but the U.S. is only now beginning to develop its SMR infrastructure.
Read about the ambitions and progress of select American nuclear companies.
54 Preview
More than 21,000 power professionals are expected to attend POWER-GEN International 2014 in Orlando, Florida,
December 9-11. With more than 1,400 showcasing companies and 300 speakers, POWER-GEN is the worlds largest
conference and exhibition for the power sector. Get a preview of what to expect at the event.
10 Industry Watch
12 Gas Generation
14 View on Renewables
16 Energy Matters
60 What Works
68 Ad Index
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2
OPINION
lawsuits and penalties for Clean Air
Act (CAA) violations caused by mal-
functioning equipment. It is up to the
courts, not the EPA, to determine the
penalty awarded in a private civil suit,
the court found.
In its supplemental notice of pro-
posed rulemaking, published last
month in the Federal Register, EPA said:
Neither states nor the EPA have au-
thority to alter either
the rights of other
parties to seek relief
or the jurisdiction
of the federal courts
to impose relief for
violations of CAA re-
quirements.
The proposed rule
is scheduled to be
finalized by May 22,
2015. Utilities could be fined as much
as $37,500 for each violation, under
the proposed rule.
The SSM proposal is a sharp rever-
sal of decades-old policy that offered
reasonable protections to U.S. power
producers charged with providing
homes and businesses a reliable supply
of electricity. It recognized the science
and chemistry surrounding the opera-
tion of a power plant.
EPA now believes utilities should
be able to anticipate excessive emis-
sions resulting from a planned startup
or shutdown and can take appropriate
steps to maintain continuous com-
pliance. But EPAs misguided goals
are not based on sound science. Sci-
ence fiction would be a more fitting
description of the agencys proposal.
The technical realities involved in con-
trolling emissions from power plants
L
ike death and taxes, there are
certain inescapable realities of
operating a power plant.
For example, coal-fired plants often
exceed emission limits during start-
up, shutdown or malfunction (SSM).
Similar to an engine in a car, emission
control equipment in a power plant
must warm up before the plant can ef-
fectively control emissions. The chemi-
cal reactions required for controlling
emissions cannot occur in the cold.
Its a technical reality associated
with the operation of combustion
boilers and has long been recognized
by EPA rules that exempt utilities from
exceeding emission limits during SSM
events.
EPA freely acknowledges the most ef-
ficient power plants are unable to meet
emission standards outside of normal
operation. Some states provide utili-
ties an affirmative defense against
enforcement actions and citizen law-
suits stemming from SSM events while
other states unilaterally exempt emis-
sions during SSM events.
Yet, the EPA last year proposed a
new rule that would require 36 states
to eliminate affirmative defenses for
emission violations during startup
and shutdown. Affirmative defenses
for equipment malfunctions were pre-
served under the initial proposal. But
just last month, the agency altered its
proposal to prohibit the use of affir-
mative defenses against emission vio-
lations resulting from malfunctioning
equipment.
EPA made the change after the D.C.
Circuit Court ruled in NRDC v. EPA
that affirmative defenses cannot be
used to shield companies from private
havent changed much in the last 20
years. Emission control systems work
only under specific conditions. Those
conditions cannot be achieved dur-
ing startup or shutdown not then or
now. To paraphrase Benjamin Frank-
lin, its as certain as death and taxes.
Not Surprisingly, EPAs proposal is
a response to a 2011 petition by the
Sierra Club, which claims the exemp-
tions are loopholes
designed to benefit
power producers and
expose the public to
harmful emissions.
Its another exam-
ple of a legal tactic
known as sue and
settle that is being
abused by the EPA
and environmental
groups engaged in a calculated cam-
paign against the power sector.
In a sue-and-settle lawsuit, the plain-
tiff s cause is supported by the defen-
dant. In this case, the defendant is the
EPA, which agreed to a prearranged
settlement with the Sierra Club. In the
end, both sides get what they want.
EPA and the Sierra Club have a lot in
common. Both are fully engaged in a
campaign against the most important
segment of power generation industry
coal. The EPAs SSM proposal is part
of the Obama administrations War on
Coal, a conflict borne from real rule-
makings and real policies.
I think Benjamin Franklin, Americas
first environmentalist, would agree.
If you have a question or a comment,
contact me at russellr@pennwell.com.
Follow me on Twitter @RussellRay1.
EPA Proposal
Problematic
BY RUSSELL RAY, CHIEF EDITOR
The SSM proposal
is a sharp reversal
of decades-old
policy that offered
reasonable
protections to U.S.
power producers.
1410pe_2 2 10/13/14 11:34 AM
W
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U
S
E

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T
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C
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P
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4
INDUSTRY NEWS
ACCIONA supplies wind
turbines for Texas project
ACCIONA Windpower will sup-
ply one hundred AW 116/3000 wind
turbines for a wind power project in
Texas.
The wind turbines will be installed
at the 300-MW Green Pastures wind
complex, which is located on more
than 18,000 acres in Baylor and Knox
Counties in North Texas. They will be
equipped with 116-meter-diameter ro-
tors and will be mounted on 92-meter-
high steel towers.
The frst phase, with a capacity of
150 MW, is expected to reach opera-
tion in March 2015. Capital Dynam-
ics, who will manage the project, and
Prudential Capital Group previously
completed the fnancing for the frst
phase. ACCIONA Windpower will also
provide operation and maintenance
services for 10 years.
SaskPower successfully
captures carbon dioxide,
delivers to oilfeld
The $1.35 billion Boundary Dam
carbon capture and storage (CCS) proj-
ect has successfully completed its CCS
chain by piping captured carbon dioxide
to a nearby oilfeld.
The project, which integrates a coal-
fred power unit with amine capture
technology, has been capturing CO2
since late September, but now sees the
start of operations to pipe the green-
house gas to Cenovus Energys oil-
felds for use in enhanced oil recovery
operations thereby completing the
CCS chain.
Project backers said large-scale dem-
onstration projects, such as Boundary
Dam, are needed to prove the viability
of CCS to policymakers, investors and
the public alike.
The Boundary Dam project will cap-
ture around one million tons of CO2 an-
nually from the power plants Unit 3. Any
CO2 not used in enhanced oil recovery
will be stored at the Aquistore project,
a CO2 storage research and monitoring
project in southeast Saskatchewan.
CHP projects using GE
technology receive
EPA award
Two combined heat and power (CHP)
facilities that utilize GE Power & Waters
power generation technology have been
recognized by the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) with the EN-
ERGY STAR CHP Award.
The recipients, Eastman Chemical
Companys Kingsport, an industrial
campus in Tennessee, and Mercks West
Point in Pennsylvania, were announced
Tuesday, Sept. 30.
The CHP system at Eastmans King-
sport site consists of 17 boilers, which
produce steam to support manufactur-
ing processes, meet the space heating/
cooling needs of 550 buildings and drive
19 engines, including 17 GE steam tur-
bine generators. At its Kingsport indus-
trial campus, Eastman manufactures
specialty chemicals, fbers, and plastics.
Mercks CoGen3 CHP system at its
West Point facility is powered by a 38
MW GE 6B heavy-duty gas turbine and
recovers heat to produce steam that
heats, cools, and dehumidifes nearly
7 million square feet of manufacturing,
laboratory, and offce space.
More than 360 MW of
grid-scale energy storage
launched, announced
Navigant Research has released a
new report, Energy Storage Tracker
3Q14, fnding that 362.8 MW of
power, spread throughout 91 new
grid-scale energy storage systems, were
launched or announced between Janu-
ary 1, 2013 and September 30, 2014.
The most popular energy storage
system technology for the past year has
been lithium ion (Li-ion), with 168.6
MW announced or launched, and
236.3 MW to date. The second leading
energy storage technology is sodium
sulfur batteries.
The report includes a database of
697 projects, encompassing 1,160 sys-
tems, and tracks the country, region,
market segment, capacity, status, tech-
nology vendor, systems integrator, ap-
plications, funding, investment, and
key milestones for each project.
NRG Energy acquires
Pure Energies Group
NRG Energy has successfully acquired
Pure Energies Group, a residential solar
company.
Pure Energies completes the residen-
tial solar capabilities NRG has been
working to assemble and complements
NRGs acquisition earlier this year of
Roof Diagnostics Solar, which is in-
volved with home solar direct sales and
installation, and NRGs own Residential
Solar Solutions, which has focused on
the fnancing and business operations
associated with solar power leasing.
Pure Energies and its customer ac-
quisition process will help NRG Home
Solar reduce customer acquisition
costs while providing a simplifed solar
power adoption process. Pure Energies
online capabilities also are expected to
provide a valuable sales channel for
NRGs Goal Zero line of portable so-
lar and energy storage products and
NRGs retail businesses (NRG, Reliant,
and Green Mountain).
Pure Energies advises homeowners
on residential solar systems and home
conservation products to help them
save money and make a difference in
their communities.
Through an online platform, Pure
1410pe_4 4 10/13/14 11:34 AM
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News and analysis. Product and supplier search capabilities. Research and reference collections.
Online forums and discussion groups. These are just a few of the things that make the new
IHS Engineering360 an essential source of intelligence that every engineer needs. Use it to nd
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www.power-eng.com
6
natural gas-fred plants in the U.S.
feet, the facility operates at 57.5 per-
cent overall effciency and can syn-
chronize to the grid in ten minutes,
reach an emissions-compliant 60-per-
cent baseload in 20 minutes, and ar-
rive at full power in an hour.
The facility was delivered as a turn-
key system in a project that brought to-
gether the efforts of EPC giant Bechtel
and global OEM Siemens. Designed as
a power island, all major components
of the plants power block including
turbines, boilers, and generators were
supplied by Siemens, thereby provid-
ing for a composite installation that is
highly integrated.
The plant relies on two Siemens
SGT6-5000F turbines with shaping
power, followed by a newly-designed
heat recovery steam generator
(HRSG) which can utilize all but 185
degrees of the turbines waste heat to
generate secondary energy completely
emissions-free.
Shaping power allows each turbine
to increase overall production by
20 percent, effectively providing
built-in peaking capacity that can be
called upon during hot conditions
or other high-demand times. When
combined with newly-designed
boiler technologies that allow the
plant to start more quickly, these
innovations make the plant highly
responsive to grid demand and market
opportunities.
An identical plantTemple IIis
now being constructed adjacent to the
current facility. When it becomes op-
erational in 2015, it will double the
plants capacity.
Exelon will take delivery of the tur-
bines in 2016, and begin operating them
by mid-2017. Each turbine will have an
output of 330 MW and a net combined-
cycle effciency rating that exceeds 61
percent. The turbines also feature modu-
lar constructability for shorter installa-
tion schedules. GE currently has orders
for nine other HA turbines in France,
Russia and Japan.
The HA turbines are the largest and
most effcient in the world and build on
GEs previous H-class technology, which
was launched in 2003 and has now ac-
cumulated signifcant operating time.
Unlike the previous H-class turbines
which relied on steam cooling, the new
HA turbines rely on air for temperature
regulation.
HA turbines have the lowest heat rate
and emissions in the world. Much of
this effciency is due to the H-class fr-
ing temperature. Compared to E-class
turbines which fre at 2000-3000 de-
grees, and to F-class turbines which fre
at 2300-2600 degrees, H-class turbines
fre at 2600-2900 degrees, which results
in a more effcient system.
The new turbines are also extremely
fexible, able to operate at less than
100-percent base load in order to com-
plement renewable or other intermittent
generative models.
HA turbines can transition from zero
to full power in ten minutes. When
combined with steam turbines in a
combined-cycle plant, they can be at full
power in 30 minutes.
Panda Temple combined
cycle plant up and running
Panda Power Funds dedicated its
Panda Temple combined-cycle power
plant at an inaugural celebration and
ribbon cutting ceremony in Temple,
Texas. The installation is now com-
pletely operational and serving the
Central Texas region.
The 758-MW facility is the frst fex
plant in Texas. As one of the cleanest
Energies is able to identify and provide
a detailed analysis of the customers
home solar feasibility versus their en-
ergy needs.
EPA blames rise in 2013 CO
2

