27

CHAPTER OUTLINE
27.1 Electric Current
27.2 Resistance
27.3 A Model for Electrical
Conduction
27.4 Resistance and
Temperature
27.5 Superconductors
27.6 Electric Power












Current and Resistance
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS
Q27.1 Individual vehiclescars, trucks and motorcycleswould
correspond to charge. The number of vehicles that pass a
certain point in a given time would correspond to the current.
Q27.2 Voltage is a measure of potential difference, not of current.
Surge implies a flowand only charge, in coulombs, can flow
through a system. It would also be correct to say that the victim
carried a certain current, in amperes.
Q27.3 Geometry and resistivity. In turn, the resistivity of the material
depends on the temperature.
Q27.4 Resistance is a physical property of the conductor based on the
material of which it is made and its size and shape, including
the locations where current is put in and taken out. Resistivity
is a physical property only of the material of which the resistor
is made.
Q27.5 The radius of wire B is 3 times the radius of wire A, to make its crosssectional area 3 times larger.
Q27.6 Not all conductors obey Ohms law at all times. For example, consider an experiment in which a
variable potential difference is applied across an incandescent light bulb, and the current is
measured. At very low voltages, the filament follows Ohms law nicely. But then long before the
filament begins to glow, the plot of
V
I
becomes non-linear, because the resistivity is temperature-
dependent.
Q27.7 A conductor is not in electrostatic equilibrium when it is carrying a current, duh! If charges are
placed on an isolated conductor, the electric fields established in the conductor by the charges will
cause the charges to move until they are in positions such that there is zero electric field throughout
the conductor. A conductor carrying a steady current is not an isolated conductorits ends must be
connected to a source of emf, such as a battery. The battery maintains a potential difference across
the conductor and, therefore, an electric field in the conductor. The steady current is due to the
response of the electrons in the conductor due to this constant electric field.
105
106 Current and Resistance
Q27.8 The bottom of the rods on the Jacobs Ladder are close enough so that the supplied voltage is
sufficient to produce dielectric breakdown of the air. The initial spark at the bottom includes a tube
of ionized air molecules. Since this tube containing ions is warmer than the air around it, it is buoyed
up by the surrounding air and begins to rise. The ions themselves significantly decrease the
resistivity of the air. They significantly lower the dielectric strength of the air, marking longer sparks
possible. Internal resistance in the power supply will typically make its terminal voltage drop, so
that it cannot produce a spark across the bottom ends of the rods. A single continuous spark,
therefore will rise up, becoming longer and longer, until the potential difference is not large enough
to sustain dielectric breakdown of the air. Once the initial spark stops, another one will form at the
bottom, where again, the supplied potential difference is sufficient to break down the air.
Q27.9 The conductor does not follow Ohms law, and must have a resistivity that is current-dependent, or
more likely temperature-dependent.
Q27.10 A power supply would correspond to a water pump; a resistor corresponds to a pipe of a certain
diameter, and thus resistance to flow; charge corresponds to the water itself; potential difference
corresponds to difference in height between the ends of a pipe or the ports of a water pump.
Q27.11 The amplitude of atomic vibrations increases with temperature. Atoms can then scatter electrons
more efficiently.
Q27.12 In a metal, the conduction electrons are not strongly bound to individual ion cores. They can move
in response to an applied electric field to constitute an electric current. Each metal ion in the lattice
of a microcrystal exerts Coulomb forces on its neighbors. When one ion is vibrating rapidly, it can set
its neighbors into vibration. This process represents energy moving though the material by heat.
Q27.13 The resistance of copper increases with temperature, while the resistance of silicon decreases with
increasing temperature. The conduction electrons are scattered more by vibrating atoms when
copper heats up. Silicons charge carrier density increases as temperature increases and more atomic
electrons are promoted to become conduction electrons.
Q27.14 A current will continue to exist in a superconductor without voltage because there is no resistance
loss.
Q27.15 Superconductors have no resistance when they are below a certain critical temperature. For most
superconducting materials, this critical temperature is close to absolute zero. It requires expensive
refrigeration, often using liquid helium. Liquid nitrogen at 77 K is much less expensive. Recent
discoveries of materials that have higher critical temperatures suggest the possibility of developing
superconductors that do not require expensive cooling systems.
Q27.16 In a normal metal, suppose that we could proceed to a limit of zero resistance by lengthening the
average time between collisions. The classical model of conduction then suggests that a constant
applied voltage would cause constant acceleration of the free electrons, and a current steadily
increasing in time.
On the other hand, we can actually switch to zero resistance by substituting a
superconducting wire for the normal metal. In this case, the drift velocity of electrons is established
by vibrations of atoms in the crystal lattice; the maximum current is limited; and it becomes
impossible to establish a potential difference across the superconductor.
Q27.17 Because there are so many electrons in a conductor (approximately 10
28
electrons m
3
) the average
velocity of charges is very slow. When you connect a wire to a potential difference, you establish an
electric field everywhere in the wire nearly instantaneously, to make electrons start drifting
everywhere all at once.
Chapter 27 107
Q27.18 Current moving through a wire is analogous to a longitudinal wave moving through the electrons of
the atoms. The wave speed depends on the speed at which the disturbance in the electric field can
be communicated between neighboring atoms, not on the drift velocities of the electrons
themselves. If you leave a direct-current light bulb on for a reasonably short time, it is likely that no
single electron will enter one end of the filament and leave at the other end.
Q27.19 More power is delivered to the resistor with the smaller resistance, since P =
V
R
2
.
Q27.20 The 25 W bulb has a higher resistance. The 100 W bulb carries more current.
Q27.21 One amperehour is 3 600 coulombs. The amperehour rating is the quantity of charge that the
battery can lift though its nominal potential difference.
Q27.22 Choose the voltage of the power supply you will use to drive the heater. Next calculate the required
resistance R as
V
2
P
. Knowing the resistivity of the material, choose a combination of wire length
and crosssectional area to make

