Week 2 Revision Notes

Nebosh International General Certificate Revision WEEK 2
Element 1:- Work Eqi!ment "a#ar$s an$ Control

%recations in maintenance of Work Eqi!ment
Use of permit to work
Isolation/locking off
Dissipation of stored energy
Segregation
Safe means of access
Use of PPE
Competent personnel
Ensure safe environment (allow to cool)
"a#ar$s of maintenance &ork o!!osite of above !ls
Cemicals
!iological
"s#estos
$ot or cold
Pressure to complete work
'echanical "a#ar$s of 'achiner(
Entanglement
)raps ("lso referred to as drawing in % sear % crus)
Impact
Contact ("lso referred to as cutting % sta##ing % puncture)
E&ection
Draw labelled diagrams of each one
Non-'echanical "a#ar$s of 'achiner(
Cemical/#iological a'ards
Dust and fumes
Ergonomics
Electricity
(ire
E)plosion
$a'ardous su#stances
*anual andling
+oise
,adiation
Sta#ility of macine
-emperature e)tremes
Ultra violet ligt
.i#ration
1

*ffice machiner(:- %hotoco!ier an$ +hre$$er
Common ha#ar$s
Electrical
Ergonomic
+oise
Sta#ility of macine
*ther "a#ar$s
%hotoco!ier ,ocment shre$$er
Drawing in Drawing in to cutters
-rap #etween moving parts Contact wit cutters
Cemicals Dust
Ultra violet ligt
'anfactrin- . 'aintenance 'achine: /ench to! an$
-rin$er.%e$estal $rill
Common "a#ar$s
Electricity
Ergonomics
Dust
Sta#ility of macine
*ther ha#ar$s
/ench to! -rin$er %e$estal $rill
Contact wit rotating weel Entanglement
Drawing into te trap #etween te
tool rest and weel
Contact (Sta##ing/puncture)
E&ected parts of weel or work
piece
Impact from an unsecured work
piece
(ire and sparks Cutting from swarf
.i#ration E&ection of a #roken #it or
materials
*anual andling

0-ricltral."orticltral 'achiner(:- C(lin$er mo&er an$ trimmer
Common "a#ar$s
!iological e/g/ animal droppings
Cemicals e/g/ er#icides
Electrical
(ire/e)plosion if petrol
Ergonomics
*anual andling
+oise and vi#ration
E&ection of materials
2

*ther "a#ar$s
C(lin$er mo&er trimmer
Contact wit rotating #lades Contact wit cutter
Entanglement in #lades Entanglement wit cutter
Retail 'achiner(:- Waste Com!actor an$ Checkot Conve(or
Common ha#ar$s
Electricity
Ergonomics
*anual andling
*ther "a#ar$s
Waste Com!actor Checkot Conve(or
Impact Drawing in traps
Crus +on0ionising radiation (Scanner)
!iological infection from waste
Constrction 'achiner(:- Cement 'i1er an$ Circlar +a&
Common "a#ar$s
Dust
Electricity
Sta#ility of macine
Ergonomics
-rapping #etween fi)ed and moving parts
+oise
*ther "a#ar$s
Cement 'i1er Circlar +a&
Entanglement Drawing into rotating #lade
Cemicals Contact
*anual andling E&ection of materials
'achiner( "ierarch( of Controls
2i)ed guards
Interlocking1 "d&usta#le 2 "utomatic sweep guards/
0ppliances (3igs1 $olders1 Pus Sticks) 2 Protective devices (-rip1
poto electric cells1 pressure mats)
)raining1 Information1 Instruction1 and Supervision (it is) and PPE
2i1e$ Gar$s:- " pysical #arrier not connected to te macine
controls wic as no moving parts and re4uires a tool to remove it/
3

2i1e$ Gar$s
0$vanta-es ,isa$vanta-es
*inimal maintenance +ot linked to macine controls
5nly defeated #y deli#erate act +o protection wen removed
5nly visual inspection "ccess to dangerous parts wen
removed
*ay protect against oter a'ards
e/g/ noise1 dust1 e&ection of
materials
*ore difficult to remove not
practical wen fre4uent access
re4uired
-ends to #e left unfi)ed wen
fre4uent access re4uired
*ay amper visi#ility
Interlockin- Gar$:- 6inked to te macine controls so tat wen te
macine is in a dangerous condition te guard cannot #e opened or
opening te guard causes te macine to #ecome safe
Interlockin- Gar$
"llow safe access for feeding
materials
Increase te comple)ity of te
macine
Convenient to use Difficult to test and maintain
6ess likely to #e deli#erately
defeated
*ay need a #rake or time delay
Speeds up operations Components could fail in service
,egular maintenance re4uired
*ay not fail to safety
4