emissions on coal plants
While greenhouse gas (GHG) emis-
sions from power plants have decreased
signifcantly since 2010, the Environ-
mental Protection Agency (EPA) blames
a 2013 uptick in coal plant use for an
emission increase last year.
EPA released its fourth year of
Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program
data, detailing GHG trends and emis-
sions broken down by industrial sec-
tor, geographic region, and individual
facilities.
In 2013, reported emissions from
large industrial facilities were 20 million
metric tons higher than the prior year, or
0.6 percent, driven largely by an increase
in coal use for power generation, EPA
said in a Sept. 30 news release.
Data from the Energy Information
Administration (EIA) and other sources
has pointed to a rise in coal plant utili-
zation during 2013, in part because of
higher natural gas fuel prices.
Over 8,000 large-emitters reported
direct greenhouse gas emissions to the
program in 2013, representing approxi-
mately 50 percent of total U.S. emis-
sions, EPA said.
EPA also reported that 92 facilities of
some type reported injecting CO
2
under-
ground.
GE sells frst HA gas
turbines in US market
In a deal worth half a billion dollars,
GE announced it has contracted to pro-
vide four 7HA gas turbines, two D600
steam turbines and six generators to en-
ergy corporation Exelon.
The deal targets the fast growing,
high-effciency market segment and rep-
resents the frst HA turbines to be sold
in the US.
1410pe_6 6 10/13/14 11:34 AM
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8
CLEARING THE AIR
T
he economics of power genera-
tion with fossil fuels, in particu-
lar the viability of U.S. coal-fired
plants, are profoundly affected by fac-
tors such as capital cost, operation and
maintenance cost, fuel price, labor cost,
and especially the present and potential
future regulations governing control of
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
The emissions of carbon dioxidethe
GHG of primary concernfor four ba-
sic power-generation technologies are as
follows: (1) coal-fired supercritical (heat
rate of 8,700 Btu/kWh), 1.7; (2) coal-fired
ultra-supercritical (heat rate of 7,800 Btu/
kWh), 1.6; (3) conventional natural gas
combined cycle, 0.8; and (4) integrated
gasification combined cycle, 1.7
As shown, natural gas-fired combined
cycle, at 0.8 pounds, produces about half
the CO
2
emissions for coal-fired units,
whether supercritical or ultra-supercriti-
cal. The natural gas technology has atten-
dant economic advantages over coal-fired
units under almost all scenarios for GHG
emission control.
A fuel cost advantage has been the
only mitigating factor for coal-fired units.
Although coal has historically been less
expensive than gas, this difference seems
to be changing in recent years. The price
gap has been steadily narrowing. Unless
CO
2
capture technology experiences a
breakthrough that leads to significantly
lower costs or a regulatory differentiation
that is sufficiently less restrictive and in
favor of coal occurs, and barring a rapid
increase in gas price, the coal-fired units
will remain at an economic disadvantage
relative to gas-fired units.
The forecast for new-generation capac-
ity reflects that expectation. For the pe-
riod 2012 through 2020, coal generation
capacity is expected to decline from 310
to 260 gigawatts (GW) and gas genera-
tion is expected to grow from 400 to 450
GW. Power generation from renewable
technology will play a critical but minor
role, increasing from 4 GW to 7GW.
Despite the not-so-rosy future for coal-
fired technology, it plays a significant role
in actual power generation today. Ac-
cording to U.S DOE/EPA Electric Power
Monthly Reports identifying sources of
power generation, coal-fired units pro-
vided 37 percent in 2012, 40 percent in
2013, and 43 percent in the first quarter
of 2014. The corresponding gas-fired gen-
erations are 27 percent, 26 percent, and
24 percent, respectively.
One measure attracting attention in re-
cent years is improving thermal efficiency
of existing power generation units. This
approach has many positive impacts, in-
cluding lower fuel cost, a major compo-
nent of the generation cost, and reduced
emissions, including CO
2
, with attendant
cost saving.
Many techniques and technologies
have been developed to improve heat
rate, often for specific applications. The
following approaches are being used:
Coal cleaning, in which more intense
coal washing reduces sulfur and ash con-
tent; increases heating value; improves
heat transfer; reduces transportation cost;
improves boiler operation; decreases
parasitic load for coal handling, grind-
ing, and drying; reduces ash removal, ash
handling, and disposal cost; and reduces
sulfur dioxide and emission of trace ele-
ments, including mercury.
Coal drying with the use of waste heat,
especially for low-rank coals such as sub-
bituminous and lignitic coals, which re-
duces coal handling and parasitic load
consumption and improves heat transfer
and heat rate.
Retrofit of steam turbines with multi-
stage rotors, which improves thermal ef-
ficiency.
Reduction of exit flue gas temperature
by injection of alkaline chemicals to re-
move sulfur trioxide, thereby lowering
acid dew point and minimizing air-pre-
heater corrosion, which limits exit gas
temperature and results in an overall in-
creased thermal efficiency.
Upgrade of controls and the control
system to permit operation at optimal
condition and thermal efficiency at vary-
ing loads.
Use of variable speed drives and mo-
tors, which lowers parasitic power con-
sumption, especially at lower loads.
Upgrade of the Air Quality Control
System (AQCS), which can consume as
much as 2 to 3 percent of gross plant out-
put, so that modern systems with lower
power consumption replace first- and
second-generation AQCSs installed in
the 1970s and 1980s.
An impediment to integrating such
relatively easy-to-implement, cost-ef-
fective, and environmentally friendly
measures for heat rate improvement
is the potential triggering of the New
Source Review (NSR). These permitting
requirements, which can be extensive
and expensive, become effective if the
measure implemented is designated
as a major modification. Further the
new permits may require additional
environmental controls, which in turn
may negate the intended efficiency im-
provement and cost reduction. A more-
pragmatic regulatory and balanced
view approach would promote imple-
mentation of these heat-rate improve-
ment measures and reap their benefits,
lowering the cost of electricity and im-
proving the environment.
Bolstering Coal-Fired
Plant Economics
BY NAT SEKHAR, SENIOR CONSULTANT, CH2M HILL
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10
INDUSTRY WATCH
challenges is keeping up to date with
evolving industry standards particular-
ly when staffng at plants is already lean.
The North American Electric Reliabil-
ity Corporation (NERC) has recognized
the importance of security for years, and
continues to refne, with industry input,
its Critical Infrastructure Protection (CIP)
reliability standards. Earlier this year, the
Obama administration announced the
Cybersecurity Framework a volun-
tary guide targeted to organizations in
the critical infrastructure community
and developed by the U.S. Department
of Commerces National Institute of Stan-
dards and Technology (NIST). Although
meant to be complementary, several
power producers commented before the
Framework was published that there was
duplication and conficting informa-
tion between it and NERC CIP. Ongoing
monitoring for new developments along
these fronts is crucial, and control system
suppliers can augment a utilitys efforts.
Challenges can also originate from
within, adding further complexity and
internal confusion. For example, organi-
zations may struggle with where respon-
sibility for cybersecurity resides: Is it the
business side (IT) or the plant operations
side (OT)? In larger organizations, this
confict can be further complicated by
the existence of an internal compliance
group. In these instances, fostering a col-
laborative atmosphere that dissolves the
Great Divide among the different groups
and focuses on the outcome is essential.
Often, control system suppliers can play
an important role in helping to navigate
the internal waters.
Some automation suppliers
are now offering comprehensive
cybersecurity-related services aimed at
helping utilities effciently and cost-ef-
fectively address evolving standards and
threats. The range of services intended to
reduce some of the burden utilities must
shoulder include:
t Security assessments to determine
potential vulnerabilities
t Remediation, such as the deploy-
ment of cybersecurity patches,
which can be done at individual
plants or across entire feets
t Cybersecurity program develop-
ment, which may include pre- and
post-audit compliance support
Reputable suppliers take rigorous
steps, such as providing clearances and
background checks for their own per-
sonnel with physical or cyber access to
a critical cyber asset, setting up special
repositories that limit access to a need-to-
know basis, and taking extra measures to
protect customer information when it is
in their possession.
The power generation industry will
need to continue to adapt as both stan-
dards and threats continue to evolve.
For instance, a recent article in Bloom-
berg News focused on how adding wind
farms, solar panels or other renewable
assets may offer hackers additional access
points to the grid. Keeping up with the
latest cyber threats, as well as protective
measures and industry standards, can put
a further strain on organizations already
struggling to manage multiple concerns,
including new environmental standards.
With so much at stake, its imperative
to leave nothing to chance. For utilities,
control system suppliers are a powerful
ally in the ongoing battle against cyber
threats.
T
hose of us in the power industry
are well aware of serious threats
our industry faces from hackers
and disgruntled (or just careless) employ-
ees. For years, cybersecurity has been a
frequent topic at industry events, within
industry organizations and in industry
trade journals. Despite the sweeping im-
pact they could have on every aspect of
peoples lives, cyberattacks both the
threats and actual incidents related to
the power industry have not until re-
cently been front-page news in the main-
stream, or consumer media. But that is
now changing, with headlines such as
Hackers could turn out your lights in
U.S. News & World Report and Reports
reveal ongoing cyberattacks on U.S. and
European energy sector in the Washing-
ton Post, with the latter in part prompt-
ing an editorial stating that Congress is
overdue in dealing with the cybersecurity
threat. Clearly, the mainstream media is
now paying close attention to this issue.
Beyond the obvious imperative of en-
suring power plants continue to operate
safely and feed electricity to the grid, util-
ities also need to assure the public and
investors that they are appropriately
addressing the issue. Fortunately, power
producers dont have to go it alone. In ad-
dition to enhancing the security features
of their control technologies on an ongo-
ing basis, automation and control system
suppliers can offer a wealth of resources
utilities can tap into as needed.
Working alongside power producers
for the last 30 years, Ive seen frsthand
how hard utilities are working and the
steps they are taking to keep their facili-
ties secure. I also know the many chal-
lenges they face in doing so. One of the
Countering Cyber Threats:
Internal Resources
Might Not be Enough
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12
GAS GENERATION
generators gas pull is unanticipated.
Recent efforts to address these reliabil-
ity concerns have focused on harmoniz-
ing the natural gas and electricity mar-
kets. Here the tendency is to view these
energy products as essentially identical,
to be traded and scheduled in the same
way, the argument being that elimination
of inconsistencies will increase efficiency
and maximize utilization of existing in-
frastructure to help increase reliability.
But these energy products are not iden-
tical, and this approach overlooks their
significant differences.
Electricity moves at the speed of light,
but flows along the path of least resis-
tance. By comparison, natural gas moves
along the pipeline at no more than 30
mph, but can be directed based on the lo-
cation and amount of compression along
the pipeline. Electric generation can be
sited locally or remotely based on system
needs; natural gas is produced where it
is found geologically and transported to
market. As a result, different economic
and regulatory structures have been de-
veloped for the two industries that reflect
these fundamental physical differences.
Although it is sometimes enticing to see
the parallels in the industries in an effort
to bring them together to work more ef-
ficiently, the physical differences must be
respected.
Rather than trying to force the natu-
ral gas and electricity markets into some
form of common market, policy makers
should instead focus on the infrastructure
needed to help ensure reliability for both
natural gas and electricity customers.
A number of recent proposals to better
harmonize the natural gas and electric-
ity markets from better communica-
tions between electric transmission and
T
he use of natural gas-generated
electricity has grown substan-
tially in recent years, and con-
tinued growth is projected, especially
given expectations around natural gas
price stability and the potential shutter-
ing of coal-fired generation due to envi-
ronmental restrictions. But while natural
gas utilities meet the needs of the electric-
ity generation industry, they must simul-
taneously continue to provide reliable
services for residential, commercial and
industrial customers who use natural
gas directly for heating, end-use appli-
ances, as feedstock in manufacturing, etc.
These uses need not be in competition
with one another given that our nations
abundant natural gas resources can sup-
port growing demand across numerous
economic sectors. The key to serving all
of these needs is adequate investment
in the natural gas infrastructure used to
bring the countrys abundant supplies to
market. Market structures and cost recov-
ery mechanisms must be put into place to
help ensure that natural gas pipeline and
storage facilities are built quickly enough
to keep pace with the growing demand
for natural gas from all sectors.
For a number of years, energy policy
makers have been grappling with the
implications of the increased demand
for natural gas that power generation
creates. The inability of gas-fired gen-
erators to obtain natural gas deliveries
when needed can threaten the reliabil-
ity of electric systems. Similarly, when a
large gas-fired generator is dispatched to
serve electric needs, the pull on the gas
system can be sufficiently large to cause
changes in pipeline pressures and reduce
the gas delivery systems ability to meet
other consumer needs, especially when a
interstate pipeline operators to changes
in the natural gas nomination schedule
will have little success in improving reli-
ability if the natural gas infrastructure is
inadequate to keep up with the growing
demands of the system. For example, in a
recent effort to examine the gas nomina-
tion schedule, electric interests have ar-
gued for more opportunities for gas-fired
generators to nominate gas service to be
able to respond to intraday variations in
electric demand. However, additional
nomination opportunities will have little
impact if the pipeline is already fully uti-
lized. In this instance, improved reliabil-
ity could only come from additional in-
frastructure, whether in the form of new
pipeline or storage capacity.
Natural gas utilities use a variety of
assets to reliably meet the needs of their
customers. These assets include such
things as diverse holdings of pipeline
transportation and storage capacity, pipe-
line no-notice service, and on-system
storage facilities. Utilities continue to
invest in the infrastructure necessary for
reliability. This is due in part to the fact
that utilities, as regulated entities, are pro-
vided the opportunity to recover the costs
of these assets through various approved
cost recovery mechanisms. Energy policy
makers should more closely examine the
market structures that would support
similar investment in gas infrastructure.
They should keep in mind that this infra-
structure is critical to maintaining elec-
tric reliability, and they should introduce
policy that will allow for cost recovery,
thereby ensuring that such facilities can
be financed and built. Unless a robust
investment climate is created to build gas
infrastructure, efforts to harmonize both
markets will continue to fall short.