A
R
F
H
G
I
K
J =
F
H
G
I
K
J

. You will have to pay for less material if you make both
and A smaller, but if you go too far the wire will have too little surface area to radiate away the
energy; then the resistor will melt.
SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS
Section 27.1 Electric Current
P27.1 I
Q
t
=

Q I t = = =

30 0 10 40 0 1 20 10
6 3
. . . A s C
e j
a f
N
Q
e
= =

1 20 10
1 60 10
7 50 10
3
19
15
.
.
.
C
C electron
electrons
P27.2 The molar mass of silver = 107 9 . g mole and the volume V is
V = = =

area thickness m m m
2 3
a fa f
e je j
700 10 0 133 10 9 31 10
4 3 6
. . .
The mass of silver deposited is m V
Ag
3 3
kg m m kg = = =

10 5 10 9 31 10 9 78 10
3 6 2
. . .
e je j
.
And the number of silver atoms deposited is
N
I
V
R
t
Q
I
Ne
I
=

F
H
G
I
K
J
F
H
G
I
K
J
=
= = = =
= = =

= =

9 78 10
6 02 10 1 000
5 45 10
12 0
6 67 6 67
5 45 10 1 60 10
6 67
1 31 10 3 64
2
23
23
23 19
4
.
.
.
.
. .
. .
.
. .
kg
atoms
107.9 g
g
1 kg
atoms
V
1.80
A C s
C
C s
s h
e j
e je j

108 Current and Resistance
P27.3 Q t Idt I e
t
t
a f
e j
= =
z

0
0
1

(a) Q I e I a f
e j
a f = =

0
1
0
1 0 632 .
(b) Q I e I 10 1 0 999 95
0
10
0
a f
e j
b g = =

.
(c) Q I e I = =

a f
e j 0 0
1
P27.4 (a) Using
k e
r
mv
r
e
2
2
2
= , we get: v
k e
mr
e
= =
2
6
2 19 10 . m s .
(b) The time for the electron to revolve around the proton once is:
t
r
v
= =

2
2 5 29 10
2 19 10
1 52 10
11
6
16

.
.
.
m
m s
s
e j
e j
.
The total charge flow in this time is 1 60 10
19
.

C , so the current is
I =

= =

1 60 10
1 05 10 1 05
19
16
3
.
. .
C
1.52 10 s
A mA .
P27.5 The period of revolution for the sphere is T =
2

, and the average current represented by this

revolving charge is I
q
T
q
= =

2
.
P27.6 q t t = + + 4 5 6
3
A =
F
H
G
I
K
J =

2 00
1 00
2 00 10
2
4
.
.
. cm
m
100 cm
m
2 2
e j
(a) I
dq
dt
t
t
t
1 00 12 5 17 0
1.00
2
1.00
. . s A
s
s
a f
e j
= = + =
=
=
(b) J = =

I
A
17 0
2 00 10
85 0
4
.
.
.
A
m
kA m
2
2
P27.7 I
dq
dt
=
q dq Idt
t
dt
q
= = =
F
H
G
I
K
J
=
F
H
G
I
K
J
L
N
M
O
Q
P
=
+
=
z z z
100
120
100
120 2
0
100
0 265
0
1 240
A
s
C C
120
C
s
a fsin
cos cos .

Chapter 27 109
P27.8 (a) J
I
A
= =

5 00
99 5
3
2
.
.
A
4.00 10 m
kA m
2

e j
(b) J J
2 1
1
4
= ;
I
A
I
A
2 1
1
4
=
A A
1 2
1
4
= so 4 00 10
1
4
3
2
2
2
. =

e j
r
r
2
3 3
2 4 00 10 8 00 10 8 00 = = =

. . .
e j
m mm
P27.9 (a) J
I
A
= =

8 00 10
1 00 10
2 55
6
3
2
.
.
.
A
m
A m
2

e j
(b) From J nev
d
= , we have n
J
ev
d
= =

=

2 55
1 60 10 3 00 10
5 31 10
19 8
10 3
.
. .
.
A m
C m s
m
2
e je j
.
(c) From I
Q
t
=

, we have

t
Q
I
N e
I
= = =

A
C
A
s
6 02 10 1 60 10
8 00 10
1 20 10
23 19
6
10
. .
.
.
e je j
.
(This is about 382 years!)
P27.10 (a) The speed of each deuteron is given by K mv =
1
2
2
2 00 10 1 60 10
1
2
2 1 67 10
6 19 27 2
. . . =

e je j e j
J kg v and v = 1 38 10
7
. m s .
The time between deuterons passing a stationary point is t in I
q
t
=
10 0 10 1 60 10
6 19
. . =

C s C t or t =

1 60 10
14
. s .
So the distance between them is vt = =

1 38 10 1 60 10 2 21 10
7 14 7
. . . m s s m
e je j
.
(b) One nucleus will put its nearest neighbor at potential
V
k q
r
e
= =

8 99 10 1 60 10
2 21 10
6 49 10
9 19
7
3
. .
.
.
N m C C
m
V
2 2
e je j
.
This is very small compared to the 2 MV accelerating potential, so repulsion within the
beam is a small effect.
110 Current and Resistance
P27.11 We use I nqAv
d
= n is the number of charge carriers per unit volume, and is identical to the number
of atoms per unit volume. We assume a contribution of 1 free electron per atom in the relationship
above. For aluminum, which has a molar mass of 27, we know that Avogadros number of atoms,
N
A
, has a mass of 27.0 g. Thus, the mass per atom is
27 0 27 0
6 02 10
4 49 10
23
23
. .
.
.
g g
g atom
N
A
=