Element 2:- 'ovement of %eo!le an$ 'aterials
"a#ar$s to !e$estrians
Slips1 trips and falls on same level
(alls from eigt
Collisions wit moving veicles
%recations for acci$ents on &alk&a(s or +taircases 3sli!s 4 tri!s
5 falls6
,emoval of o#structions (7ood ousekeeping)
Provision of non0slip surfaces
,eflective edging
"de4uate ligting
Effective maintenance / drainage system / reporting faults
Use of signs (e/g/ during floor cleaning or in any slippery area)
Suita#le 8idt
Provision of andrails
9 points of contact on ladders
Dimensions treads and risers
Suita#le footwear
Proi#ition of "lcool 2 drugs during working ours
6andings
Consider disa#led persons
"void te need to carry eavy o#&ects up and down
Cases of acci$ents on staircases o!!osite of above
"a#ar$s of fork trcks 3General6
5verturning
5verloading
6oss of loads
Collision wit oter veicles
Collision wit pedestrians
E)plosions and fire
Wh( $o trcks overtrn7
-ravelling on gradients tat are too steep
-ravelling forwards wen descending slopes
5verloaded or unevenly loaded
-ravelling over soft or uneven ground
-ravelling over slippery surfaces
-ravelling too fast
Striking ker#s or oter edges
+ot suita#le for te task
Carrying loads at dangerous eigts
Incompetent operator
5

)o avoi$ overtrnin- o!!osite of above
%roce$res to follo& &hen !arkin- fork lift trcks
Put gears (controls) in neutral position/
"pply te and#rake/
Switc off engine1 ligts1 radio1 etc///
,emove key and keep it wit te responsi#le person / place/
(orks to #e rested on te floor
*ast sligtly tilted forward
Parked in te designated parking area making sure it:s not #locking
8alkways or e)its/
Surround te forklift wit cones 2 #arriers to prevent trips over te forks/
Park it on a levelled surface (no slopes or slippery surface)
0$$itional ha#ar$s of electric batter( fork lifts
$ydrogen gas released during #attery carging
Electricity pro#lems
*anual andling of li4uids
Corrosive acids
-ey are 4uiet (People may not ear tem coming)
,river selection
Suita#le age
*edical e)amination
,outine medical cecks at regular intervals
"ssessment after prolonged a#sences
Capa#le of -raining
,efreser training
+afet( of !e$estrians in vehicle movin- areas
(loor marking / Segregation for veicular 2 pedestrian traffic
Suita#le parking areas
"void reversing if possi#le e/g/ 5ne0way systems1 drive troug1 circling
,eversing audi#le alarm
,efuges 2 #arriers
"de4uate ligting
"void sarp or #lind #ends
-ransparent doors
Sufficiently wide entrances1 gateways 2 traffic routes
.ision aids e/g/ cameras or mirrors on veicles 2 at #lind corners
Speed limits
Signallers (!anks men)
Protection from fumes
Protection from materials falling off
$ig visi#ility &ackets
Driver training 2 4ualification
Drawing up 2 enforcement of site rules
6

Element 8:- 'anal an$ 'echanical "an$lin- "a#ar$s
'anal "an$lin- In9ries
E)ternal; Cuts1 #ruises1 Contusion1 a#rasions1 !urns
Internal; *uscle Strains1 -endon 2 ligaments -ears1 $ernia1 fractures1
&oint dislocation1 slipped disc (Disc prolapsed)
"ierarch( to re$ce han$lin- in9ries
"void andling
"ssess
Implement controls
'anal "an$lin- Risk 0ssessment
:oa$
8eigt
Si'e
Sape
,igidity
Difficult to grasp
Sta#ility (centre of gravity(
Sarp edges
$ot / cold
In$ivi$al
Se)
Stature
Individual capa#ility
-raining
Persons assessment of own capa#ility
PPE
)ask
+um#er of #o)es needed to #e lifted
,epetitive andling 2 8ork rate imposed #y te process (fre4uency of
lifting)
"ny need for e)cessive pulling1 pusing1 twisting1 and #ending1 over
reacing/
.ertical 2 $ori'ontal distance were te load will #e lifted to/
Safe system of work
3o# rotation / sufficient rest or recovery (#reaks)
+um#er of #o)es needed to #e lifted ((re4uency of lifting)
-eam lifting
Environment
Constraints on posture / Space
(loor condition
Poor ousekeeping
.ariations in levels
$ot/Cold/ umid conditions or strong wind
Poor ligting ,emem#er :I)E
7