Need Reliability?
Focus on Infrastructure,
Not Harmony
BY ANDREW SOTO, VICE PRESIDENT, REGULATORY AFFAIRS, AMERICAN GAS ASSOCIATION
1410pe_12 12 10/13/14 11:34 AM
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1410pe_13 13 10/13/14 11:34 AM
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14
VIEW ON RENEWABLES
permitting and siting process are
critical to achieving gigawatt-scale
offshore wind deployment in the
next decade. Although great strides
have been made to reduce the permit-
ting schedule from the 12 years it took
for Cape Wind to between 2-4 years to-
day, further enhancements by the multi-
tude of federal permitting and regulatory
agencies are needed.
7. Current organizational structures
in the U.S. may make it more difficult
to attain the offshore wind value
found in the study. This is because these
value levels rely on a regional or broader
perspective. Areas such as the Southeast
U.S. that do not have RTOs may find it
difficult to sufficiently socialize and jus-
tify the costs compared to the benefits.
However, working from a regional per-
spective may be more straightforward in
areas that have an ISO or RTO (e.g., ISO-
New England or PJM), but even here each
state and utility involved must be willing
to consider and share in the broader per-
spective, costs, and benefits.
8. Research and development
promise to help reduce initial capital
investment. One of the major market
barriers to offshore wind is the high capi-
tal costs compared to other forms of en-
ergy production. However, research and
development can help lower these costs.
It is my hope that the study findings
will be of great interest to executives,
decision makers and policy makers
throughout the power industry. We hope
this study supports the national conver-
sation and provides valuable insight for
decision makers on laying the ground-
work for offshore wind to become part of
the U.S. energy portfolio.
T
hree years ago, the U.S. Depart-
ment of Energy (DOE) funded
an investigative research team to
conduct a national study on the feasibil-
ity for offshore wind integration into the
U.S. grid. In particular, the technical and
economic viability was studied as one
possible input for the DOE to produce
a roadmap to gigawatt levels of offshore
wind energy, based on the DOEs 20 Per-
cent Wind Energy by 2030 report. This
Offshore Wind initiative would help to
assess the ability to interconnect 54 GW
of deployed offshore wind generating ca-
pacity by 2030.
The DOE-funded study, known as
the National Offshore Wind Energy
Grid Interconnection Study (NOWE-
GIS) was ABB-led and overseen by
experts from ABB, AWS Truepower,
Duke Energy, the DOEs National Re-
newable Energy Laboratory (NREL),
and the University of Pittsburgh Swan-
son School of Engineering.
The team sought to determine the
expected staging of offshore wind de-
velopment in each of the U.S. coastal
regions, develop expected wind gen-
eration production profiles, assess
the applicability of integration study
methods to offshore wind production,
assess a variety of offshore wind col-
lection and delivery technologies, and
consider various regulatory issues.
Three years later, the results are in,
and the prospects are encouraging. The
NOWEGIS team determined eight key
results and observations:
1. The U.S. has sufficient offshore
wind energy resources to con-
sider having at least 54 GW of off-
shore wind. However, the resource
assessmentwhich considered exclusion
zones as a result of military use, commer-
cial shipping lanes, and environmental
concernsindicates that a significantly
larger amount of offshore wind could, in
theory, be utilized.
2. The methods used for evaluat-
ing the integration of land-based
wind energy are also appropriate
for studying offshore wind energy.
The methods currently used for evalu-
ating system impacts of onshore wind
power plants apply directly to studying
offshore wind, and the same types of
data are required.
3. Appropriate technologies exist
for interconnecting large amounts of
wind energy to the U.S. grid. Multiple
technologies designed for both alternat-
ing current (AC) and direct current (DC)
exist that can be used to collect wind-gen-
erated electricity and deliver it to the on-
shore grid efficiently and cost-effectively.
4. At a regional or national level,
offshore wind energy may provide
significant value. NOWEGIS estimated
that the 54 GW of offshore wind would
provide a national reduction of electricity
production costs of $7.68 billion annu-
ally, resulting in an approximate value of
offshore wind at $41/MWh.
5. State policies that recognize the
energy, environmental, and eco-
nomic benefits of offshore wind are
critical to encouraging investment in
offshore wind. State policies can encour-
age offshore wind deployment by creat-
ing demand through renewable portfo-
lio standards (RPS) that establish policy
mechanisms based on the needs of the
state.
6. Reductions in the federal
Offshore Wind Study Offers
Encouraging Prospects
for U.S. Coastlines
BY JOHN DANIEL (ABB), LEAD INVESTIGATOR, NATIONAL OFFSHORE WIND ENERGY GRID INTERCONNECTION STUDY
1410pe_14 14 10/13/14 11:34 AM
For info. http://powereng.hotims.com RS#8
1410pe_15 15 10/13/14 11:34 AM
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16
ENERGY MATTERS
regulation is just as tricky. A modifcation
is defned as a physical or operational
change to an existing source that in-
creases the sources maximum achievable
hourly rate of air pollutant emissions. So,
if in physically modifying a combustion
turbine in order to increase its heat rate,
you also increase the hourly emission rate
of GHG and NOx, you can change an ex-
isting unit into a modifed unit, which, in
the case of combustion turbines, is then
subject to the same limits as a new unit.
Presto! What was old is new again.
Building block 1 makes it possible to
increase hourly emissions on existing
combined cycle units modifying them
enough that they become subject to the
limits for new units. Building block 2 en-
courages utilities to increase run time so
that tpy increases occur, subjecting plants
to NSR permitting and retroft of add-on
BACT control devices.
The end results of these three rules
is to 1) encourage construction of new
combined-cycle combustion turbines,
internal combustion engines (which are
typically under the MW threshold and
therefore not subject to the rules) and
new renewables, 2) create a regulatory
pathway that turns all existing combined-
cycle units into modifed units subject to
the new unit limits, and 3) discourages
construction of non-peaking simple-cy-
cle combustion turbines and 4) forbid
construction of new coal-fred boilers
without CCS. All of these will signif-
cantly increase costs to ratepayers. And,
remember, enforcement can come at the
request of any public interest group, not
just the EPA.
EPA wants to have its cake and eat it
too. But then, of course, they are the of-
fcial baker!
E
PA wants to use commonsense
to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions by shifting electricity
generation to more effcient, less pollut-
ing power plants. In theory, writing reg-
ulations with commonsense is a noble
idea; in reality, EPA has created a recipe
for a no-win scenario for utilities.
EPAs proposed GHG rules split power
plants into three categories: new sources,
existing sources, and modifed sources.
Each group has its own new regulation
and its own diffculties.
New power plants are limited to a gross
energy output-based CO
2
emission limit
expressed in pounds per megawatt-hour
(lb/MWh). The limits can normally be
met for new combined-cycle turbines but
are problematic for non-peaking simple-
cycle turbines and impossible for coal-
fred boilers without Carbon Capture
and Sequestration (CCS). Essentially,
new coal-fred boilers without CCS are
outlawed by this rule and simple-cycle
turbines are limited to less than 2,920
hours per year of operation.
Existing power plants have been given
individual lb/MWh limits by state. In
developing each states limit, EPA estab-
lished four building blocks: 1) heat
rate improvements, 2) dispatch changes
among affected electric generating units
(EGUs), 3) using an expanded amount of
less carbon-intensive generating capacity,
and 4) demand-side energy effciency.
Building blocks 1 and 2 can cause New
Source Review (NSR) permitting prob-
lems for individual EGUs. On one hand,
EPA suggests heat rates can be improved
by specifc best practices and equipment
upgrades, including upgrades to boilers,
steam turbines, and control systems. On
the other hand, EPA has a long history of
enforcement actions against power plants
that make non-routine modifcations to
coal-fred boilers and turbines, despite
the fact that routine is not defned in
the NSR regulations. EPAs success is mea-
sured at over $19.4 billion in control ret-
rofts, penalties, and environmental miti-
gation at almost 100 plants since 1999.
The enforcement case against Ohio
Edison is especially on point. During
the 1980s and 1990s, Ohio Edison de-
veloped a program to improve the heat
rate of the Samis Station units, including
replacements of furnace water wall tubes,
economizer tubes, superheater tubes,
reheater tubes, burners, coal pipes, pul-
verizers and low pressure turbine rotors.
Ohio Edison lost the argument that the
modifcations were routine maintenance
and was ruled to be in violation of the
NSR requirement to obtain a precon-
struction permit. Its worth noting that
emissions increased in terms of tons per
year but not pounds per hour. In other
words, the units were run for more hours
after the modifcation but at the same or
lower hourly rate.
EPA has a two-step test to determine
if a modifcation is subject to NSR: 1)
Is there a physical change or change in
method of operation and 2) is there a
resultant increase in emissions over the
ton per year thresholds. This rather nice-
ly parallels building blocks 1 and 2: 1)
make a physical change to increase heat
rate and 2) dispatch the affected unit for
more hours per year. Bingo! Youve just
triggered NSR permitting. And if your
combustion turbine doesnt already have
add-on control devices for NOx and CO,
then through the best available control
technology (BACT) process, it soon will.
Turning to modifed units, the new
Sticky Recipe:
The Clean Power Plan
BY ROBYNN ANDRACSEK, P.E., BURNS & MCDONNELL AND CONTRIBUTING EDITOR
1410pe_16 16 10/13/14 11:34 AM
A Division of THE HILLIARD CORPORATION
For info. http://powereng.hotims.com RS#9
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18
www.power-eng.com
BY DOUGLAS A. DIXON AND DAVID E. BAILEY, ELECTRIC POWER RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Available (BTA) options for both impinge-
ment and entrainment control. Those chal-
lenges will continue once BTA is determined
and those technologies must be installed,
properly operated and monitored. Part I of
this article briefly reviews the Rule and the
implementation challenges permit applicants
will have to meet. Part II of this article will
discuss the Technical Challenges.
CLEAN WATER ACT
316(B) RULE FOR
EXISTING FACILITIES
On Aug. 15, 2014 the U.S. Environmen-
tal Protection Agency (EPA) issued its final
regulation implementing this section of the
Act for existing plants with cooling water
intake structures (CWIS). The regulation is
effective on October 14, 2014. Plants in scope
of the rule include those that are capable of
withdrawing more than 2 million gallons
of water per day (MGD) design intake flow
(DIF) from waters of the U.S., have or re-
quire a National Pollution Control Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES) permit, and of
which 25 percent or more is used for cool-
ing. The EPA rule affects over 500 existing
power plants and an additional 500+ indus-
trial facilities (e.g., iron and steel, pulp and
paper, chemical manufacturing) that have
CWIS. The regulation is intended to reduce
the adverse environmental impact to fish and
shellfish that is considered in the rule to be
caused by CWIS impingement (entrapment
of organisms on intake screens) and entrain-
ment (passage of early life stages of organ-
isms through intake screens into the cooling
system). .
EPA COMPLIANCE
STANDARDS
All facilities withdrawing > 2 MGD DIF
are in scope for both impingement and en-
trainment compliance control; however, only
facilities withdrawing >125 MGD actual
intake flow (AIF) are required to complete
entrainment studies to determine entrain-
ment BTA. Entrainment study requirements
and BTA determination for facilities with-
drawing 125 MGD AIF are subject to the
discretion of Permit Directors [herein called
Directors]. Facilities required to do the
entrainment studies will determine entrain-
ment BTA compliance first, after which and
as soon as practical, the impingement com-
pliance will be determined. This provision
is a major change Irom the proposed Rule oI
2011 and eliminates the possibility that an
installed technology for impingement BTA
would have to be abandoned or replaced be-
cause entrainment studies required a differ-
ent control technology.
Species Protected for entrainment
compliance, all life stages (egg, larvae,
and juvenile) of fish and shellfish, subject
to Directors discretion, are in-scope for
protection. It does not include members
of the infraclass Cirripedia in the subphy-
lum Crustacea (barnacles), green mussels
(Perna viridis), or zebra mussels (Dreissena
polymorpha). The Director may determine
that all life stages of fish and shellfish
do not include other specified nuisance
species. Shellfish includes shrimp, lob-
ster, horseshoe and blue crab, and the
Editors note: This is the first of a
two-part series on the U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agencys 316(b)
rule, which will affect more than 500
power plants in the U.S.
S
ection 316(b) of the Federal
Water Pollution Control Act
(aka Clean Water Act; here-
after the Act) of 1972 states:
Any standard established
pursuant to section 301 or section 306 of this
Act and applicable to a point source shall re-
quire that the location, design, construction,
and capacity of cooling water intake structures
reflect the best technology available for mini-
mizing adverse environmental impact.
Section 316(b) of the Act contains five
lines of text, 43 words, and 252 characters
yet it has figuratively yielded separate insti-
tutional libraries for related legal documents
and research results since the Act was passed
in 1973! These libraries are still a valu-
able resource because while provisions of
the regulation offer flexible compliance op-
tions for industry, many permit applicants
will be challenged technically, financially,
and by schedule as they strive to complete
the required biological, engineering and eco-
nomic studies to indentify Best Technology
316(b): A New
Technical and
Implementation
Challenge for
Power Plants
Authors:
Douglas A. Dixon is a Technical Execu-
tive and Program Manager of EPRIs Fish
Protection Research.
David E. Bailey is a Senior Technical
Leader managing EPRIs closed cycle
cooling retrofit research and 316(b)
compliance support.
1410pe_REV_18 18 10/16/14 11:56 AM
19
www.power-eng.com
for brief periods during unusual
conditions)
t Option 4 have an existing (mini-
mum 800 feet offshore) velocity
cap with exclusion bars for marine
mammals and sea turtles
t Option 5 install modified travel-
ing water screens with a fish return
and optimize performance for non-
fragile species in a two-year biologi-
cal study
t Option 6 install an integrated sys-
tem of technologies, practices, and
operational measures that are op-
timized for non-fragile species in
a two-year study and demonstrate
biological performance is compara-
ble to that required in the following
Option 7, and
t Option 7 demonstrate that im-
pingement mortality is reduced to
no more than 24 percent annually
based on a minimum of monthly la-
tent mortality monitoring.
Entrapment (meaning the con-
dition where impingeable fish and
shellfish lack the means to escape
the cooling water intake - complete
definition at 125.92(j)) the EPA
dropped the 2011 proposed Rule require-
ment for special protection of entrapped
fish; however, a facility that entraps fish
must count the entrapped fish as im-
pingement mortality (i.e., during optimi-
zation studies for Compliance Options 5
and 6 and as part of monthly monitoring
of fish and shellfish survival to deter-
mine annual survival in Compliance Op-
tion 7.) Furthermore, when entrapment
of shellfish is a concern, Directors may es-
tablish additional requirements, such as
the seasonal deployment of barrier nets.
Waivers/Exemptions/Special Re-
quirements in addition to the impinge-
ment compliance options, compliance
requirements can be waived or modified
Side-by-side testing of different screens was funded by
EPRI and performed at Alden Research Laboratory in
Worcester, Mass. Photo Courtesy: EPRI
of the feasibility of a closed-cycle re-cir-
culating system (CCRS), fine mesh/nar-
row slot screens, and the use of grey, re-
claimed, and process water. Compliance
is determined by the permitting author-
ity on a case-by-case basis using best
professional judgment (BPJ) (see below
for mandatory and optional factors Di-
rectors must consider). The determina-
tion could range from the existing cool-
ing water intake structure (CWIS) being
deemed BTA to a requirement to retrofit
with a CCRS.
Impingement Mortality facilities
using > 2 MGD DIF have seven options
to achieve BTA for impingement mortal-
ity reduction:
t Option 1 operate a CCRS
t Option 2 demonstrate the maxi-
mum design through-screen veloci-
ty does not to exceed 0.5 feet per sec-
ond (fps) during minimum source
water levels and periods of maxi-
mum head loss across the screens
t Option 3 demonstrate through
daily monitoring that the actual
through-screen velocity is 0.5 fps
under all ambient conditions, in-
cluding during minimum source
water levels and periods of maxi-
mum head loss across the screens
(Permit Director may issue waivers
motil larval stages of mollusks (clams,
oysters, mussels, squid and octopus).
For impingement compliance, EPA has
developed a list of 14 fragile species that
can be excluded (e.g., gizzard shad, bay
anchovy, alewife, menhaden), subject to
Directors approval, from impingement
protection. These species were identified
based on their survival of less than 30
percent when collected on traveling water
screens. Additional species may be identi-
fied as fragile by demonstrating survival
rates of less than 30 percent on a site-
specific basis. Non-fragile species of fish
(survival > 30 percent) must be protected
as well as shellfish, marine mammals
and sea turtles. There are special provi-
sions for the protection of threatened and
endangered (T&E) species as discussed
below.
Entrainment Mortality Facilities
using >2 MGD DIF are also subject to re-
ducing entrainment mortality, however,
only facilities withdrawing >125 MGD
AIF must submit a Entrainment Char-
acterization Study, a Comprehensive
Technical Feasibility and Cost Evaluation
Study (to evaluate entrainment reduction
technologies), a Benefit Valuation Studay,
and a Non-water Quality and Other Envi-
ronmental Impacts Study. The technolo-
gy evaluation must include a assessment
1410pe_19 19 10/13/14 11:35 AM
www.power-eng.com
20
to insure their protection and address
the Services concern. As a result of the
changes, the Services modified their de-
termination to one of no jeopardy for
the EPA regulation action. As part of the
Source Water Baseline Biological Char-
acterization Study, applicants must now
provide information
on all T&E species po-
tentially affected by
impingement and en-
trainment, existing in-
cidental take permits
and any information
used to obtain the
permit(s). Directors
are also required to
submit all permit ap-
plication material to
the FWS (and NMFS
if anadromous species are involved) who
then have 60 days to provide recommen-
dations to insure T&E species protection.
Permit Directors may also require addi-
tional control measures, monitoring re-
quirements, and reporting requirements
that are designed to minimize incidental
take, reduce or remove more than minor
detrimental effects to Federally-listed
species and designated critical habitat, or
avoid jeopardizing Federally-listed spe-
cies or destroying or adversely modifying
designated critical habitat (e.g., spawning
and nursery areas or prey base).
INFORMATION
REQUIREMENTS
The rule contains extensive informa-
tion submittal requirements outlined
within 122.21(r)(2) through (12) (see
table for details).
EPA dropped the requirement for a
peer review of the Entrainment Char-
acterization Study Plan as the EPA
believed it would be reviewed when
review of the latter (122.21(r)(10-12)
documents is conducted. However,
by the Permit Director if the applicant
can demonstrate (1) impingement is de
minimis, (2) if the capacity utilization
rate is less than 8 percent averaged over
a 24-month contiguous period, and (3) if
the intake is located on a manmade lake
or reservoir and the fishery is managed
(but does not include any Federal T&E
species or their critical habitat). Relative
to the latter waiver for fishery managed
water bodies, only the r studies (i.e.,
permit application study requirements
see below) can be waived; however, ap-
plicants are still required to comply with
the Rule. This latter waiver also applies to
the required r studies for entrainment.
There is also a special exemption for
nuclear facilities. If compliance with the
Rule conflicts with a safety requirement
established by the Nuclear Regulatory
Commission, the Department of En-
ergy or the Naval Nuclear Propulsion
Program, the Permit Director must make
a site-specific BTA determination that
would not result in a conflict with safety
requirements.
New Units at Existing Facilities
these units would need to comply with
the compliance standards in the EPA
New Facility Rule which was issued in
2001. This requires them to employ use
of CCRS or a technology that is equiva-
lent to closed-cycle cooling (achieves an
entrainment reduction within 90 percent
of that achieved by a CCRS).
THREATENED &
ENDANGERED
(T&E) SPECIES
PROTECTION
The EPA delayed re-
lease of the final Rule
for nearly a year un-
til the U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service (FWS)
and the National Ma-
rine Fisheries Service
(NMFS) completed
their consultation and
Biological Opinion
(FWS/NMFS 2014). The Services initially
concluded, after review of the proposed
regulation, the draft final regulation,
EPAs biological evaluation, and other
available information, that the proposed
action would likely adversely affect T&E
species and designated critical habitat.
EPA, therefore, modified the final Rule
to include special information require-
ments and requirements for the Director
A cooling water intake structure at Alabama Powers
Plant Barry. EPRI is testing and optimizing the Hydrolox
molded polymer screen at this plant.
Photo Courtesy: EPRI
The EPA rule
affects over 500
existing power
plants and an
additional 500-plus
industrial facilities
that have cooling
water intake
structures.
1410pe_20 20 10/13/14 11:35 AM
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22
interim measures for impingement and
entrainment control until a final BTA is
installed. The ultimate decision on en-
trainment BTA will be based on the Di-
rectors BPJ. In accomplishing this, the
Director has a number of mandatory
factors (125.98(f)(2)) that must be
considered, including:
1. Number and species of organisms
entrained, including federally
listed T&E species and designated
critical habitat
2. Impact of changes in particulate
emissions or other pollutants as-
sociated with entrainment tech-
nologies
3. Land availability as it relates to
technology feasibility
4. Remaining useful life of facility,
and
5. Quantified and qualitative social
benefits and costs of available
technologies when such informa-
tion is sufficient to make a deci-
sion.
The following factors are optional
for consideration and also weight-
ed at the discretion of the Director
(125.98(f)(3)):
1. Entrainment impacts on the wa-
terbody
2. Thermal discharge impacts
3. Credit for reductions in flow asso-
ciated with retirement of units oc-
curring within 10 preceding years
4. Impacts on reliability of energy in
immediate area
5. Impacts on water consumption, and
6. Availability of process water, grey
water, waste water, reclaimed wa-
ter, or other waters of appropriate
quality and quantity for reuse as
cooling water.
applicants should consider conducting
a peer-review of their entrainment data
collection plan as a prudent risk-man-
agement practice. Negative review(s) of
the latter three studies, particularly if it is
found that they are all based on a problem-
atic entrainment characterization study,
could set applicants compliance planning
back multiple years at significant costs.