=

.
Thus, n = =

density of aluminum
mass per atom
g cm
g atom
3
2 70
4 49 10
23
.
.
n = = 6 02 10 6 02 10
22 28
. . atoms cm atoms m
3 3
.
Therefore, v
I
nqA
d
= =

=


5 00
6 02 10 1 60 10 4 00 10
1 30 10
28 3 19 6
4
.
. . .
.
A
m C m
m s
2
e je je j
or, v
d
= 0 130 . mm s .
Section 27.2 Resistance
*P27.12 J E
E
= = =


F
H
G
I
K
J =

0 740
2 44 10
1
3 03 10
8
7
.
.
.
V m
m
A
1 V
A m
2

P27.13 I
V
R
= = = =

120
0 500 500
V
240
A mA .
P27.14 (a) Applying its definition, we find the resistance of the rod,
R
V
I
= =

15 0
10
3 750
3
. V
4.00 A
= 3.75 k .
(b) The length of the rod is determined from the definition of resistivity: R
A
=

. Solving for
and substituting numerical values for R, A, and the value of given for carbon in Table 27.1,
we obtain
= =


=

RA

3 75 10 5 00 10
3 50 10
536
3 6
5
. .
.
m
m
m
2

e je j
e j
.
P27.15 V IR =
and R
A
=

: A =
F
H
G
I
K
J
=

0 600
1 00
6 00 10
2
2
7
.
.
. mm
m
1 000 mm
m
2
a f
V
I
A
=

: I
VA
= =

0 900 6 00 10
5 60 10 1 50
7
8
. .
. .
V m
m m
2
a f
e j
e j
a f
I = 6 43 . A
Chapter 27 111
P27.16 J
I
r
E = = = =

2 2
3 00
120
. A
0.012 0 m
N C
b g
b g
=

55 3
1
. m a f

= =
1
0 018 1 . m
P27.17 (a) Given M V A
d d
= = where
d
mass density,
we obtain: A
M
d
=

. Taking
r
resistivity, R
A M M
r r
d
r d
= = =

2
.
Thus, = =

MR
r d

1 00 10 0 500
1 70 10 8 92 10
3
8 3
. .
. .
e j
a f
e je j
= 1 82 . m .
(b) V
M
d
=

, or

r
M
d
2
= .
Thus, r
M
d
= =

1 00 10
8 92 10 1 82
3
3
.
. .
e j
a f
r =

1 40 10
4
. m.
The diameter is twice this distance: diameter = 280 m .
*P27.18 The volume of the gram of gold is given by =
m
V
V
m
A
A
R
A
= =

= =
=
= =

10
19 3 10
5 18 10 2 40 10
2 16 10
2 44 10
2 16 10
2 71 10
3
3
8 3
11
8
11
6
kg
kg m
m m
m
m 2.4 10 m
m

3
3
2
3
2
.
. .
.
.
.
.
e j
e j

P27.19 (a) Suppose the rubber is 10 cm long and 1 mm in diameter.

R
A d
= =

=

4
4 10 10
10
10
2
13 1
3
2
18
~ ~
m m
m

e je j
e j
(b) R
d
=

4
4 1 7 10 10
2 10
10
2
8 3
2
2
7

~
.
~
m m
m

e je j
e j
(c) I
V
R
=

~ ~
10
10
2
16
V
10
A
18
I ~ ~
10
10
2
7
9
V
10
A

112 Current and Resistance
P27.20 The distance between opposite faces of the cube is =
F
H
G
I
K
J
=
90 0
2 05
1 3
.
.
g
10.5 g cm
cm
3
.
(a) R
A
= = = =

= =

2
8
2
7
1 59 10
10
7 77 10 777
.
.
m
2.05 m
n

(b) I
V
R
= =

1 00 10
7 77 10
12 9
5
7
.
.
.
V

A
n
n
=
=

F
H
G
I
K
J
=
10 5
107 87
6 02 10
5 86 10
1 00 10
1 00
5 86 10
23
22
6
28
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
g cm
g mol
electrons mol
electrons cm
cm
m
m
3
3
3
3
3
e j
e j
I nqvA = and v
I
nqA
= =

=

12 9
5 86 10 1 60 10 0 020 5
3 28
28 19
2
.
. . .
.
C s
m C m
m s
3
e je j
b g

P27.21 Originally, R
A
=

. Finally, R
A A
R
f
= = =

3
3 9 9
b g
.
P27.22

Al
Al
Cu
Cu

r r b g b g
2 2
=
r
r
Al
Cu
Al
Cu
= =

2 82 10
1 70 10
1 29
8
8
.
.
.
P27.23 J E = so = =

=

J
E
6 00 10
100
6 00 10
13
15 1
.
.
A m
V m
m
2
a f
P27.24 R
A A d
= + =
+
1 1
1
2 2
2
1 1 2 2
2

R =
+

4 00 10 0 250 6 00 10 0 400
3 00 10
378
3 3
3
2
. . . .
.
m m m m
m

e j
a f
e j
a f
e j
Section 27.3 A Model for Electrical Conduction
P27.25

=
m
nq
2
so

= =


=

m
nq
2
31
8 28 19
14
9 11 10
1 70 10 8 49 10 1 60 10
2 47 10
.
. . .
.
e j
e je je j
s
v
qE
m
d
=
so 7 84 10
1 60 10 2 47 10
9 11 10
4
19 14
31
.
. .
.
=

e j e j
E
Therefore, E = 0 181 . V m .
Chapter 27 113
P27.26 (a) n is unaffected
(b) J
I
A
I =
so it doubles .
(c) J nev
d
=
so v
d
doubles .
(d)