Correct Kinetic "an$lin- )echniqe
Ceck te load
"ssess te route
Close to load as possi#le
Secure grip
Suita#le feet position
!ack straigt
!end te knees
6oad close to te #ody
Smoot movement / avoid &erky movements / put down ten slide into
position
Conve(ors
"a#ar$s %recations
-rapping in drive mecanisms 7uards1 +o loose cloting
-raps1 +ips1 Drawing in Pop out rollers1 nip guards
Sarp edges Edge protection1 eliminate edges
Items &amming conveyor "de4uate design
(alling o#&ects Edge guards1 #arriers
,iding or crossing conveyor !ridges1 complete enclosure
Impact wit o#&ects $elmets1 padding
+oise $earing protection
*anual andling *ecanical andling
Electrical a'ards Suita#le electrical e4uipment
)(!es of Cranes
*o#ile
-ower
7antry
5veread
Cranes ma( fail becase of
5verturning
5verloading
Unsuita#le support or inade4uate #ases for crane
6oss of load
(ailure of load
6ack of maintenance
(ailure of load #earing part
8

+afe se of Cranes
Suita#le crane
Suita#le ground conditions
Use of outriggers
"voidance of o#structions
Care near overead power lines
Designated and protected area
Suita#le and tested lifting tackle
Correct slinging tecni4ue
Competent personnel
6oad near ground if travelling
7ood visi#ility
7ood communications
Suita#le storage for fuels etc
"a#ar$s o!!osite of above !ls
Use of crane in ig winds
Em!lo(ee safet( $rin- liftin-
-rained personnel
Properly trained e4uipment
E4uipment as ad statutory inspections
8arning of lift taking place
+o employee to walk under load
Ensure load is secure
S86 of crane and tackle not e)ceeded
6ifted to correct eigt
*oved at appropriate speed
"de4uate supervision
:iftin- 0ccessories 3)ackle6
'ain "a#ar$s
5verloading/used a#ove safe working load
Incorrect use e/g/ too wide an angle wit cains
Insecure attacment of load
Damage to tackle
Incorrect slinging metod
(ailure to e)amine and inspect pre0use
Incompetent staff
%recations o!!osite of above
9

Element ;:- Chemical an$ biolo-ical health ha#ar$s an$
controls
)ar-et *r-ans; " part of te #ody wic sustains an adverse effect
wen it is e)posed to or #y contaminated #y a particular armful agent
E1am!les: *ercury1 6ead te #rain
"s#estos1 "mmonia te 6ungs
/o$( $efences a-ainst $st
-e air and wetness of te nose
-e cange of direction of te laryn)
Snee'ing and couging
-e air cells in te respiratory tract
-ears and #linking of te eyes
,ermatitis
+(m!toms: - !listers1 Inflammation1 swelling1 Dryness1 reddening1
cracking of skin1 ulcers1 infection
%rotective measres a-ainst $ermatitis
Eliminate te su#stance
Su#stitution of te su#stance
!arrier creams1
7ood ygiene practices
PPE
Rotes of entr( in the bo$(
Inalation
Ingestion
"#sorption
Direct entry (open wounds)
In&ection
0cte effects: "dverse ealt effects resulting from single or sort
term e)posure to a large 4uantity of te armful su#stance1 it is usually
reversi#le e/g/ "lcool into)ication of te liver due to over dosage/
Chronic:- "dverse ealt effects resulting from prolonged or repeated
e)posure to small 4uantities of te armful su#stance leading to a
gradual often irreversi#le effects e/g/ liver damage (cirrosis) caused #y
consuming "lcool for many years/
10

Classification of "a#ar$os +bstances
Irritant: +on0corrosive su#stances wic troug immediate1 prolonged
or repeated contact wit skin or mucous mem#rane may cause
inflammation e/g/ Petrol
Corrosive: Su#stances wic on contact wit living tissue may destroy
it #y #urning e/g/ acids
"armfl: Su#stances wic if swallowed1 inaled or penetrate te skin
may cause damage to ealt
)o1ic: " poisonous su#stance wic in low 4uantities may cause deat1
acute or cronic damage to ealt
Carcino-enic: Su#stances wic cause disorders to cell growt tat
may lead to cancer
Information on 'anfactrers +afet( $ata sheets 3'+,+6
Identification of te su#stance
*anufacturers: information
Composition of te ingredients
(irst0aid precautions
(ire0figting measures
$andling and storage
PPE
Disposal considerations
-ransport information
,egulatory information
Grab +am!ler 3Chemical stain $etector tbe6
,ra& the labelle$ $ia-ram in !a-e 28
6ow cost Inaccurate
-akes little time Positioning of tu#e
Immediate result 5nly a snap sot
6ittle training Inefficient
Information during spillage Cemical use only
7ood for coarse indication Su#stance specific
11