STATE PERMIT DIRECTOR
REQUIREMENTS
The EPA Rule also provides consider-
able flexibility or discretionary author-
ity to Permit Directors. Directors may
add EPA-designated fragile species to the
non-fragile list and they can similarly in-
clude species not explicitly designated by
EPA as fragile species. They can require
additional protection for shellfish and
Bilfinger Technologies contributed its fine-mesh rotary
multi-disk pilot screen to EPRI for testing at the Alden
Lab. Photo courtesy: EPRI
Ovivo Inc. contributed a fine-mesh traveling band screen to
EPRI for testing at Alden Lab. Photo courtesy: EPRI
1410pe_22 22 10/13/14 11:35 AM
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Duct Burner 2

H.P. Superheater 4

H.P. Evaporator 5

H.P. Steam Drum 15

L.P. Vent Silencer 16
H.P. Vent Silencer 14

L.P. Steam Drum w/ Integral Deaerator 17

Distribution Grid 1

Observation Port 3

Injection Grid 7

S.C.R. 8

C.O. Catalyst 6

H.P. Economizer 10

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DA. Pre-Heater 12

Stack 18
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BEST SUITED
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F OL L OW A L E A D E R
Gas-Turbine HRSG
S
Information Requirements
>2 MGD
Design Intake Flow
>125 MGD
Actual Intake Flow
Peer
Review
Source waterbody physical data >125 MGD
Cooling water intake structure data Peer Review
Source water baseline biological characterization data,
including required T&D species info
x x
Cooling water system data x x
Chosen method(s) of compliance with impingement mortality standard x x
Entrainment performance studies x x
Operational status information x x
Entrainment Mortality Characterization Study based
on two years of entrainment sampling
x x
Comprehensive Technical Feasibility and Cost Evaluation Study x x x
Benefit Valuation Study x x
Non-water Quality and Other Environmental Impacts
Study of fish protection technologies evaluated
x x
316(b) Information Submittal Requirements
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tanks for 18 to 96 hours to assess
latent impingement mortality.
SCHEDULE
Facilities with permits expiring after
45 months from the effective date of the
Rule (60 days from publication in the
Federal Register) will start the process in
accordance with regular permit renewal
(application information is due 180 days
before the permit expires). Plants with
permits expired or expiring within 45
months of the effective date of the Rule
can set a schedule for compliance activi-
ties with their Permit Director. There is
no fixed date by which entrainment or
impingement mortality reduction tech-
nologies must be installed but for both,
the Rule states it should be as soon as
practicable. The existing NPDES permit
remains in effect until a new one is issues,
as long as the renewal process and dead-
lines are followed.
MONITORING
REQUIREMENTS
As part of the permit application,
the following is required:
t All facilities will have to describe
the fish and shellfish community
and critical habitat of T&E species
in the area of the plants intake via
existing data or by sampling
t Facilities withdrawing >125 MGD
AIF will have to conduct a two-
year entrainment characterization
study, and
t Facilities that install modified
traveling water screens or an in-
tegrated system of technologies
will have to conduct a two-year
impingement technology perfor-
mance optimization study.
During permit compliance, the fol-
lowing monitoring will be required:
t Entrainment mortality veri-
fication monitoring will be
determined on a case-by-case ba-
sis depending on the compliance
method
t Facilities that use a CCRS or exist-
ing velocity cap for impingement
mortality reduction must monitor
intake flows and CCRS blowdown
daily. Those using an actual ve-
locity not to exceed 0.5 fps must
monitor intake velocity daily
t Facilities that optimize their mod-
ified traveling water screens and
fish return systems or integrated
system of technologies will have
to monitor the parameter values
that may result from the optimi-
zation study based on conditions
included in the final permit, and
t Facilities that select the impinge-
ment mortality criteria compli-
ance option will have to collect
non-fragile fish and shellfish on
a monthly basis and hold them in
1410pe_25 25 10/13/14 11:35 AM
www.power-eng.com
26
R
esearchers at the Na-
tional Energy Technol-
ogy Laboratory (NETL)
are closing in on key
improvements to an
evolving energy technology known as
chemical looping combustion (CLC),
a process that can efficiently and
economically reduce greenhouse gas
emissions.
According to recent projections from
the U.S. Energy Information Adminis-
trations Annual Energy Outlook for
2014, coal will continue to play a dom-
inant role in domestic electricity pow-
er generation for the next 15-20 years,
in spite of projected growth in other
fossil fuels like natural gas. Improv-
ing the efficiency of coal conversion
through deployment of new technolo-
gies will enable continued use of coal
resources while providing global envi-
ronmental benefits through reduced
carbon dioxide (CO
2
) emissions.
THE POTENTIAL OF
CHEMICAL LOOPING
In conventional fossil fuel combus-
tion, fuel and air are directly mixed as
combustion reactants to yield water
vapor, CO
2
, nitrogen, and excess oxy-
genas combustion byproducts. In con-
ventional combustion, air acts as the
oxidant, and flue gas CO
2
is diluted
by the presence of other gases, with
nitrogen being the most abundant.
NETL Research
Zeroes in on
Improving Chemical
Looping Technology
BY GERRY GRIFFITH, DOUGLAS STRAUB AND RANJANI SIRIWARDANE, NATIONAL
ENERGY TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY
Consequently, a significant amount
of energy is required to recover large
amounts of CO
2
from a flue gas.
CLC represents a fundamentally dif-
ferent combustion process. Although
the same fuel and air reactants are
used, these reactants are not physi-
cally mixed together in order to react.
Instead, a solid intermediate material
is circulated through two separate re-
actorsan air reactor and a fuel re-
actorto transport oxygen from the
air reactor to the fuel reactor where it
reacts with the hydrocarbon fuel. The
end product is a much simplified flue
gas mixture comprised of CO
2
, water,
and a nearly pure CO
2
stream that can
be captured by simply condensing the
water vapor from the flue gas stream.
This concentrated CO
2
steam can then
be sent to permanent underground
storage, or used in enhanced oil recov-
ery.
At NETL, researchers have intensi-
fied their work on the CLC process
with a focus on computational model-
ing and simulations, sensors, process
CLC technology has
the advantage of
reducing the energy
penalty associated
with CO
2
capture.
CLEAN COAL
1410pe_26 26 10/13/14 11:35 AM
www.power-eng.com
27
The chemical looping reactor in Morgantown,
West Virginia. Photo courtesy: NETL
1410pe_27 27 10/13/14 11:35 AM
A Chemical Looping Reactor