=
m
nq
2
is unchanged as long as does not change due to a temperature change in the
conductor.
P27.27 From Equation 27.17,

= =


=
= = = =

m
nq
v
e
2
31
19
2
8
14
5 14 8
9 11 10
1 60 10 1 70 10
2 47 10
8 60 10 2 47 10 2 12 10 21 2
.
. .
.
. . . .
8.49 10
s
m s s m nm
28
e je j e j
e je j

Section 27.4 Resistance and Temperature

P27.28 At the low temperature T
C
we write R
V
I
R T T
C
C
C
= = +

0 0
1 b g where T
0
20 0 = . C .
At the high temperature T
h
, R
V
I
V
R T T
h
h
h
= = = +

1
1
0 0
A
b g .
Then

V
V I
C
a f a f
a f
e j
a f
e j
a f
1 00
1 3 90 10 38 0
1 3 90 10 108
3
3
.
. .
.
A
=
+
+

and I
C
=
F
H
G
I
K
J = 1 00
1 15
0 579
1 98 .
.
.
. A A a f .
P27.29 R R T = +
0
1 a f gives 140 19 0 1 4 50 10
3
C = +

. . a f
e j
T .
Solving, T T = = 1 42 10 20 0
3
. . C C .
And, the final temperature is T = 1 44 10
3
. C .
114 Current and Resistance
P27.30 R R R R T T R T T
c n c c n n
= + = + + + 1 1
0 0
b g b g
0
0 0
= + R T T R T T
c c n n
b g b g so R R
c n
n
c
=

R R R
R R R R
R
n
n
c
n
n
n
c
c
c
n
n
= +
=
F
H
G
I
K
J
=
F
H
G
I
K
J
=


L
N
M
M
O
Q
P
P

1 1
10 0 1
0 400 10
0 500 10
1 1
3
3
1
.
.
.
k
C
C

e j
e j
R
n
= 5 56 . k and R
c
= 4 44 . k
P27.31 (a) = + = + =

0 0
8 3 8
1 2 82 10 1 3 90 10 30 0 3 15 10 T T b g
e j
a f . . . . m m
(b) J
E
= =

=

0 200
3 15 10
6 35 10
8
6
.
.
.
V m
m
A m
2

(c) I JA J
d
= =
F
H
G
I
K
J
=

L
N
M
M
M
O
Q
P
P
P
=

2
6
4
2
4
6 35 10
1 00 10
4
49 9 .
.
. A m
m
mA
2
e j
e j
(d) n =

=
6 02 10
26 98
6 02 10
23
28
.
.
.
electrons
g 2.70 10 g m
electrons m
6 3
3
e j
v
J
ne
d
= =


=

6 35 10
6 02 10 1 60 10
659
6
28 19
.
. .
A m
electrons m C
m s
2
3
e j
e je j

(e) V E = = = 0 200 2 00 0 400 . . . V m m V b ga f
P27.32 For aluminum,

E
=

3 90 10
3 1
. C (Table 27.1)
=

24 0 10
6 1
. C (Table 19.1)
R
A
T T
A T
R
T
T
E E
= =
+ +
+
=
+
+
=
F
H
G
I
K
J
=

0
2
0
1 1
1
1
1
1 234
1 39
1 002 4
1 71

b g a f
a f
b g
a f
a f .
.
.
.
Chapter 27 115
P27.33 R R T = +
0
1
R R R T
R R
R
T
=

= = =

0 0
0
0
3
5 00 10 25 0 0 125

. . .
e j
P27.34 Assuming linear change of resistance with temperature, R R T = +
0
1 a f
R
77
3
1 00 1 3 92 10 216 0 153
K
C = + =

. . . a f
e j
a f .
P27.35 = +
0
1 T a f or T
W
W
W
W
=
F
H
G
I
K
J
1
1
0

Require that
W
= 4
0
Cu
so that T
W
=

F
H
G
I
K
J

F
H
G
G
I
K
J
J
=

1
4 50 10
4 1 70 10
5 60 10
1 47 6
3
8
8
.
.
.
.
C
C
e j
.
Therefore, T T
W
= + = 47 6 67 6
0
. . C C .
Section 27.5 Superconductors
Problem 48 in Chapter 43 can be assigned with this section.
Section 27.6 Electric Power
P27.36 I
V
= = =
P

600
5 00
W
120 V
A .
and R
V
I
= = =

120
24 0
V
5.00 A
. .
*P27.37 P = = =

I V 500 10 15 10 7 50
6 3
A V W
e j
.
P27.38 P = = 0 800 1 500 746 8 95 10
5
. . hp W hp W b gb g
P = I V 8 95 10 2 000
5
. = Ib g I = 448 A
P27.39 The heat that must be added to the water is
Q mc T = = = 1 50 4186 40 0 2 51 10
5
. . . kg J kg C C J b gb ga f .
Thus, the power supplied by the heater is
P = = =

=
W
t
Q
t
2 51 10
419
5
. J
600 s
W
and the resistance is R
V
= = =

a f a f
2 2
110
419
28 9
P
V
W
. .
116 Current and Resistance
*P27.40 The battery takes in energy by electric transmission
P t V I t = =
F
H
G
I
K
J
=

a f a f
e j
2 3 13 5 10 4 2
3 600
469
3
. . . J C C s h
s
1 h
J .
It puts out energy by electric transmission
V I t a f a f
e j
=
F
H
G
I
K
J
=