N
2
+ Excess O
2
Crossover
Riser
Air
Reactor
Air
Solids Flow
Metal
L-Valve
Fuel
Fuel
Reactor
CO
2
+ H
2
O
Loop Seal
Metal
Oxide
Metal
Oxide
Separation
Cyclone
www.power-eng.com
28
both more efficient and strong enough
to endure high temperatures. NETL
has tested various iron and copper
oxygen carriers, including natural ores
and synthetic materials.
Researchers decided to modify
some of the original oxygen carriers
to improve efficiency and durability.
controls, and improved oxy-
gen carrier materials. De-
velopments in each of these
areas can make CLC technol-
ogy even more efficient and
economical.
THE SEARCH FOR
EFFECTIVE OXYGEN
CARRIERS
The material that car-
ries the oxygen experiences
repeated oxidation and re-
duction cycles as it is circu-
lated through the process.
Although many different
materials can be used as
oxygen carriers, some of the
more prominent choices in-
clude iron, copper, and cal-
cium sulfate.
In the CLC process, a good
oxygen carrier must pos-
sess a series of attributes:
high oxygen transport ca-
pacity, high reactivity, high
mechanical strength, envi-
ronmentally friendly physi-
cal and chemical stability,
and low production costs.
These factors can have an
impact on reactor size and
cost of operation. In most
chemical looping processes,
the oxygen carrier is a solid,
metal-based compound in
the form of a single metal
oxide like copper, iron, or a
metal oxide supported on a
high-surface area substrate
like alumina or silica, which
do not take part in reactions.
While effective, these carriers can have
a short lifespan because of the high
temperatures involved in the process.
This means frequent and costly re-
placement.
To enhance the commercial viability
of the CLC process, researchers have
been searching for carriers that are
Magnesium oxide was added
to natural hematite (Fe
2
O
3
),
and the rate at which it re-
leased oxygen went up by
five times compared to tradi-
tional carriers.
Hematite is a rusty-look-
ing brownish mineral that
is high in iron oxide. It is
known as a commodity car-
rier because of its low cost
and good availability. Of the
natural ores that were tested
at NETL, hematite showed
the best performance at
800900 C. However, the
major challenge with us-
ing Fe
2
O
3
and natural ores
is the need for the release of
adequate amounts of oxy-
gen from the carrier during
CLCs reduction cycle. To ad-
dress this issue, researchers
experimented with incorpo-
rating dopants into the he-
matite to promote reactivity.
Experiments showed that
adding cerium oxide, mag-
nesium oxide, or copper ox-
ide has a synergistic effect,
with the combination of iron
oxide and one of these pro-
moters increasing reaction
rates by up to five times.
In addition to natural ores,
novel synthetic oxygen carri-
ers have also been developed
by NETL to obtain high oxy-
gen capacity and reactivity
at a wider temperature range
(700900C).
Copper oxide and iron ox-
ide were combined with a binder to in-
crease their strength, and this proved
to be the best performer.
Copper oxide possesses higher reac-
tivity than Fe
2
O
3
, but softens at high
temperatures, which limits its applica-
tion in CLC. However, the composition
of the bimetallic copper-iron oxygen
CLEAN COAL
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www.power-eng.com
30
- A singIc fIuid hcd icacoi, wlicl
aIIows icscaiclcis o isoIac and
sudy CLC icacions in a fIuidizcd
hcd scing
- Aiiion csing, wlicl aIIows
icscaiclcis o cvaIuac lc plysi-
caI cnduiancc of lc caiiicis afci
muIipIc coIIisions
- FundamcnaI lcimogiavimciic
and anaIyic cquipmcn nccdcd o
claiacciizc hasic caiiici piopci-
ics
1lc fIagslip of NE1L's CLC icscaicl
faciIiya 2u-foo aII, clcmicaI Ioop-
ing icacoiand a coId-fIow icpIica of
lc icacoi lcIp icscaiclcis dcvcIop
soIuions o acccIciac succcssfuI dc-
vcIopmcn and dcpIoymcn of CLC
cclnoIogy. NE1L's icscaicl piovidcs
daa on caiiici maciiaIs in fIuidizcd
hcd cnviionmcns and suppois caIi-
hiaion and vaIidaion of compua-
ionaI modcIs. 1lc Iah's uniquc, co-
oidinacd CLC icscaicl incoipoiacs
cxpciimcnaI csing, compuaionaI
fIuid dynamics simuIaion, scnsois
dcvcIopmcn, and cclno-cconomic
sudics.
1lc icscaicl conduccd a NE1L is
focuscd on hcci undcisanding lc
CLC pioccsscs, wil an uIimac goaI
of widc-scaIc dcpIoymcn of lc com-
husion cclnoIogy.
caiiicis can wilsand lc cIcvacd
cmpciauics. 1lcy lavc aIso hccn op-
imizcd o aclicvc ligl oxygcn ians-
fci capaciy and lc hcs icaciviy, sa-
hiIiy, and aiiion icsisancc duiing
muIi-cycIc mclanc-CLC icacions.
1lis ahiIiy o wilsand cIcvacd cm-
pciauics can lcIp lccp coss Iowci hy
cIiminaing lc ncccssiy foi ficqucn
icpIaccmcn of oxygcn caiiicis.
EXPERIMENTAL AND
NUMERICAL SIMULATION
STUDIES
NE1L is uniqucIy cquippcd o dc-
vcIop and cs ncw oxygcn caiiici
maciiaIs. Is scicniss and cnginccis
lavc an aiiay of spcciaI ooIs o cvaIu-
ac oxygcn caiiicis and CLC syscm
pcifoimancc incIuding vaiious icacoi
syscms. 1lcsc ooIs incIudc:
- 1lc 5u lWl clcmicaI Iooping ic-
acoi, wlicl is a fuIIy incgiacd
ciicuIaing fIuidizcd hcd icacoi
la can ciicuIac appioximacIy
l,uuu Ihs[li of caiiici maciiaI a
cmpciauics up o l,uuu C
- A coId fIow uni, wlicl aIIows
icscaiclcis o sudy lc lydiody-
namics of lc syscm wliIc mca-
suiing lcy cIcmcns foi pioccss
conioI liougl a cIcai poIycai-
honac uhing siucuic
A NE1L, lcic aic olci woilloisc
anaIyicaI cclniqucs and smaIIci cx-
pciimcns uscd o addicss pioccss vaii-
ahIcs, sucl as oxygcn caiiici icaciviy
and duiahiIiy. Foi cxampIc, lcimo-
giavimciic anaIysis is uscd o claiac-
ciizc caiiici piopciics and piovidc
impoian inpu daa foi lc dcvcIop-
mcn of compuaionaI modcIs. A-
iiion sudics cvaIuac lc plysicaI
cnduiancc of lc caiiicis wliIc olci
css asscss caiiici icaciviy undci fIu-
idizcd hcd condiions. CompuaionaI
fIuid dynamic modcIs aic aIso uscd o
opimizc icacoi paiamccis la aic
common o many diffcicn clcmicaI
Iooping icacoi configuiaions.
AII lcsc cxpciimcnaI aciviics
aic cooidinacd wil modcIing cffois
so la smaIIci cxpciimcns can hc
modcIcd hcfoic lcy aic scaIcd up o
lc 5ulWl clcmicaI Iooping icacoi
faciIiy.
1licc oxygcn caiiicis aic cuiicnIy
sIacd foi csing in lc NE1L hcncl-
scaIc clcmicaI Iooping icacoi. Clcmi-
caI cnginccis a NE1L lavc picpaicd
piIo-scaIc haclcs of lc caiiicis foi
dcvcIopmcnaI csing, hu csing in
Iaigci icacoi configuiaions icquiics
gicaci quaniics of lcsc maciiaIs.
1lis nccd Icd NE1L o painci wil an
Olio-hascd company o lcIp scaIc up
caiiici pioducion using sandaidizcd
manufacuiing pioocoIs.
PROVIDING NEW
ENERGY USE OPTIONS
1lc usc of CLC cclnoIogy las lc
advanagcs of icducing lc cncigy
pcnaIy associacd wil CO2 capuic
wliIc pioducing soiagc-icady CO2.
Invcsing in lc dcvcIopmcn of ncw
cclnoIogics sucl as CLC wiII aIIow
foi lc coninucd usc of coaI icsouiccs
o cnsuic a iohus and sccuic cncigy
fuuic wliIc pioviding gIohaI cnvi-
ionmcnaI hcncfis liougl icduccd
giccnlousc gas cmissions.
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32
ENERGY STORAGE
BY RUSSELL RAY, CHIEF EDITOR, AND TIM MISER, ASSOCIATE EDITOR
Californias energy storage mandate creates
mega market for storage solutions
Poised for Growth
S
toring electricity on a large
scale has long been pursued
by electric utilities in hopes
of using the power to cover
periods of peak demand.
The ability to store large amounts of
power would help power producers fill
the production gaps created by growing
amounts of intermittent generation such
MW of new generation capacity. In
California, state law requires power
providers to generate 33 percent of
their power from renewable resources
by 2020.
Utilities and grid managers are
struggling to maintain a balanced load
amid the growing amount of intermit-
tent generation. A capable system for
as solar and wind power.
During the first half of 2014, the
amount of wind and solar capacity
added in the U.S. more than doubled
versus the first half of 2013. The U.S.
added 2,478 MW of residential, com-
mercial and utility-scale solar capac-
ity during the first six months of 2014
while wind power accounted for 675
1410pe_32 32 10/13/14 11:35 AM
www.power-eng.com
33
of wind capacity is under construction
and expected to be online by the end
of 2016.
This installation will allow us to
take a serious look at the technological
capabilities of energy storage on the
electric grid, said Imre Gyuk, energy
storage program manager for the U.S.
Department of Energy. It will also
help us to gain a better understanding
of the value and benefit of battery en-
ergy storage.
Worldwide, the demand for large-
scale energy storage solutions, particu-
larly lithium ion batteries, is signifi-
cant.
The grid-scale energy storage mar-
ket continues to develop in a piecemeal
fashion, but there are signals that it is
poised for significant expansion in the
coming years, says Anissa Dehamna,
senior research analyst with Navigant
Research. In particular, after several
years of faltering growth, lithium ion
batteries are emerging as the breakout
technology in this sector.
According to a new report from
Navigant Research, worldwide revenue
from batteries designed for utility-
scale storage will grow from $164 mil-
lion in 2014 to more than $2.5 billion
in 2023. During the same period, stor-
age capacity from advanced batteries
will grow from 412 megawatt-hours
(MWh) to more than 51,000 MWh, the
report shows.
Other states may follow Californias
lead and adopt similar requirements.
Texas and New York are aggressively
pursuing several initiatives to promote
the development and commercial ap-
plication of grid-scale energy storage.
Home to more than 10,000 MW of
wind power capacity, Texas has be-
come a major testing ground for stor-
age technology. Duke Energy built a
large lead acid battery storage facility
near a wind farm in west Texas. Dress-
er-Rand plans to build a 317-MW stor-
age facility for compressed air in east
utilities to buy 1.3 GW of energy stor-
age capacity by the end of 2020.
The California mandate has ac-
celerated the development of storage
technologies and may yield a work-
able solution. The most promising
technology is the lithium ion battery,
a rechargeable battery used in electric
vehicles.
Last month, Southern California
Edison unveiled plans to build one
of the largest battery storage systems
in the world. The $53 million project
will use lithium ion batteries to store
excess wind power. Nearly 11,000 bat-
tery modules will be housed in a 6,300
square-foot facility near Californias
Tehachapi Mountains, where 4.5 GW
storing large amounts of power could
bring more balance to supply and de-
mand, making the grid more resilient
and efficient.
But efforts to develop cost-effective,
grid-scale storage solutions have yield-
ed limited progress. The technology is
still grounded in the demonstration
stage, although companies are acceler-
ating their research and development
efforts amid a historic mandate in
California.
The market for large scale energy
storage technologies received a big
boost in October 2013, when Califor-
nia adopted the nations first energy
storage mandate. The measure requires
the states investor-owned electric
The $53 million Tehachapi
Energy Storage Project will use
lithium ion batteries to store ex-
cess wind power. Photo courtesy:
Southern California Edison
1410pe_33 33 10/13/14 11:35 AM
www.power-eng.com
34
ENERGY STORAGE
Shelton noted, New technology re-
search is exciting and gets headlines,
but if we focus too intently on these
aspirational technologies we risk over-
looking lithium ion batteries, which
are quite robust and competitively
priced. We shouldnt wait for the latest
innovation to come out of MIT when
there are good solutions that are avail-
able today, and right in front of us.
CONVERGENT
Convergent Energy + Power is an
integrated asset developer that pro-
vides project-specific planning and
execution of energy storage solutions.
The New York City-
based company does
not design or manu-
facture technology.
Rather, it teams with
utilities and large
end-users to manage
projects from the be-
ginning stage of eval-
uating client needs;
on through to con-
tracting, financing,
and site design; and
finally to engineer-
ing, technology pro-
curement, and construction. Follow-
ing project completion, the company
also operates and maintains these as-
sets to provide a full, reliable solution
at little-to-no risk to the customer.
Energy storage solutions provide
a way for utilities and end-users to re-
duce cost and create value using tech-
nology that is available now, Manag-
ing Director Johannes Rittershausen
said. Thats a key point, because these
projects dont rely on technology that
is in the development stage and which
will only be refined at some indistinct
date in the future.
Rittershausen notes that electric
infrastructure is typically designed
and built on a decade-long planning
horizon to satisfy energy supply
operates utilities and power plants that
utilize coal, natural gas, wind, solar,
hydro, and energy storage technolo-
gies.
The company has worked in energy
storage for six years and currently has
200 MW of energy storage resources,
primarily in the U.S. and Chile. Chris
Shelton, President of AES Energy Stor-
age said, AES seeks to demonstrably
improve lives with electricity. We do
not undertake R&D or other purely sci-
entific endeavors. Rather, we focus on
commercial projects that can impact
quality of life through the market.
AES performs technical validation
at its Battery Integra-
tion Center in India-
napolis, as well as at
its Storage Applica-
tion Center at the
headquarters of PJM.
The company focus-
es on sealed lithium
ion batteries, but
they are technology
agnostic, working
with multiple manu-
facturing partners
and remaining open
to future innovation.
Their Advancion battery system
is meant to replace peaking power
plants, which utilize combustion tur-
bines and operate an average of only 6
percent of the time. Battery solutions
can provide clean standby flexibility,
allowing combined cycle plants to effi-
ciently produce energy, said Shelton.
This minimizes reliance on less effi-
cient combustion technologies.
Partnering with PJM, AES completed
two battery projects that significantly
reduced the dispatch of fossil fuels
through the safe use of the energy stor-
age facilities. The projects are expect-
ed to save PJM utilities $200 million
across their life cycles, and the com-
pany will enjoy the highest reliability
and lowest cost of service in years.
Texas. In New York, state officials an-
nounced a $23 million public-private
investment to build a battery storage
test and commercialization center in
partnership with NY-BEST.
What follows is a description of just a
few of the companies positioned to take
advantage of this emerging market.
ABB
ABB, a $45 billion company based
in Zurich Switzerland, has been in-
volved in the energy storage industry
since the late 1990s.
With energy projects totaling ap-
proximately 140 MW globally, ABB
provides the power conversion system,
control and EPC services for installa-
tions around the world, but does not
manufacture the energy storage medi-
um. Pat Hayes, Business Development
Manager of Energy Storage said, ABB
brings together multiple technologies
such as flywheels, ultracapacitors, var-
ious battery formats, and uninterrupt-
ible power supplies in order to meet
our customers unique needs.
In 2003, ABB completed the Battery
Energy Storage System (BESS) for the
Golden Valley Electric Association in
Alaska. The installation uses nickel-
cadmium battery technology from Saft
and can provide 27 MW of power for
15 minutes, enough time to start up
local generation should problems arise
with Golden Valleys primary plants in
Anchorage or Fairbanks.
The company also served as the lead
EPC provider for a 1-MW project in
Switzerland. Teaming with LG Chem,
ABB installed a containerized battery
system with SCADA, PV inverter and
fast-charge EV systems.
AES
AES Corp. is an energy solutions
company that operates in six strate-
gic business units across 21 countries.
With diversified interests in multiple
sectors of the industry, the company
The grid-scale
energy storage
market continues
to develop in
a piecemeal
fashion, but
there are signals
that it is poised
for significant
expansion.
1410pe_34 34 10/13/14 11:35 AM
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ENERGY STORAGE
Ontario for the Independent Electric-
ity System Operator (IESO) and has a
pipeline of contracted projects for large
building owners in New York City, as
well as for utilities in the Northeast U.S.
EOS
Eos Energy Storage develops and
manufactures AC and DC integrated
battery systems based on zinc hybrid
cathode technology. The company
is working with eight global utility
partners as part of its genesis
program in which new technologies
will be tested and deployed in pilot
installations. Partnering with Con
Edison, AEP and Enel among others,
Eos has agreements with utilities
whose combined global infrastructure
includes 350 MW of power, across 1.8
million miles of transmission and
distribution lines, and servicing 81
million customers.
Phillipe Bouchard, vice president of
Business Development for Eos, said,
Our goal is not simply to compete
against other battery manufacturers,
but also to compete against other
incumbent solutions. This means,
for example, that batteries which are
used in peak load scenarios must not
only be competitive with other battery
technologies, but also with gas peak
turbines. Ultimately, our success is
measured by one key metric: can we
levelize the cost of energy? We want to
contextualize energy storage solutions
within the need to create true value on
the grid. Toward this end, we strive to
balance up-front capital with battery
longevity, safety, storage density and
efficiency.
Eos has been selective in its
partnerships to ensure that it can
needs at a forecasted peak-hour, -day,
and -year. However, when peak load
grows and demand outstrips supply,
these utilities must either upgrade the
grid itself or find another solution that
allows them to supplement existing
infrastructure and balance out these
pressures. Energy storage assets such
as battery banks and flywheels can
provide solutions to these problems,
thereby creating greater efficiencies
from existing infrastructure and
providing major cost savings when
accurately located and operated to solve
specific constraints. He also notes that
these solutions can be rapidly deployed
and create no on-site emissions or
noise impacts, thus providing low-
barrier options for utility planners and
building owners.
Convergent Energy + Power was re-
cently awarded 12 MWs of projects in
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and automation technologies in
Chicago, and its PureWave SMS
technology outside Milwaukee in
Franklin, Wisconsin. Operating as
the brains that renders energy
storage deployable, PureWave SMS is
S&Cs power conditioning system that
converts stored energy into a voltage
and current that utilities can utilize.
Troy Miller, manager of Business De-
velopment and Product Management
for S&Cs Power Quality Products Di-
vision said, S&C is excited about the
future of the electrical grid and fore-
sees a coming transformation from
last centurys grid to a modern grid
in which utilities and their customers
will have to manage two-way power
flows and distributed generation be-
hind the meter. We are pioneering the
use of energy storage as an essential
part of that transformation.
demonstrate success across the full
spectrum of business and regulatory
models, including vertically-integrated
utilities, transmission and distribution
owners, independent power producers,
and customer-facing service providers.
By 2016, Eos plans to have tran-
sitioned from its AC Zenyth proto-
type to its full-production DC Au-
rora 1000/6000 battery. Enclosed in
a 40-foot ISO container, the battery
will provide a 1-MW, 6-MW-hr sys-
tem at a targeted price of $160/KW-hr.
The technology will utilize an aque-
ous zinc-based electrochemistry in a
sealed static-cell sub module design
and is projected to have a service life of
10,000 charge cycles.
S&C ELECTRIC COMPANY
S&C Electric Company holds grid-
scale battery technologies totaling 47
MW of commissioned power. Head-
quartered in Chicago, Illinois, the
century-old company has manufactur-
ing facilities across North America and
around the world.
S&C does not manufacture batter-
ies, but works with a variety of sup-
ply partners who provide five major
battery technologies to meet client
needs. These include: lithium ion, so-
dium sulfur, sodium nickel chloride,
advanced lead acid, and ultra-battery,
essentially an ultracapacitor combined
with lead acid technology.
The company has completed mul-
tiple energy storage projects includ-
ing a 6 MW facility for UK Power Net-
works designed to relieve transmission
congestion, and a 1 MW facility for BC
Hydro designed to improve grid reli-
ability.
S&C manufactures its switching
1410pe_37 37 10/13/14 11:35 AM
www.power-eng.com
38
Typical Generator Reactive Capability Curve 1
Side Ripple Spring
M
V
A
R
500
400
300
200
100
0
-100
-200
-300
-400
MW
A
B
C
D
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
MWe Uprate requires an increase in MVAR
to maintain the same power factor
Reactive Capability
Curve
Curve AB
Field Capability
Curve BC
Armature
Capability
Curve CD
Core End Capability
Core end stepping
Flange
Flux shield
Flux shunt
Outside space block
Core
Uprate
Stator
Uprate
Field
Uprate
Copper
Strands
Vertical
Separator
McCapal
Insulation
Bar Armor
Conforming Material
Side Ripple Spring
Filler
Top Ripple
Spring
Wedge Slide
Wedge Body
Core
Conforming
Material
Filler/RTD Filler
be transmitted to - and consumed at
- the load centers, while maintaining
stable power system voltages. Trans-
mission system operators and regula-
tors are increasingly emphasizing that
the generator must supply more VARs
and maintain rated power factor to ac-
company any increase in real power
output. Also, synchronous genera-
tors supply dynamic VARs, which are
important for voltage stability during
system transients such as transmission
line faults. An uprated generator can
address needs for both additional MW
and VARs. Additionally, a generator
uprate can be used to simply address a
need for increased VARs, where there
is a system VAR capacity concern in a
local grid. In this case, additional VAR
capacity can be achieved by upgrading
and uprating the generator without im-
pacting the turbine, boiler, or reactor.
A SYSTEM VIEW
The generator is actually a set of sub-
systems that should be considered in-
dividually to allow a new nameplate
with a higher rating to be placed on
the generator. The reactive capability
curve (RCC) is included in every gen-
erator instruction book and represents
a good means of picturing how the
various sub-systems interact to define
the generator capability (see Figure
1). Common sub-systems are listed
G
lobal demand for elec-
tricity supply contin-
ues to grow. Power
generation providers
constantly evaluate
capacity additions and the tradeoffs
between alternatives. Since Ameri-
can utilities are building a very small
number of new coal-fired and nuclear
plants, power generation providers
are turning to alternatives that can in-
crease both the reliability of existing
power generation equipment and pow-
er output. Upgrades exist for boilers,
reactors and turbines that increase the
shaft horsepower of the power train.
And, options to increase combustion
turbine output are being pursued ac-
tively. Other major equipment within
the power plant, including the genera-
tor, must also be considered as part of
any power plant uprate project.
A synchronous AC generator should
provide two key functions as part of
a power plant uprate. Of course, it
can serve as the conduit of the power
from the plant to the grid. Second,
the generator should supply reactive
power, otherwise known as VARs (volt
ampere reactive), to the power sys-
tem to allow the real power (MW) to
Power Plant
Uprates:
Dont Forget
the Generator
BY JEFF MUHA AND KIRK OBRIEN, GE POWER & WATER
Authors:
Jeff Muha, Generator Technical Leader,
GE Power & Water Power Generation
Products; Kirk OBrien, Generator Princi-
pal Engineer, GE Power & Water Power
Generation Services
UPRATES
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40
Direct-Cooled Field End Winding Confguration 2
Grooves 1 and 2
Enhanced Cooling Power Generation Technology
Length index: 6?
Groove 3
transports the heat to heat exchangers.
The fluid flows through cooling pas-
sages in the conductors.
2. Indirect cooling The heat gen-
erated in the conductors should first
flow through the conductor insula-
tion. The cooling fluid, air or hydro-
gen indirectly cools the conductors by
cooling the stator core or rotor shaft
that is in contact with the exterior of
the insulated conductors.
An uprate evaluation for an indi-
rect-cooled stator winding will focus
on the insulation thermal capability
as defined by industry standards and
an uprate may push the winding tem-
peratures closer to - or beyond - tem-
perature limits. A replacement wind-
ing with a new, more highly-rated
insulation system may be warranted.
A direct-cooled stator winding is often
cooled by water flowing through hol-
low copper conductors for the largest
power producing generators. The com-
bination of solid and hollow strands
in the stator bar can be engineered to
obtain more current-carrying capabil-
ity while maintaining adequate water
cooling.
Vibratory mechanical forces on the
stator winding (at twice the electrical
frequency) will increase by the square
of the percent increase in generator
kVA, just like the losses and heating of
the conductors. The mechanical sup-
port system of the stator winding in
the slots of the stator is assessed to de-
termine its ability to accommodate an
uprate. In some cases, laboratory test-
ing is necessary for validation of new
product limits or technology advances.
Outage time constraints and
economics generally preclude replacing
the generator stator core as part of
an uprate. Even if the stator winding
is replaced, the core may represent a
pinch point for the overall generator
uprate. The highest temperatures of the
stator core will occur in the ends of the
core in the under-excited (leading)
power factor realm; axial flux densities
are highest for leading power factors.
(Refer to Fig. 1.) The core end profiles
in Table 1 along with some key uprate
considerations.
THE GENERATOR
STATOR AND ROTOR
The method of cooling the generator
plays a key role in the uprate evalua-
tion. Generators can be segregated into
two basic cooling methods for the sta-
tor and rotor windings:
1. Direct cooling The cooling flu-
id such as air, hydrogen or water comes
in direct contact with the copper con-
ductors and extracts the losses and
UPRATES
The combination of
solid and hollow strands
in the stator bar can be
engineered to obtain
more current-carrying
capabilities while
maintaining adequate
water cooling.
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42
conditions such as:
t Field winding thermal expansion
(low cycle fatigue, shorted turns)
t Vibration issues related to the field
winding (shorted turns, thermal
sensitivity)
and other features like splits of the
teeth help to reduce the heating
caused by axial flux. Statistical core-
end test data from generators with the
different core end structures allows
the capability of the core end region
to be assessed for an uprate. An OEM
should be the most accurate source of
generator test data to allow analytical
methods to be properly calibrated.
As discussed previously, VAR
requirements by the power system
may require the field winding to carry
higher field current and the increased
losses must be rejected to generator heat
exchangers. An uprate study will assess
the capability of the existing winding
to accommodate the higher current
and in some cases a more effective
cooling approach may be required to
maintain acceptable temperatures.
Conversion from indirect to direct
cooling is very effective and will
require that a new rotor be procured.
A replacement rotor may be beneficial
for other reasons:
1. A new field can be installed faster
than a rotor rewind during a short
outage
2. A new rotor may allow a fleet
of identical fields to be rewound off
critical path of the outage schedules.
Higher capability of a direct-cooled
field winding may also be accomplished
by rewinding the existing rotor with
a new field winding. A wide variety
of different cooling approaches have
been used over the years. Modern
analytical tools calibrated with data
from tests of full-size rotors are used
to determine the uprate capability of a
field winding.
The ability to uprate an existing field
winding is also impacted by existing
UPRATES
Testing and inspecting
all major generator
components is strongly
recommended, allowing
the owner and the OEM
to assess the impact of
the additional demands
placed on the generator
components by the
power uprate.
1410pe_42 42 10/13/14 11:36 AM
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steady state operation and transient
torque events.
Generator uprates are often
implemented as part of life extension
efforts for the field and stator windings.
The required upgrades of the windings
needed for an uprate would be
incorporated into the configuration of
the new windings and their insulation
systems.
GENERATOR
AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
A generator uprate often impacts the
generator heat exchangers (coolers)
and excitation system. The coolers
are part of the overall ventilation
system. Therefore, evaluating the
capability of the existing coolers may
not suffice; a new cooler configuration
and its impact on the ventilation
scheme of the generator may need
t Age and condition of the winding
and its insulation system
An uprate assessment initially
assumes that all components are in the
as new condition. Reliability issues
associated with the age of components
and technical service notices should
be considered. Testing and inspecting
all major generator components is
strongly recommended, allowing
the owner and the OEM to assess the
impact of the additional demands
placed on the generator components
by the power uprate.
The mechanical uprate evaluation of
the rotor focuses on the shaft, coupling
and coupling hardware the rotor
mechanical components affected by a
generator uprate. The torque carrying
capability of the shaft and coupling
hardware is assessed along with the
torque loads these parts will see under
to be evaluated in some cases. The
need to uprate the excitation system
will be driven by requirements by the
transmission company or independent
system operator (ISO) to maintain the
original power factor and to increase
generator VAR output. A large variety
of excitation systems, both rotating
and static, are used with generators
and each represents a unique
assessment. For a rotating system,
the rotating exciter is essentially a
small generator and the same uprate
issues as the main generator must be
addressed. The technology of controls
and rectifiers may be obsolete and
replacing the controls with modern
digital technology may be required.
LOOKING BEYOND
THE GENERATOR
Simple and combined cycle gas
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44
Typical Generator
Cooling System and
Off-base Cooling Skid
3
Off-Base
Coolers
Generator
Hot gas
Cold
Gas
Cold Water
Ambient
Air
may represent the pinch point for
an uprate for either hot or cold day
operation. The uprate capability of the
systems surrounding the generator as a
consideration in any uprate study.
Power plant uprates often involve
changes to the overall rotor train
such as new turbine rotors or a
new generator field. Such changes
can impact torsional response and
the torsional stresses imposed on
the generator rotor and other train
components by transient events like
full load rejections. Torsional and
lateral natural frequencies of the rotor
train may also be altered by train
modifications and may end up too
close to running frequencies. The
OEM can best model and analyze the
overall torsional and lateral response
of a modified rotor train. It can
turbines are frequently upgraded and
uprated. The power output of the gas
turbine and the generator increases as
the ambient temperature decreases.
For an uprate capability assessment,
the generator and its auxiliaries
must be evaluated for all ambient
conditions: hot, cold and rated days.
For example, on cold days, the
generator should provide higher
power. Since the generator coolers are
also likely providing colder cooling
gas to the generator, this is often less
of a technical concern. For hotter days,
the capability of the generator coolers,
the off-base cooling skid (Figure 3),
or cooling tower may represent a
rating pinch-point. Or, one of the
other systems like the isolated phase
bus, step-up transformer, generator
collector system, or excitation system
UPRATES
1410pe_44 44 10/13/14 11:36 AM
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suggest ways to mitigate the risk of failure of rotor train
components, particularly the turbine buckets.
WHAT TO EXPECT FROM
AN UPRATE PROJECT
Some key deliverables should be expected from a gen-
erator uprate proj-
ect. Top on the list,
of course, are a new
nameplate and the
upgrades to various
sub-systems needed
to achieve the higher
output. In addition, a
full generator uprate
project would include
new performance
curves, reactances
and time constants,
as well as operating settings and parameters for the excita-
tion system, heat exchangers and other equipment thats
been upgraded. Uprate evaluations that are focused only
at the stator winding or field, for example, may fall short
of meeting the needs of power plant owner executing a
plant uprate project. For example, updated data for power
system modeling is often requested by the regional ISO
and is often provided as part of the project.
SUMMARY
A plant owner considering a plant uprate should
be cognizant of the technical challenges and risks
associated with increasing the power output of an existing
generator that could be up to three to four decades old.
A significant percentage of the worlds power-producing
generators have been in service for more than 25 years.
Increased electromagnetic forces, mechanical forces and
temperatures are the key technical obstacles that must be
surmounted when asking an older generator to produce
more power. Enhancements leveraging modern technology
can allow power plant owners to take advantage of higher
power output while extending the life of the equipment.
Advances in engineering and manufacturing processes,
testing, and validation enable operation at elevated levels
that could not be realized when these generators were first
commissioned. The flange-to-flange generator is central
to the evaluation but other systems like the exciter and
heat exchangers should be assessed as well. Through
the evaluation of the various generator sub-systems and
through the application of modern technology, uprates of
generators among todays fleet can be achieved.
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1410pe_45 45 10/13/14 11:36 AM
www.power-eng.com
46
network. If plants exceed or underper-
form declared output, it can mean a
fine from regulators. So, power plant
operators look for ways to keep turbines
running at peak performance.
WHY IS MOTION CONTROL
IMPORTANT?
In the turbine system, the fuel gas
control valve on the actuator is the pri-
mary interface between a complex con-
trol system and the mechanical portion
of the plant. From a safety perspective,
its vital to ensure a rapid closing time
for the main valve actuator in the case
of an emergency shutdown to avoid
potentially destroying the turbine. If
there is an excess of steam or fuel in
the inlet, this compromises the turbine
and causes severe damage in the power
plant.
The motion control system affects:
t The power output of the turbine
and the revenue stream,
t Energy efficiency that equates to
profitability as 80 percent of the
cost of running plants is fuel,
t Level of emissions ,which is both
a cost and compliance issue, since
improperly calibrated equipment
could cause a plant to exceed its
emission allowance, and
t Consistent power output, which
prevents penalties for unstable en-
ergy production levels.
The challenge for power plants is
keeping their motion control systems
operating at a high level in spite of
around-the-clock operations in rugged
environments. Plant operators with
finely tuned repair and maintenance
programs will help their plants mini-
mize downtime and ensure optimized
performance of actuators and servo
valves.
Preventative maintenance programs
for planned outages as well as special
retrofit kits and exchange programs are
the kind of options that plant operators
should put in place to keep plants run-
ning efficiently.
But a well-constructed repair pro-
gram isnt always enough. Instead,
power plant operations & maintenance
teams should focus on evaluating, re-
pairing and testing their equipment.
And if that equipment is made in a
foreign country, then identifying local
country service centers and as a field
service. If possible, plant O&M teams
should identify the equipments OEM
to conduct repairs because they gen-
erally know the requirements of the
M
any of the worlds
most efficient pow-
er plants are now
Combined Cycle
Gas Turbine Plants
(CCGT) incorporating both gas and
steam turbines. Gas and steam turbines
present demanding motion control
challenges. Motion control is the key
to machine performance, safety and ul-
timately the ability to supply power to
customers.
Power plants run around the clock
and any downtime can affect the com-
fort of the populationand potentially
the countrys economy, too. In some
places, old power stations, especially
coal-fired plants, are being shut down,
so it is vital to keep those plants that
are energy efficient operating at maxi-
mum output. Downtime of even one
plant can put stress on the electricity
Keeping the
Lights On
BY STEVE BEDDICK AND BRIAN SIMS, MOOG INC
After initial receipt of actuator into
repair facility technician breaks it
down, logs in the parts and readies
for refurbishment
Authors
Brian Sims is the services manager
for Moog Inc. in Tewkesbury, U.K. He
has nearly 37 years of experience in
engineering and aftermarket support
across all markets.
Steve Beddick is the aftermarket sales
manager for Moog Inc. in East Aurora,
N.Y. He has nearly 30 years of experi-
ence in engineering and aftermarket
support for rotating equipment used in
power generation.
OPERATIONS & MAINTENANCE
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www.power-eng.com
48
OPERATIONS & MAINTENANCE
which have a different mainte-
nance schedule than a continu-
ous mode.
In 2012, Union Power Station
began planning for upcoming in-
spections. The plants managers
had 21 days for the inspection of
each combustion turbine and 18
days per steam turbine. Manag-
ers had to refurbish fuel gas and
steam control valve assemblies
during these outages. Extended
outages like these, which plant
managers need to refurbish this
type of equipment, occur only
once every few years. To main-
tain reliability, the plant had to
return the equipment to as-new
condition. A quick fix to meet the
schedule was not an option.
Union Power wanted OEM repairs
and upgrades, and the timeframe to
perform the repairs within the inspec-
tion window left no margin for error. If
a 550-MW block of power was offline
even for a single day, everyone knew the
lost revenue would be significant.
AUDIT SETS THE STAGE
Union Power approached its local
distributor, AirDraulics, to determine
the best solution. Before the planned
outage, AirDraulics audited the plant
by checking model and serial numbers
for equipment to determine the physi-
cal layout, hazardous area ratings and
actuator and process valve geometries.
The audit confirmed that the fuel gas
systems on all (8) CT were identical and
half of the CT units were also equipped
with Moog Inlet Guide Vane Actuators
(IGV). The steam valve configurations
differed as two blocks had 24 valves
and the other two had 18 valves.
With this information, Moog service
technicians proposed a service plan
that included a combination of spares,
application and often work with the
turbine OEMs to design products that
can withstand tens of thousands of cy-
cles per year.
NO QUICK FIX FOR UNION
POWERS MAINTENANCE
Entegra Power Groups Union Pow-
er Station near El Dorado, Arkansas,
which went online in 2004, is one of
the largest combined cycle power plants
in the United States. The station is com-
prised of eight (8) GE Combustion
Turbines (CT) and four (4) GE Steam
Turbines (ST). The equipment is ar-
ranged in power blocks consisting of
(2) CTs and (1) ST; each block generates
550 MW of electricity. The plants total
output is 2.2 GW. The plant normally
operates in cyclic/peaking modes,
Technician cleans, repairs and reassembles
each actuator
1410pe_48 48 10/13/14 11:36 AM
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repairs and exchange units to meet Union Powers inspection
schedules.
PUTTING SPARES,
REPAIRS AND EXCHANGES TO WORK
For the combustion turbine units, Union Power purchased
one spare set of actuators. These served dual roles as a rotable
set during planned outages and emergency spares during
forced outages. For each block, technicians used Union Pow-
ers spares and a set of its exchange units complete with pro-
cess valves. At the end of the preventative maintenance outage,
technicians returned Union Powers spare set to the site and
replaced the Moog set in the exchange pool inventory.
The plant managers and service technicians determined
that the steam turbines actuators and valves could be repaired
within the allotted time, too. Union Power coordinated the re-
pair and removed the steam process valves from the actuators
and sent the actuators to Moog for repair. After completing the
actuator repairs, technicians conducted a final acceptance test,
and sent the actuators to Union Power Station with a two-year
warranty. Union Power reassembled the valve to the actuator,
installed the assembly and tested it for commissioning.
Union Power has completed maintenance outages on three
of its four blocks on schedule and commissioned the units
without incident. Union Power has set the final blocks main-
tenance outage for this fall.
Technician working on finished actuator on test
bench to assure it meets or exceeds original
warranty requirements before sending it back to
customer
1410pe_49 49 10/13/14 11:36 AM
www.power-eng.com
50
J
ust a few short years ago, small modular reactor (SMR) tech-
nology was gaining increased attention from not just the
nuclear industry, but also the power generation industry
as a whole. Following the accident at Fukushima and at a
time when it looked like new large-scale nuclear power
would be too expensive and time-consuming to build, SMRs
were seen as the next big thing to bring safe and reliable power to
the U.S. grid as utilities planned retirements of both nuclear and
fossil-fueled power plants.
While countries such as Russia, India, Pakistan and China
have all made great strides in developing and using SMRs either
for research or in innovative projects like floating power plants,
the U.S. has lagged behind in SMR development.
The Nuclear Energy Institute (NEI) defines SMRs as reactors
that are 300 MW or smaller in capacity, and can be manufactured
in a factory and delivered and installed at the site in modules.
SMRs are generally designed as a module enclosed within a re-
inforced concrete reactor building that is fully embedded under-
ground to protect it from external threats such as natural disas-
ters and airplane crashes. All emergency cooling water sources
are inside and isolated from natural disasters. Additionally,
they have auxiliary containment for the protected under-
ground spent fuel pool. The emergency core cooling system
is powered by gravity for natural circulation, and the power
modules reside in a common pool of water that also acts as
an ultimate heat sink. In the event of power loss, reactors
can operate without manual intervention for
a few days before fuel is damaged.
NEI breaks down SMRs into three reactor de-
signs: light water, high-temperature gas-cooled,
and liquid metal and gas-cooled fast reactors. Each design has
its own benefits, and reactors of each type have been developed
with varying degrees of success.
LIGHT WATER REACTORS
NEI notes that light water reactors (LWR) are typically smaller
than 300 MW. LWR designs under development include Babcock
& Wilcoxs 180-MW Generation mPower SMR, Westinghouses
The Promise
of Small Modular
Reactors
BY SHARRYN DOTSON, ASSOCIATE EDITOR
A cutout of the 45-MW NuScale small
modular reactor. Photo Courtesy: NuScale
NUCLEAR
1410pe_50 50 10/13/14 11:36 AM
www.power-eng.com
51
an operating GT-MHR prototype in
Russia and then a completed and li-
censed demo plant in the U.S.
LIQUID METAL AND GAS-
COOLED FAST REACTORS
NEI includes GE Hitachi Nuclear En-
ergys Power Reactor Innovative Small
Module (PRISM), General Atomics En-
ergy Multiplier Module (EM2), Gen4
Energys Gen4 Module (G4M) and
the Toshiba 4S (Super-Safe, Small and
Simple) in this reactor category.
GAs EM
2
reactor has a capacity of
265 MW. The reactor is designed to
burn spent fuel and depleted uranium.
GA said the company is in the research
and development phase of a new high-
performance fuel, and that it is still on
track for a 12- to 14-year plan to deploy
an EM
2
prototype deployment.
We are currently focused on fuel
development, which has far-reaching
implications for current LWRs and
other advanced reactor designs. This
can enable much better reactor per-
formance and dramatically improve
the economics of nuclear energy while
meeting all safety requirements, said
Dr. John Parmentola, senior vice presi-
dent of the Energy and Advanced Con-
cepts Group at GA.
Though the EM
2
was not picked as a
winner in either round of cost-sharing
funding by the DOE, workers have
continued to develop the reactor.
We strongly believe this will be the
future of nuclear energy, Parmentola
said. We are currently working with a
foreign country on the development of
EM
2
.
GE-Hitachi (GEH)s 311-MW PRISM
reactor is considered a fast spectrum
reactor that can be configured to use
plutonium stockpiles as fuel. The reac-
tor can also run on used nuclear fuel,
depleted uranium, and other used fu-
els, said Eric Loewen, chief consulting
engineer Advanced Plants with GEH.
The company looked into developing
200-MW reactor, NuScale Power 45-
MW reactor and Holtecs 160-MW In-
herently Safe Modular Underground
Reactor (HI-SMUR).
B&Ws Generation mPower SMR
technology was the first to win a cost-
sharing funding initiative with the U.S.
Department of Energy (DOE) and proj-
ect partner Tennessee Valley Author-
ity (TVA). TVA and Generation mPower
have teamed on a project to build two
180-MW Generation mPower reactors
at TVAs Clinch River site in Tennessee.
The project is scheduled for completion
in 2021.
Though Generation mPower has
scaled back its development and funding
of the technology, both B&W and TVA
continue to pursue the Clinch River proj-
ect and the cost-sharing initiative with
the DOE. B&W CEO Jim Ferland said in
an article in the Charlotte Business Journal
that the company has not abandoned the
development of the SMR or the Genera-
tion mPower business unit.
Along with development partner Flu-
or Corp, NuScale was the second com-
pany picked for the DOEs cost-sharing
initiative. Chief Commercial Officer
Mike McGough said the NuScale de-
sign differs from other designs in that it
uses vertical reactor coolant pumps, un-
like some reactors that use horizontal
pumps. In the event of AC or DC power
loss, NuScales SMR will automatically
shut itself down and cool itself with no
operator intervention.
With proposed and implemented
emissions regulations, McGough said
NuScale is in position to boost the U.S.
grid when the technology becomes com-
mercially available.
With proposed EPA regulations, it
is only going to drive people with car-
bon-generated baseloads to find meth-
ods of non carbon-generated electric-
ity, McGough said.
McGough said NuScale remains
bullish on U.S. prospects, and also
believes there will be a growing market
overseas, particularly in Japan and the
United Kingdom.
Westinghouse has also scaled back de-
velopment of its 200-MW SMR design to
focus more on its growing APR1000 mar-
ket. A spokesperson for Westinghouse
said a team of engineers and business
staff remains assigned to the SMR devel-
opment to ensure its availability when
market conditions improve.
HIGH-TEMPERATURE
GAS-COOLED REACTORS
NEI says these reactors are best suited
for providing process heat for industrial
purposes, as well as in the develop-
ment of tar sands, oil shale and coal-to-
liquids applications. Reactors include
General Atomics Gas Turbine Modu-
lar Helium Reactor (GT-MHR) and the
Pebble Bed Modular Reactor Ltd.
In September 2010, the 165-MW
Pebble Bed Modular Reactor in South
Africa was forced to end development
due to lack of funding and an inability
to gain new investors. Westinghouse
had signed on to invest in the project,
but withdrew in May 2010. The proj-
ect had investments of $1.3 billion by
the time it ceased operations, and 80
percent of those funds were from the
South African government. However,
government officials said they would
not support the project if developers
could not find outside investors be-
cause the project might have cost an
additional $4.2 billion.
The reactor would have used helium
as a coolant and repurposed its waste
heat for other industrial processes.
General Atomics (GA) GT-MHR can
generate 285 MW of electricity and is
being developed in partnership with
Russias OKBM Afrikantov and sup-
ported by Fuji Industries of Japan. The
company aims to produce hydrogen
from a demonstration high-temper-
ature reactor to be built at the Idaho
National Laboratory.
According to UXC, GA plans to have
1410pe_51 51 10/13/14 11:36 AM
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a sodium-cooled reactor that was small
and factory-built.
Loewen said the initial concept was
first developed by GE in 1981 and was
picked up at the U.S. Advanced Liq-
uid Reactor Program, which ran from
1984 to 1994. The initial design was
further refined and eight other U.S.
firms helped with the development of
the PRISM.
All reactor designs have benefits,
but for a lot of technical reasons,
theyre not ready to go to market,
Loewen said. Sodium-cooled tech-
nology is ready. Every major compo-
nent has been tested and inspected by
the NRC.
By cooling with sodium, the reac-
tor can make fissile material. PRISM
can be employed to utilize stockpiles
of plutonium as seen at the Sellafield
site in the United Kingdom and spent
nuclear fuel here in the U.S.
General Atomics EM2 is a 265-MW reactor
designed to burn spent fuel and depleted
uranium. Photo Courtesy: General Atomics
NUCLEAR
1410pe_52 52 10/13/14 11:36 AM
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1410pe_53 53 10/13/14 11:36 AM
www.power-eng.com
54
will be showcasing their products and
services on the exhibit floor. The exhibi-
tion opens at 11:30 a.m. Tuesday follow-
ing the keynote session.
POWER-GEN International offers
a wealth of networking opportunities
with leading professionals and key de-
cision makers. More than 200 speak-
ers will share their thoughts on trends,
technology and project development in
43 conference sessions. A wide range
of topics, from emissions control to gas
turbine design, will be discussed by
high-ranking regulators, developers,
power producers and industry represen-
tatives.
The keynote session on Dec. 9 will
feature three high-ranking executives:
Kimberly Greene, vice president and
chief operating officer of Southern Co.;
Mauricio Gutierrez, vice president and
chief operating officer of NRG Energy;
and David Walsh, president and CEO
of Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems
Americas.
The Plenary Session on Dec. 11 will
I
ts the largest annual forum for
the power generation industry.
More than 21,000 industry
professionals from around the
world will gather in Orlando
for POWER-GEN International, where
innovative and cost-effective solutions
for maintaining, operating and build-
ing new power generation will be shared
Dec. 9-11 at the Orange County Conven-
tion Center.
More than 1,400 exhibiting compa-
nies from every sector of the industry
Powering Innovation &
BY RUSSELL RAY, CHAIRMAN, POWER-GEN INTERNATIONAL
2014
1410pe_54 54 10/13/14 11:36 AM
www.power-eng.com
55
Diesel Generator Sets, Steam Turbine/
Generator Reliability, Availability and
Efficiency, Quick Response Combined
Cycle Power Plants, MATS and CO
2