1 6 18 10 2 4
3 600
249
3
. . J C C s h
s
1 h
J.
(a) efficiency = = =
useful output
total input
J
469 J
249
0 530 .
(b) The only place for the missing energy to go is into internal energy:
469 249
221
J J
J
int
int
= +
=

E
E
(c) We imagine toasting the battery over a fire with 221 J of heat input:
Q mc T
T
Q
mc
=
= =

=

221
15 1
J kg C
0.015 kg 975 J
C .
P27.41
P
P
0
2
0
2
0
2
2
140
120
1 361 = =
F
H
G
I
K
J
=
F
H
G
I
K
J =

V R
V R
V
V
a f
b g
.
% . . =
F
H
G
I
K
J
=
F
H
G
I
K
J
= =
P P
P
P
P
0
0 0
100% 1 100% 1 361 1 100% 36 1% a f a f a f
P27.42 P = = = I V
V
R

a f
a f
2
500 W
R = =
110
500
24 2
2
V
W

a f
a f
.
(a) R
A
=

so = =


=

RA

24 2 2 50 10
1 50 10
3 17
4
2
6
. .
.
.
m
m
m

a f
e j
(b) R R T = + = + =

0
3
1 24 2 1 0 400 10 1180 35 6 . . .
e j
b g
P = = =
V
R
a f a f
2 2
110
35 6
340
.
W
Chapter 27 117
P27.43 R
A
= =

1 50 10 25 0
298
6
3
2
. . m m
0.200 10 m

e j
e j
V IR = = = 0 500 298 149 . A V a fa f
(a) E
V
= = =

149
5 97
V
25.0 m
V m .
(b) P = = = V I a f a fa f 149 0 500 74 6 V A W . .
(c) R R T T = + = + =

0 0
3
1 298 0 400 10 320 337 b g
e j
1 C C .
I
V
R
V I
= = =
= = =

149
337
0 443
149 0 443 66 1
V

A
V A W
a f
a f
a f a fa f
.
. . P
P27.44 (a) U q V It V = = =

F
H
G
I
K
J

F
H
G
I
K
J
F
H
G
I
K
J
= = a f a f a fa f 55 0 12 0
1 1 1
660 0 660 . . . A h V
C
1 A s
J
1 V C
W s
1 J
W h kWh
(b) Cost =
F
H
G
I
K
J
= 0 660
060 0
1
3 96 .
$0.
. kWh
kWh
P27.45 P = I V a f V IR =
P = = =
V
R
a f a f
2 2
10 0
120
0 833
.
. W
*P27.46 (a) The resistance of 1 m of 12-gauge copper wire is
R
A
d
d
= = = =

2
4
4 1 7 10 1
10
5 14 10
2 2
8
2
2
3
b g
e j
e j
.
.
m m
0.205 3 m

.
The rate of internal energy production is P = = = =

I V I R
2 2 3
20 5 14 10 2 05 A W a f . . .
(b) P
Al
Al
= = I R
I
d
2
2
2
4

P
P
Al
Cu
Al
Cu
=

P
Al
m
1.7 m
W W =


=

2 82 10
10
2 05 3 41
8
8
.
. .

Aluminum of the same diameter will get hotter than copper.

118 Current and Resistance
*P27.47 The energy taken in by electric transmission for the fluorescent lamp is
Pt =
F
H
G
I
K
J
=
=
F
H
G
I
K
J
F
H
G
I
K
J
F
H
G
I
K
J
F
H
G
I
K
J
=
11 100
3 600
3 96 10
3 96 10
08
088
6
6
J s h
s
1 h
J
cost J
kWh
k
1 000
W s
J
h
3 600 s
a f .
.
$0.
$0.
For the incandescent bulb,
Pt =
F
H
G
I
K
J
=
=

F
H
G
I
K
J
=
= =
40 100
3 600
1 44 10
1 44 10
08
32
32 088 232
7
7
W h
s
1 h
J
cost J
3.6 10 J
saving
6
a f .
.
$0.
$0.
$0. $0. $0.
P27.48 The total clock power is
270 10 2 50
3 600
2 43 10
6 12

F
H
G
I
K
J
F
H
G
I
K
J
= clocks
J s
clock
s
1 h
J h
e j
. . .
From e
W
Q
=
out
in
, the power input to the generating plants must be:
Q
t
W t
e
in out
J h
J h

= =

=
2 43 10
0 250
9 72 10
12
12
.
.
.
and the rate of coal consumption is
Rate =

F
H
G
I
K
J
= = 9 72 10
1 00
2 95 10 295
12 5
.
.
. J h
kg coal
33.0 10 J
kg coal h metric ton h
6
e j
.
P27.49 P = = = I V a f a fa f 1 70 110 187 . A V W
Energy used in a 24-hour day = = 0 187 24 0 4 49 . . . kW h kWh a fa f
=
F
H
G
I
K
J
= = cost kWh
$0.060 0
kWh
4 49 269 26 9 . $0. .
P27.50 P = = = I V 2 120 240 .00 A V W a fa f

E
t
E
int
int
kg J kg C C kJ
J
W
s
= =
= =

=
0 500 4186 77 0 161
1 61 10
240
672
5
. .
.
b gb ga f
P
Chapter 27 119
P27.51 At operating temperature,
(a) P = = = I V 1 53 120 184 . A V W a fa f
(b) Use the change in resistance to find the final operating temperature of the toaster.
R R T = +
0
1 a f
120
1 53
120
1 80
1 0 400 10
3
. .
. = +

e j
T
T = 441 C T = + = 20 0 441 461 . C C C
*P27.52 You pay the electric company for energy transferred in the amount E t = P
(a) P t =
F
H
G
I
K
J
F
H
G
I
K
J

F
H
G
I
K
J = 40 2
86 400 1
48 4 W weeks
7 d
1 week
s
1 d
J
1 W s
MJ a f .
P
P

t
t
=
F
H
G
I
K
J
F
H
G
I
K
J
F
H
G
I
K
J
=
=
F
H
G
I
K
J
F
H
G
I
K
J
F
H
G
I
K
J
F
H
G
I
K
J
=
40 2
24
1 000
13 4
40 2
24
1 000
0 12
61
W weeks
7 d
1 week
h
1 d
k
kWh
W weeks
7 d
1 week
h
1 d
k $
kWh
a f
a f
.
.
$1.
(b) P t =
F
H
G
I
K
J
F
H
G
I
K
J
F
H
G
I
K
J
= = 970 3
1 000
0 12
005 82 0 582 W min
1 h
60 min
k $
kWh
a f
.
$0. .
(c) P t =
F
H
G
I
K
J
F
H
G
I
K
J
F
H
G
I
K
J
= 5 200 40 min
1 000
0 12
416 W
1 h
60 min
k $
kWh
a f
.
$0.
P27.53 Consider a 400-W blow dryer used for ten minutes daily for a year. The energy transferred to the
dryer is
P t =

F
H
G
I
K
J
400 600 365 9 10
1
20
7
J s s d d J
kWh
3.6 10 J
kWh
6
b gb ga f .
We suppose that electrically transmitted energy costs on the order of ten cents per kilowatt-hour.
Then the cost of using the dryer for a year is on the order of
Cost = 20 10 kWh kWh a fb g $0. $2 ~$1 .
120 Current and Resistance
Additional Problems
P27.54 (a) I
V
R
=

so P = = I V
V
R

a f
2
R
V
= = =

a f a f
2 2
120
25 0
576
P
V
W .
and R
V
= = =

a f a f
2 2
120
100
144
P
V
W

(b) I
V
Q
t t
= = = = =
P

25 0
0 208
1 00 .
.
. W
120 V
A
C
t = =
1 00
4 80
.
.
C
0.208 A
s
The bulb takes in charge at high potential and puts out the same amount of charge at low
potential.
(c) P = = = 25 0
1 00
.
.
W
J

U
t t
t = =
1 00
0 040 0
.
.
J
25.0 W
s
The bulb takes in energy by electrical transmission and puts out the same amount of energy
by heat and light.
(d) U t = = = P 25 0 86 400 30 0 64 8 10
8
. . . J s s d d J b gb ga f
The electric company sells energy .
Cost J
$0.070 0
kWh
k
1 000
W s
J
h
3 600 s
Cost per joule
kWh
kWh
3.60 10 J
J
6
=
F
H
G
I
K
J
F
H
G
I
K
J
F
H
G
I
K
J
F
H
G
I
K
J
=
=

F
H
G
I
K
J
=

64 8 10 26
070 0
94 10
6
8
. $1.
$0.
$1.
*P27.55 The original stored energy is U Q V
Q
C
i i
= =
1
2
1
2
2
.
(a) When the switch is closed, charge Q distributes itself over the plates of C and 3C in parallel,
presenting equivalent capacitance 4C. Then the final potential difference is V
Q
C
f
=
4
for
both.
(b) The smaller capacitor then carries charge C V
Q
C
C
Q
f
= =
4 4
. The larger capacitor carries
charge 3
4
3
4
C
Q
C
Q
= .
(c) The smaller capacitor stores final energy
1
2
1
2 4 32
2
2 2
C V C
Q
C
Q
C
f

d i
=
F
H
G
I
K
J = . The larger
capacitor possesses energy
1
2
3
4
3
32
2 2
C
Q
C
Q
C
F
H
G
I
K
J = .
(d) The total final energy is
Q
C
Q
C
Q
C
2 2 2
32
3
32 8
+ = . The loss of potential energy is the energy
appearing as internal energy in the resistor:
Q
C
Q
C
E
2 2
2 8
= +
int
E
Q
C
int
=
3
8
2
.
Chapter 27 121
P27.56 We find the drift velocity from I nqv A nqv r
d d
= =
2
v
I
nq r
v
x
t
t
x
v
d
= =

=
= = =

= =

2
28 3 19 2
2
4
3
4
8
1 000
8 49 10 1 60 10 10
2 34 10
200 10
10
8 54 10 27.0 yr
A
m C m
m s
m
2.34 m s
s
. .
.
.
e j e j
P27.57 We begin with the differential equation

=
1 d
dT
.
(a) Separating variables,
d
dT
T
T

0 0
z z
=
ln

0
0
F
H
G
I
K
J
= T T b g and

=

0
0
e
T T b g
.
(b) From the series expansion e x
x
+ 1 , x << 1 a f ,
+
0 0
1 T T b g .
P27.58 The resistance of one wire is
0 500
100 50 0
.
.
mi
mi

F
H
G
I
K
J = a f .
The whole wire is at nominal 700 kV away from ground potential, but the potential difference
between its two ends is
IR = = 1 000 50 0 50 0 A kV b ga f . . .
Then it radiates as heat power P = = = V I a f
e j
b g 50 0 10 1 000 50 0
3
. . V A MW .
P27.59 = =
RA V
I
A

a f (m) ( ) ( m)
0.540
1.028
1.543
10.4
21.1
31.8
R

1 41 10
1 50 10
1 50 10
6
6
6
.
.
.
=

1 47 10
6
. m (in agreement with tabulated value of 1 50 10
6
.

m in Table 27.1)
P27.60 2 wires = 100 m
R = =
0 108
100 0 036 0
.
.
300 m
m

a f
(a) V V IR a f a f a fb g
home line
V = = = 120 110 0 036 0 116 .
(b) P = = = I V a f a fa f 110 116 12 8 A V kW .
(c) P
wires
A W = = = I R
2 2
110 0 036 0 436 a f b g .
122 Current and Resistance
P27.61 (a) E i i = =

=
dV
dx

.
.
.