Compliance Strategies, Energy Storage
Applications from a Generators Perspec-
tive, Water Intake Regulations, and
Effluent Limitation Guidelines and
Coal Combustion Residuals.
Five mega-sessions are also sched-
uled. Large Frame Gas Turbines,
Distributed Generation: Who Gets the
Benefits, Coal Plant Retirements, In-
tegration of Real-Time Data, Analytics
and Advanced Technology to Optimize
Generation Assets, and Potential Im-
pact of Greenhouse Gas Regulation on
the Future of Power Generation.
SEVEN TECHNICAL TOURS
Technical tours of seven power gener-
ation facilities will be offered to attend-
ees on Monday, Dec. 8.
Cape Canaveral
Some of Americas greatest innova-
tions were realized at Cape Canaveral,
home of the Kennedy Space Center. Its
fitting that this historic site is now home
to one of the most advanced power
plants in the world. Florida Power &
Lights Cape Canaveral Next Generation
Clean Energy Center, a 1,200-MW com-
bined cycle plant equipped with three
SGT6-8000H turbines from Siemens,
began commercial operation April 24,
2013. The plant was recognized by Power
Engineering magazine as the Project of
the Year for gas-fired projects in 2013.
The deadline to register for this techni-
cal tour is Wednesday, Nov. 5. A back-
ground check is required to attend this
tour.
Hines Energy Complex
Owned and operated by Duke Energy,
the 1,912-MW Hines Energy Complex
near Bartow, Fla., has four combined
cycle units. The first unit began com-
mercial operation in 1999 and subse-
quent units began operation in 2003,
2005 and 2007. The plants fourth power
be a rapid-fire, content-rich discussion
featuring John Easton, vice president of
International Programs at the Edison
Electric Institute, and Mark Garnett, vice
president of the European Region for
Doosan Power Systems.
This year, POWER-GEN will come to
Orlando with four co-located events:
Nuclear Power International; the POW-
ER-GEN International Financial Forum;
Renewable Energy World North Ameri-
ca; and the GenForum. Were calling it
Power Generation Week, featuring five
conferences and three exhibitions under
one roof. Altogether, more than 300
speakers will be featured in nearly 80
conference sessions during Power Gen-
eration Week.
At POWER-GEN, 36 conference ses-
sions will be held under eight tracks:
Emissions Control, On-Site Power, Plant
Performance, Gas Turbine Technologies,
Fossil Technologies, Environmental Is-
sues, Demand Response and Industry
Trends/Competitive Power Generation.
Heres a sample of some of the ses-
sions that will be offered: Gas Turbine
Design and Applications, Gas vs.
Innovation & Efficiency
More than 1,400 exhibiting companies from every sector
of the power generation industry will be showcasing their
products and services on the exhibit floor at POWER-GEN
International 2014, the worlds largest annual forum for the
power sector. More than 21,000 people are expected to
attend Dec. 9-11 at the Orange County Convention Center in
Orlando. To register, visit www.power-gen.com.
1410pe_55 55 10/13/14 11:36 AM
www.power-eng.com
56
construct, the project features 5,808
solar panels. The project began com-
mercial production in February 2010.
The tour will begin at the registration
area in the West building.
Wind Service Training Center
The 40,000-square-foot Wind Ser-
vice Training Center Orlando is near
the global headquarters of Siemens
Energy Service division and features
the latest wind power innovations. The
training center features two full-size na-
celles, three 22-foot high climbing tow-
ers, electrical and hydraulic modules,
and service cranes. The center was built
to make training,
safety and rescue
simulations as re-
alistic as possible.
Register early to re-
serve a seat on this
tour.
Energy Garden
Perhaps one of
the most innova-
tive anaerobic di-
gestion projects of its kind in North
America, Harvest Powers Energy
Garden provides superpowered waste
management through its specially en-
gineered design to co-digest biosolids
with food wastes from local resorts,
restaurants, grocery stores, hotels,
sports arenas, golf courses and the food
processing community. The capacity
is 130,000 tons per year with 5.4MW
combined heat-and-power output.
OUC Solar Farm
A 400-kW solar array owned and op-
erated by the Orlando Utilities Com-
mission was brought online in Octo-
ber 2013. Each 1-kW block represents
about 112 kilowatt-hours of monthly
solar production. The array was built
by ESA Renewables.
PRE-CONFERENCE
WORKSHOPS
Attendees of POWER-GEN and Re-
newable Energy World North America
block is fueled with natural gas and light
fuel oil with two GE 7FA combustion
turbines, a GE D11 reheat steam turbine
and two Nooter/Erikson heat recovery
steam generators. Register early to re-
serve a seat for this tour.
Cane Island
A tour of the Cane Island Power Park
is also available to attendees. The gas-
fired power plant is near Intercession
City in northwest Osceola County, Fla.
It houses four generating units with a
combined capacity of 735 MW. Unit 1 is
a General Electric LM6000 PA aero-de-
rivative simple cycle combustion turbine
that is primarily
used for peaking.
Unit 2 is a GE
Frame MS7001EA
in combined cycle
with a Nooter Er-
ikson triple pres-
sure HRSG that
provides steam
for a GE Fitch-
burg axial exhaust
straight condensing turbine. Unit 3 is
a GE 7241FA+e in combined cycle with
a Aalborg triple pressure reheat HRSG
that provides steam for a GE A10 reheat
steam turbine. Unit 3 was the first com-
bined cycle in Florida to install a Selec-
tive Catalytic Reduction (SCR) system.
Unit 4 consists of a GE 7241FA+e in com-
bined cycle with a Vogt triple pressure
HRSG that provides steam for a GE A14
reheat steam turbine. Including duct fir-
ing capability, this unit will produce 300
MW.
Rooftop Solar Array
Attendees wont have to travel far
to tour the largest rooftop solar array
in the southeastern U.S. The 1.1 MW
photovoltaic array is on the roof of the
North-South Building of the Orange
County Convention Center and cov-
ers an area equivalent to five football
fields. It was designed and installed by
Johnson Controls. Costing more than
$8 million and taking several years to
David Walsh
Kim Greene
Mauricio Gutierrez
At POWER-GEN,
more than 200
speakers will share
their thoughts on
trends, technology
and project
development in
43 sessions.
K
E
Y
N
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A
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1410pe_56 56 10/13/14 11:36 AM
Covering every aspect of the power generation industry, POWER-GEN International, NUCLEAR POWER International, Renewable Energy
World Conference & Expo North America, POWER-GEN International Financial Forum and the GenForum converge in 2014 to form Power
Generation Week. Beneft from fve days packed with pre-conference workshops, technical tours, over 70 conference sessions, panel
discussions, three exhibition days and multiple networking events. Gain access to nearly every facet of the market all under one roof.
Learn more at www.powergenerationweek.com
>> DECEMBER 7-11, 2014 >> ORANGE COUNTY CONVENTION CENTER, WEST HALLS >>
>> ORLANDO, FL, USA >> WWW.POWERGENERATIONWEEK.COM >>
Owned & Produced by Presented by Supported by
For info. http://powereng.hotims.com RS#29
1410pe_57 57 10/13/14 11:36 AM
www.power-eng.com
58
players at all levels.
FINANCIAL FORUM
The POWER-GEN International Fi-
nancial Forum, scheduled Dec. 10-11,
features seven conference sessions, in-
cluding a plenary session entitled The
State of Power Project Financing. The
keynote address will be delivered by
Tom Kiernan,
CEO of the Amer-
ican Wind Energy
Association. The
keynote luncheon
begins at 11:30
a.m. on Wednes-
day, Dec. 10.
Financial Fo-
rum panelists will explore the financ-
ing options and strategies that work
best in todays market. They will also
discuss liquidity issues, risk and return
expectations, new development possi-
bilities, and the financial and regulato-
ry barriers to overcome in todays tight
financial market. Are there emerging
new sources of financing for energy
projects? What are the risks associated
with certain technologies and what
risks worry lenders the most? Panelists
will attempt to answer these and many
other questions over the course of this
conference.
The Financial Forum offers a unique
opportunity for project developers,
lenders and others in the financial
community to
learn about and
discuss the latest
financing trends.
Whats more, the
Financial Fo-
rum gives finan-
cial specialists a
chance to meet
with the worlds leading engineering,
procurement and construction firms
as well as hundreds of equipment and
service vendors. For more information,
visit www.powergenfinancialforum.
com.
For complete conference, exhibi-
tion and registration information, visit
www.powergenerationweek.com.
can also choose from 31 Competitive
Power College pre-conference work-
shops on Sunday Dec. 7 and Monday
Dec. 9.
Some of the workshop topics in-
clude Basic Gas Turbine Metallurgy
and Component Repair, Gas Turbine
Combustion, Wind Project Devel-
opment Fundamentals, Renewable
Energy Venture Startup, Power Plant
Construction Management: A Work-
shop for Survival, Root Cause Analy-
sis for Power Generation, Asia Pacific
Power Generation Market, Industrial
Gas Turbines: An Introduction to Fu-
els, Combustion and Emissions, Ef-
fective Troubleshooting methods for
Turbine and Generator Vibrations,
and Project Management in Develop-
ing a Hydropower Station.
WIN A CORVETTE
A car will again be given away this
year. The drawing for a 2015 Corvette
will be Thursday, Dec. 11. Entering is
easy. Eligible attendees must take their
entry card to the booths of the spon-
soring companies, have it stamped by
the sponsoring exhibitors and return
the card to the PennWell booth prior
to the drawing. As always, you must be
present to win.
GOLF
Also, a golf tournament will be held
Monday, Dec. 8, at Disneys Magnolia
Golf Course.
This sweeping 18-hole course fea-
tures elevated tees, spacious greens
and challenging water hazards. Eleven
of the 18 holes boast water hazards
and 97 bunkers dot the course. Rated
4 Stars by Golf Digest, the Magnolia
Golf Course is a paradise for serious
golfers and a thrilling challenge for
The drawing for a 2015 Corvette
will be Thursday, Dec. 11.
More than 300
speakers will be
featured in nearly 80
conference sessions
during Power
Generation Week.
1410pe_58 58 10/13/14 11:36 AM
2014
Annual Awards Gala
Youre invited
Owned &
Produced by: Presented by: Sponsored by:
TO THE ANNUAL AWARDS GALA
MONDAY, DEC. 8, 2014
Honoring excellence in design, contraction and engineering of power generation facilities worldwide.
2014Projects of the Year winners will be announced at the Annual Awards Gala during Power Generation
Week 2014 in Orlando, Florida. Register for your seat at this exclusive awards gala, Monday, December 8.
Register online at www.power-gen.com.
Awards will be given in the following categories:

Best Coal-fred Project

Best Gas-fred Project

Best Nuclear Project

Best Renewable Project

Cleanest Coal Projects

Papers of the Year

Woman of the Year

For info. http://powereng.hotims.com RS#30
1410pe_59 59 10/13/14 11:36 AM
www.power-eng.com
60
WHAT WORKS
within the campus has increased due
to the addition of new buildings,
technology and equipment. As a
result, the complex identifed the need
for a capacity and effciency solution
that could seamlessly integrate into
its existing energy center, reduce peak
demand and create redundancy within
the system.
Having previously installed thermal
storage and CALMAC tanks at the
Saginaw State Offce Building, the state
has experience with ice-based thermal
energy storages reputation for creating
savings and providing a durable,
long-lasting solution. CALMAC was
T
he State of Michigan Second-
ary Complex in Dimondale
is a 13-building campus com-
prised of the states police academy,
police post, test and research labs, of-
fce space, warehouses, vehicle main-
tenance service garages and more. The
facilitys original energy center was
constructed in 1975 and featured elec-
tric chillers and gas-fred boilers. Since
the original installation of the energy
center, buildings within the complex
have undergone renovations, addi-
tions and changes in functions, greatly
improving the effciency of heating
and cooling operations. Energy con-
sumption used for heating, ventilat-
ing and air conditioning (HVAC) was
identifed as a signifcant part of the
complexs operating budget. Savings
in energy costs through strategic en-
ergy effciency upgrades would mean
large returns.
In October 2008, the State of Michi-
gan made its commitment to energy
effciency known through a series of
bills, one of which was Public Act (P.A.)
295. This act renewed and revised the
states dedication to maximizing energy
effciency in state facilities. One of the
goals of the act was the reduction by 25
percent of state government grid-based
energy purchases by 2015, as compared
to a 2002 baseline. Two strategies were
outlined to meet this goal: reductions in
peak demand and onsite energy genera-
tion. The choice to implement cogene-
ration and energy storage technologies
into the State of Michigans Secondary
Complex would greatly reduce the facil-
itys operating costs and environmental
impact, thereby helping meet the states
energy goal.
The Secondary Complexs energy
center underwent a major renovation
in 2012 with the installation of two
1.2-MW natural gas-fred turbine
generators, used to produce steam
and electricity for central heating and
cooling operations at the complexs
central facility. This renovation
reduced the amount of power required
from the states power grid. Steam
generated from the turbines was
dedicated to heating the complex (over
2,000,000 sq. ft.) and was also utilized
by two absorption chillers to create
chilled water for cooling operations.
Since the installation of cogeneration,
however, the cooling load requirement
The State of Michigan
Secondary Complex
BY MARK MACCRACKEN, CEO, CALMAC
1410pe_60 60 10/13/14 11:36 AM
www.power-eng.com
61
Trane Centrifugal Glycol Chiller with associ-
ated Thermal Storage pumps, automated
valves and stainless steel piping
which powers the absorption chillers,
along with ice-based energy storage
assistance as needed. The ability to use
cogeneration and natural gas to take
some of the complexes load off the grid
is helping to meet the states goal of
reducing grid-based energy purchases.
When the Secondary Complex does
need energy from the grid, energy
storage allows the facility to use only
the most effciently produced energy.
The combination of cogeneration
and ice-based energy storage has
provided the State of Michigan with
technologies that perfectly align with
its goals of reducing reliance on the
power grid while optimizing operating
costs. This proactive approach to
creating a long-term solution has also
prepared the state to adapt to future
changes in demand. The savings
generated by the two technologies can
be used on other facility-related costs.
Ice-based energy storage has
allowed the State of Michigan to
separate energy purchases from energy
consumption, said Mark MacCracken,
CEO of CALMAC. This decoupling,
in combination with cogeneration,
has greatly reduced the states energy
usage during peak demand hours.
Historically off-peak energy prices
rise much more slowly than any other
form of energy.
chosen to provide the energy storage
technology that would meet the
complexs growing cooling demands.
In 2014, the Secondary Complex
installed three 900-ton centrifugal,
dual-mode, water-cooled chillers
provided by Nelson Trane, plus Trane
Tracer chiller controls. The chillers
operate using energy from the grid and
are paired with CALMACs IceBank
energy storage tanks, which can store
1-MW of energy, equivalent to 8,748
ton-hours of cooling. Two levels of
energy storage tanks were installed in
a decommissioned incinerator room.
Although there is enough energy
storage to satisfy the cooling load for the
entire complex if necessary, the system
is designed to provide redundancy to
the cogeneration plant. When steam is
available for cooling it must be utilized
because this form of energy cannot be
stored effectively. If cooling demand
exceeds the capacity of the steam-
driven chillers, CALMACs IceBank
tanks are called upon to provide the
additional cooling requirements. With
the extra storage capacity available, the
State of Michigan is prepared to handle
future increases in cooling demand.
Speaking about the project, Scott
Davis, Facility Supervisor of Zone
6, said CALMACs energy storage
technology has allowed us to make
our system extremely fexible in order
to meet changing heating and cooling
needs. Utilizing cheaper nighttime
energy has always been an attractive
opportunity, especially for a large
complex like ours. Now its a reality.
The incorporation of ice-based
thermal energy storage has allowed the
Secondary Complex to create cooling
hours during nighttime off-peak
hours, when only the most effcient
power plants are online and the price
of electricity is reduced by roughly 50
percent compared to daytime prices.
By storing and using cooling as needed,
the complex can avoid expensive peak
demand hours and reduce stress on the
power grid. Based on historical data,
the addition of storage is expected to
save an estimated $12,000 per month
in energy costs. Ice-based energy
storage also adds signifcant fexibility
to the system.
The complex has the option of
cooling the facility using just ice, the
absorption chillers that are powered
by steam, the three centrifugal chillers,
free cooling heat exchangers or any
combination of the four solutions.
However, the energy plant relies heavily
on the cogeneration technology,
CALMACs energy
storage technology
has allowed us to
make our system
extremely fexible
in order to meet
changing heating
and cooling needs.
- Scott Davis, Facility
Supervisor of Zone 6
1410pe_61 61 10/13/14 11:36 AM
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Classifed Section.
GET RESULTS
Put your message in front of North
Americas most qualifed circulation with
Power Engineerings classifeds.
CALL NOW FOR DETAILS:
JENNA HALL
Phone: 918.832.9249
Email: jennah@pennwell.com
For info. http://powereng.hotims.com RS# 450
1410pe_64 64 10/13/14 11:34 AM
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For info. http://powereng.hotims.com RS# 454
Get a thorough mix with:
Pugmill Systems, Inc.
P.O. Box 60
Columbia, TN 38402 USA
Ph: 931-388-0626 Fax: 931-380-0319
www.pugmillsystems.com
For info. http://powereng.hotims.com RS# 451
The Institute of Electrical Engineering at EPFL invites applications
for a tenure track assistant professor in Electrical Engineering.
Recruitment to a tenured senior position may be considered in excep-
tional cases.
Applicants should demonstrate strong competences in the broad area
of electrical engineering. Areas of interest include, but are not limited
to, embedded computing and communication systems, radio-frequency
circuits and antennas, nano-circuits and devices, electrical sensors and
interfaces, displays, energy-efficient design and energy distribution
systems. The Institute welcomes applications from candidates in new
emerging areas that do not fit the above groups but that relate to Electri-
cal Engineering at large.
As a faculty member of the School of Engineering, the successful can-
didate is expected to initiate independent, creative research programs
and actively participate in undergraduate and graduate teaching.
Significant start-up resources and state-of-the-art research infra-
structure will be available. Salaries and benefits are internationally
competitive.
EPFL, with its main campus located in Lausanne, Switzerland, is a
dynamically growing and well-funded institution fostering excellence
and diversity. A technical university covering essentially the entire
palette of engineering and science, EPFL has a highly international
environment that is multi-lingual and multi-cultural, with English
often serving as a common interface.
Applications should include a cover letter with a statement of motiva-
tion, curriculum vitae, list of publications and patents, concise state-
ment of research and teaching interests, and the names and addresses
of at least five referees. Applications must be uploaded in PDF format
to: http://go.epfl.ch/iel-search
Formal evaluation of candidates will begin on December 1
st
, 2014.
Enquiries may be addressed to:
Prof. Pierre Vandergheynst
Search Committee Chair
E-mail: iel-search@epfl.ch
For additional information on EPFL, please consult the web sites:
www.epfl.ch, sti.epfl.ch and iel.epfl.ch.
EPFL is committed to increasing the diversity of its faculty, and
strongly encourages women to apply.
Faculty Position in Electrical Engineering
at the Ecole polytechnique fdrale de Lausanne (EPFL)
For info. http://powereng.hotims.com RS# 453
POWER PROFESSIONALS
Opportunities in Operations and Maintenance,
Project Engineering and Project Management.
Business and Project Development.
First-line Supervision to Executive Level Positions.
Employer pays fee. Send resumes to:
P.O. BOX 87875,
VANCOUVER, WA 98687-7875
email: dwood@staffing.net
(360) 260-0979 (360) 253-5292
www.powerindustrycareers.com
1410pe_65 65 10/13/14 11:34 AM
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visit www.wabashpower.com
FOR SALE/RENT
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ESI Boi l er Rent al s, LLC
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GEORGE H. BODMAN, INC.
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email: blrclgdr@aol.com Fax (281) 359-4225
For info. http://powereng.hotims.com RS# 456
Burner Management
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We are also experts at solving ancillary
problems with flame scanners, igniters
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Begin with a conference call
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Call Bill Smith:
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Our staff actively maintain seats on key
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For info. http://powereng.hotims.com RS# 460
CONDENSER & HEAT EXCHANGER TOOLS
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John R Robinson Inc
PH # 800-726-1026
e-mail: sales@johnrrobinsoninc.com
www.johnrrobinsoninc.com
1410pe_66 66 10/13/14 11:34 AM
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PRAIRIE STATE GENERATING COMPANY IS HIRING!
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P30C |s equa| opporlur|ly erp|oyer.
Females and minorities are encouraged to apply.
For info. http://powereng.hotims.com RS# 467




For hundreds of years navigation was
based on two numbers; latitude and
longitude. Guide your plant to more
efficient operation with five.
Making fundamentals fun
Nick Schroeder, BSME, PE
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For info. http://powereng.hotims.com RS# 464
Training Professionals
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GP Strategies, a global leader in performance
improvement, is seeking qualified subject
matter experts to fill director level positions
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Ideal candidate will have:
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in related field of study
5+ years experience in coal-fired
power plants
Professional engineering
license preferred
If youre looking for a career with a dynamic,
fast-growing company with an excellent
reputation in the power generation industry,
contact Scott Peterson at GP Strategies
today: speterson@gpstrategies.com, or
+1.443.367.9626.
1410pe_67 67 10/13/14 11:34 AM
www.power-eng.com
68
INDEX
RS# COMPANY PG# SALES OFFICE RS# COMPANY PG#
1421 S. Sheridan Rd., Tulsa, OK 74112
Phone: 918-835-3161, Fax: 918-831-9834
e-mail: pe@pennwell.com
Sr. Vice President North
American Power Group

Richard Baker
Reprints

Foster Printing Servive
4295 Ohio Street
Michigan City, IN 46360
Phone: 866-879-9144
e-mail: pennwellreprint@fosterprinting.com
National Marketing
Consultant

Rick Huntzicker
Palladian Professional Park
3225 Shallowford Rd., Suite 800
Marietta, GA 30062
Phone: 770-578-2688, Fax: 770-578-2690
e-mail: rickh@pennwell.com
AL, AR, DC, FL, GA, KS, KY, LA, MD, MO,
MS, NC, SC, TN, TX, VA, WV
Regional Marketing Consultant

Dan Idoine
806 Park Village Drive
Louisville, OH 44641
Phone: 330-875-6581, Fax: 330-875-4462
e-mail: dani@pennwell.com
CT, DE, IL, IN, MA, ME, MI, NH, NJ, NY,
OH, PA, RI, VT, Quebec, New Brunswick,
Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, Ontario
Regional Marketing Consultant

Natasha Cole
1455 West Loop South, Suite 400
Houston, Texas 77027
Phone: 713.499.6311; Fax: 713.963.6284
e-mail: natashac@pennwell.com
AK, AZ,CA,CO,HI,IA,MN,MT,ND,NE,NM,NV,
OK,OR,SD,UT,WA,WI,WY,AB,BC,SK, Manitoba,
Northwest Territory, Yukon Territory
International Sales Mgr

Michelle Smith
The Water Tower
Gunpowder Mills
Powdermill Lane
Waltham Abbey, Essex EN9 1BN
United Kingdom
Phone: +44 1992 656 609, Fax: +44 1992 656 700
e-mail: michelles@pennwell.com
Africa, Asia, Central America, Europe,
Middle East, South America
European Sales

Asif Yusuf
The Water Tower
Gunpowder Mills
Powdermill Lane
Waltham Abbey, Essex EN9 1BN
United Kingdom
Phone: +44 1992 656 631, Fax: +44 1992 656 700
e-mail: asify@pennwell.com
Europe and Middle East
Classifieds/Literature Showcase


Account Executive

Jenna Hall
1421 S. Sheridan Rd.
Tulsa, OK 74112
Phone: 918-832-9249, Fax: 918-831-9834
email: jennah@pennwell.com
18 Allen-Sherman-Hoff 39
www.a-s-h.com
Brandenburg Industrial C4
Service Company
www.brandenburg.com
20 Busch LLC 42
www.buschusa.com
23 Chemetrics, Inc. 45
www.chemetrics.com
19 Circor Energy Products 41
www.circorenergy.com
22 Clearspan Fabric 45
Structures
www.clearspan.com
8 Corrpro 15
www.corrpro.com
25 Detroit Stoker Co 48
www.detriotstoker.com
11 Evoqua Water 23
Technology LLC
www.evoqua.com
3 Globalspec 5
www.engineering360.com
9 Hilliard Corporation 17
www.hillardcorp.com
10 Hydrolox 21
www.hydrolox.com
HYTORC Industrial 43
Bolting Systems
15 Invensys Systems 35
www.foxboro.com/foxboroevo
27 Magnetrol International 52
www.power-eng.com/webcasts
1 Martech Training Services C2
www.martechtrainingservices.com
4 MITSUBISHI HITACHI POWER 7
SYSTEMS AMERICA ENERGY
AND ENVIRONMENT, LTD
www.mhpowersystems.com
13 MITSUBISHI POWER 29
SYSTEMS AMERICAS, INC.
www.mhpowersystems.com
16 Mobil Industrial Lubricants 36
www.power-eng.com/webcasts
21 Mobil Industrial Lubricants 44
www.power-eng.com
5 Nuscale Power Inc 9
www.nuscalepower.com
7 Philadelphia Gear 13
Corporation
www.philagear.com/boring/pe
29 Power Generation Week 57
www.powergenerationweek.com
17 Power Systems Mfg LLC 37
www.psm.com
31 POWER-GEN International C3
www.power-gen.com
30 Projects of the Year 59
Awards Gala
www.power-gen.com
24 PW Power Systems 47
26 Structural Integrity 49
Associates
www.structint.com/power-eng
6 United Rentals Inc 11
www.unitedrentals.com/urcontrol
12 Victory Energy 24-25
Operations LLC
www.victoryenergy.com
14 Volvo Penta of 31
the Americas
www.volvopenta.com/industrial
28 Waste Management 53
www.power-eng.com/webcasts
2 Westinghouse Electric Co 3
www.westinghousenuclear.com
Advertisers and advertising agencies
assume liability for all contents (includ-
ing text representation and illustrations)
of advertisements printed, and also as-
sume responsibility for any claims aris-
ing therefrom made against the pub-
lisher. It is the advertisers or agencys
responsibility to obtain appropriate
releases on any items or individuals pic-
tured in the advertisement.
1410pe_68 68 10/13/14 11:36 AM

DECEMBER 911, 2014 / ORLANDO, FLORI DA / ORANGE COUNTY CONVENTI ON CENTER

OWNED & PRODUCED BY: PRESENTED BY: SUPPORTED BY:
FOREVER ADVANCING
WWW.POWER-GEN.COM WWW WWW.POWER-GEN.COM
5 EVENTS + 5 DAYS
www.powergenerationweek.com
L E A R N M O R E A T
DOE S YOUR COMPA NY GE NE RAT E
AT LEAST 1 MEGAWATT OF E NE RGY ?
If you answered yes, then your company qualifes for the Power Generators
Discount Program! Send unlimited employees for one fat rate.
The more employees you send, the more you save.
For info. http://powereng.hotims.com RS# 31
1410pe_C3 3 10/13/14 11:37 AM
1410pe_C4 4 10/13/14 11:37 AM