0 4 00
0 500 0
8 00
a f
a f
V
m
V m
(b) R
A
= =

4 00 10 0 500
1 00 10
0 637
8
4
2
. .
.
.
m m
m

e j
a f
e j
(c) I
V
R
= = =

4 00
6 28
.
.
V
0.637
A
(d) J i i i = =

= =

I
A

.
.
.

6 28
1 00 10
2 00 10 200
4
2
8
A
m
A m MA m
2 2

e j
(e) J i i E = = =

4 00 10 2 00 10 8 00
8 8
. .

.

m A m V m
2

e je j
P27.62 (a) E i i = =
dV x
dx
V
L
a f

(b) R
A
L
d
= =

4
2
(c) I
V
R
V d
L
= =

2
4
(d) J i i = =
I
A
V
L

(e) J i E = =
V
L

P27.63 R R T T = +
0 0
1 b g so T T
R
R
T
I
I
= +
L
N
M
O
Q
P
= +
L
N
M
O
Q
P
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1

.
In this case, I
I
=
0
10
, so T T = + = +

=
0
1
9 20
9
0 004 50
2 020

a f
. C
C .
P27.64 R
V
I I I
= = =

12 0 6 00
3 00
. .
. a f
thus 12 0 36 0 6 00 . . . I I = and I = 6 00 . A .
Therefore, R = =
12 0
2 00
.
.
V
6.00 A
.
Chapter 27 123
P27.65 (a) P = I V
so I
V
= =

=
P

8 00 10
667
3
. W
12.0 V
A .
(b)

t
U
= =

=
P
2 00 10
2 50 10
7
3
.
.
J
8.00 10 W
s
3
and x v t = = = 20 0 2 50 10 50 0
3
. . . m s s km b g
e j
.
P27.66 (a) We begin with R
A
T T T T
A T T
= =
+ +
+

0 0 0 0
0 0
1 1
1 2
b g b g
b g
,
which reduces to R
R T T T T
T T
=
+ +
+
0 0 0
0
1 1
1 2

b g b g
b g
.
(b) For copper:
0
8
1 70 10 =

. m , =

3 90 10
3 1
. C , and =

17 0 10
6 1
. C
R
A
0
0 0
0
8
3
2
1 70 10 2 00
0 100 10
1 08 = =

. .
.
.
e j
a f
e j
.
The simple formula for R gives:
R = + =

1 08 1 3 90 10 100 20 0 1 420
3 1
. . . . C C C a f
e j
a f
while the more complicated formula gives:
R =
+ +
+
=


1 08 1 3 90 10 80 0 1 17 0 10 80 0
1 2 17 0 10 80 0
1 418
3 1 6 1
6 1
. . . . .
. .
.
C C C C
C C

a f
e j
a f
e j
a f
e j
a f
.
P27.67 Let be the temperature coefficient at 20.0C, and be the temperature coefficient at 0 C. Then
= +
0
1 20 0 T . C a f , and = + 1 0 T C a f must both give the correct resistivity at any
temperature T. That is, we must have:

0
1 20 0 1 0 + = + T T . C C a f a f . (1)
Setting T = 0 in equation (1) yields: =
0
1 20 0 . C a f ,
and setting T = 20 0 . C in equation (1) gives:
0
1 20 0 = + . C a f .
Put from the first of these results into the second to obtain:

0 0
1 20 0 1 20 0 = + . . C C a f a f .
continued on next page
124 Current and Resistance
Therefore 1 20 0
1
1 20 0
+ =

.
.
C
C
a f
a f
which simplifies to =

1 20 0 . C a f
.
From this, the temperature coefficient, based on a reference temperature of 0C, may be computed
for any material. For example, using this, Table 27.1 becomes at 0 C :
Material Temp Coefficients at 0C
Silver
4 1 10
3
.

C
Copper
4 2 10
3
.

C
Gold
3 6 10
3
.

C
Aluminum
4 2 10
3
.

C
Tungsten
4 9 10
3
.

C
Iron
5 6 10
3
.

C
Platinum
4 25 10
3
.

C
Lead
4 2 10
3
.

C
Nichrome
0 4 10
3
.

C
Carbon

0 5 10
3
. C
Germanium

24 10
3
C
Silicon

30 10
3
C
P27.68 (a) A thin cylindrical shell of radius r, thickness dr, and length L contributes resistance
dR
d
A
dr
r L L
dr
r
= = =
F
H
G
I
K
J

2 2 b g
.
The resistance of the whole annulus is the series summation of the contributions of the thin
shells:
R
L
dr
r L
r
r
r
r
b
a
a
b
= =
F
H
G
I
K
J z

2 2
ln .
(b) In this equation
V
I L
r
r
b
a
=
F
H
G
I
K
J

2
ln
we solve for

=
2 L V
I r r
b a

lnb g
.
Chapter 27 125
P27.69 Each speaker receives 60.0 W of power. Using P = I R
2
, we then have
I
R
= = =
P 60 0
3 87
.
.
W
4.00
A

.
The system is not adequately protected since the fuse should be set to melt at 3.87 A, or less .
P27.70 V E = or dV E dx =
V IR E
I
dq
dt
E
R
A
E
A
E A
dV
dx
A
dV
dx
= =
= =

= = = =

Current flows in the direction of decreasing voltage. Energy flows as heat in the direction of
decreasing temperature.
P27.71 R
dx
A
dx
wy
= =
z z

where y y
y y
L
x = +

1
2 1
R
w
dx
y y y L x
L
w y y
y
y y
L
x
R
L
w y y
y
y
L
L
=
+
=

+

L
N
M
O
Q
P
=

F
H
G
I
K
J
z

1 2 1 0
2 1
1
2 1
0
2 1
2
1
b g
b g
b g
ln
ln
FIG. P27.71
P27.72 From the geometry of the longitudinal section of the resistor shown in the figure,
we see that
b r
y
b a
h

=
a f a f
.
From this, the radius at a distance y from the base is r a b
y
h
b = + a f .
For a disk-shaped element of volume dR
dy
r
=

2
: R
dy
a b y h b
h
=
+
z

a fb g
2
0
.
Using the integral formula
du
au b
a au b
+
=
+
z
a f
a f
2
1
, R
h
ab
=

.
FIG. P27.72
*P27.73 (a) The resistance of the dielectric block is R
A
d
A
= =

.
The capacitance of the capacitor is C
A
d
=

0
.
Then RC
d
A
A
d
=

=

0 0
is a characteristic of the material only.
(b) R
C C
=

=

=


=

0 0
16 12
9
15
75 10 8 85 10
14 10
1 79 10
m 3.78 C
F N m

2
2

a f .
.
126 Current and Resistance
P27.74 I I
e V
k T
B
=
F
H
G
I
K
J

L
N
M
M
O
Q
P
P
0
1 exp

and R
V
I
=

with I
0
9
1 00 10 =

. A , e =

1 60 10
19
. C , and k
B
=

1 38 10
23
. J K .
The following includes a partial table of calculated values and a graph for each of the specified
temperatures.
(i) For T = 280 K :
V I R V A a f a f a f
0 400 0 015 6 25 6
0 440 0 081 8 5 38
0 480 0 429 1 12
0 520 2 25 0 232
0 560 11 8 0 047 6
0 600 61 6 0 009 7
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
FIG. P27.74(i)
(ii) For T = 300 K :
V I R V A a f a f a f
0 400 0 005 77 3
0 440 0 024 18 1
0 480 0 114 4 22
0 520 0 534 0 973
0 560 2 51 0 223
0 600 11 8 0 051
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
FIG. P27.74(ii)
(iii) For T = 320 K :
V I R V A a f a f a f
0 400 0 002 0 203
0 440 0 008 4 52 5
0 480 0 035 7 13 4
0 520 0 152 3 42
0 560 0 648 0 864
0 600 2 76 0 217
. .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
FIG. P27.74(iii)
Chapter 27 127
*P27.75 (a) Think of the device as two capacitors in parallel. The one on the left has
1
1 = ,
A x
1
2
= +
F
H
G
I
K
J

. The equivalent capacitance is

1 0 1 2 0 2 0 0 0
2 2 2
2 2

+

=

+
F
H
G
I
K
J +


F
H
G
I
K
J =

+ +
A
d
A
d d
x
d
x
d
x x

a f .
(b) The charge on the capacitor is Q C V =
Q
V
d
x x =

+ +
0
2
2 2

a f.
The current is
I
dQ
dt
dQ
dx
dx
dt
V
d
v
Vv
d
= = =

+ + =


0 0
2
0 2 0 2 1

a f a f.
The negative value indicates that the current drains charge from the capacitor. Positive
current is clockwise

0
1
Vv
d
a f .
ANSWERS TO EVEN PROBLEMS
P27.2 3 64 . h P27.32 1 71 .
P27.4 (a) see the solution; (b) 1 05 . mA P27.34 0 153 .
P27.6 (a) 17 0 . A ; (b) 85 0 . kA m
2
P27.36 5 00 . A , 24 0 .
P27.38 448 A
P27.8 (a) 99 5 . kA m
2
; (b) 8 00 . mm
P27.40 (a) 0.530; (b) 221 J; (c) 15.1C
P27.10 (a) 221 nm; (b) no; see the solution
P27.42 (a) 3 17 . m; (b) 340 W
P27.12 30 3 . MA m
2
P27.44 (a) 0 660 . kWh ; (b) 3 96 .
P27.14 (a) 3.75 k; (b) 536 m
P27.46 (a) 2.05 W; (b) 3.41 W; no
P27.16 0 018 1 . m
P27.48 295 metric ton h
P27.18 2 71 . M
P27.50 672 s
P27.20 (a) 777 n; (b) 3 28 . m s
P27.52 (a) $1.61; (b) $0.005 82; (c) $0.416
P27.22
r
r
Al
Cu
= 1 29 .
P27.54 (a) 576 and 144 ;
(b) 4.80 s; The charge is the same. The
charge-field system is in a lower-energy
configuration.
P27.24 378
P27.26 (a) nothing; (b) doubles; (c) doubles;
(c) 0.040 0 s; The energy enters by electric
transmission and exits by heat and
electromagnetic radiation;
(d) nothing
P27.28 1 98 . A
(d) $1.26; energy; 1 94 10
8
.

$ J
P27.30 carbon, 4 44 . k; nichrome, 5 56 . k
128 Current and Resistance
P27.56 27 0 . yr P27.66 (a) see the solution;
(b) 1 418 . nearly agrees with 1 420 .
P27.58 50 0 . MW
P27.68 (a) R
L
r
r
b
a
=

2
ln ; (b)

=
2 L V
I r r
b a

lnb g
P27.60 (a) 116 V ; (b) 12 8 . kW; (c) 436 W
P27.62 (a) E
i
=
V
L

; (b) R
L
d
=
4
2

; (c) I
V d
L
=

2
4
;
P27.70 see the solution
P27.72 see the solution
(d) J
i
=
V
L

; (e) see the solution

P27.74 see the solution
P27.64 2 00 .