"a#ar$os sbstance risk assessment < ste!s as normal
Control of health ha#ar$s
Eliminate
Re$ce b( sbstittion
Isolate:-
-otal Enclosure
Segregate te people
Control
Engineering Control (6E.)
*aintenance of controls
Cange te work pattern or metod
$ygiene and ousekeeping
%%E
,isci!line
Emer-enc( controls for s!illa-e4 air !olltion etc=
.entilation systems alarmed
PPE
Emergency sowers1 eye was facilities
!ooms1 sawdust1 spillage procedures
Evacuation procedures
Isolation of te area
Evacuation of te employees at risk
PPE for staff involved in clear up
:ocal E1hast >entilation 3:E>6
'ain %arts:- "oo$4 ,ctin-4 2ilter4 2an
,ra& the labelle$ $ia-ram in !a-e 8?
:E> becomes inefficient becase of:-
!locked filters
6ack of maintenance
Position of ood
Unautorised alterations
!roken ducting
8ear of fan #lades
Incorrect settings
Increased contaminant level
Inade4uate design
(ailure of operators to use it
Checks o!!osite of above
12

+!ecific 0-ents
0mmonia
Strongly alkaline colourless gas wit a pungent odour/ It is a corrosive
and can cause irritation to te eyes and upper respiratory tract in small
concentrations/ 6arge concentrations can cause #lindness and fluid in
te lungs/ Eye protection and respiratory protection essential/
0sbestos
'ain t(!es:- /le4 /ro&n an$ White
,iseases:- 0sbestosis4 :n- cancer4 'esothelioma
@ses
Pipe lagging
8all and roof panels
Ceiling tiles
-e)tured coatings
Insulation materials
7askets
!rake linings
Carbon ,io1i$e
Colourless and odourless gas wic is eavier tan air/ 6ow levels
increases te rate of respiration and ig levels depress te rate of
respiration leading to unconsciousness and even deat/ Produced in
fermentation process e/g/ #reweries/
Carbon 'ono1i$e
Colourless and odourless and tasteless gas/ (ound were incomplete
com#ustion occurs e/g/ #oilers1 veicle e)austs
Inalation of te gas results in eadace1 drowsiness1 flused <pink=
appearance and ultimately aspy)iation
Chlorine
" greenis to)ic gas wit a pungent smell wic is igly irritant to te
respiratory system/
,sts
+uisance dust can cause astma1 #roncitis1 empysema and
conditions suc as as#estos1 Silicosis/
13

,st I$entification
.isual signs of dust
Dust lamps
Static or personal sampling
$ealt surveillance
Control measres for $st
Elimination
Su#stitution e/g/ pellets instead of powders
Enclosure of te process
6ocal e)aust ventilation
.acuuming instead of sweeping
Damping down
6imiting time of e)posure
6imiting num#ers e)posed
,espiratory protective e4uipment
:ea$
" eavy1 soft and easily worked metal/ Can enter #ody #y eating
contaminated food #ut usually #y #reating fumes or dust/
"cute lead poisoning can result in nausea1 eadaces1 effects on te
nervous system sometimes deat in severe cases/
*r-anic +olvents
-ese dissolve oter su#stances and are also used as cleaning and
degreasing agents/ -ey are volatile and evaporate 4uickly at room
temperature so teir vapours can #e drawn into te lungs/
"cute effects are irritation of te eyes1 skin1 troat and lungs/ Effects
may #e eadaces1 nausea1 di''iness and loss of consciousness and in
e)treme cases in deat/
Isoc(anates
5rganic compounds widely used in industry for products suc as spray
painting of veicles and production of polyuretane ru##ers and foams/
Inflammation of te nasal passages and troat can lead to astma/
+ilica
(ound in sand1 granite etc/ and te ealt a'ard comes from #reating
it in wic can lead to te lung disease silicosis/

14

/iolo-ical 0-ents
:e!tos!irosis or Weils $isease
!acteria found in te urine of female rats and te most common source
is in river water1 sewers etc/ Enters te #ody troug puncture of te
skin or ingestion/ "ttacks te kidneys and liver causing ig
temperatures and may #e fatal/
:e-ionella
"n air#orne #acterium found in water sources suc as cooling towers1
stagnant water etc/ It is caused #y inalation of air#orne droplets of
water containing te legionella #acteria leading to a form of pneumonia
i/e/ #reating difficulties1 ig temperature and possi#le deat/ -ose at
greatest risk are middle aged smokers or elderly people wit cest
pro#lems/ Control measures involve temperature control and
monitoring1 avoiding <dead legs= legs in pipework1 #iocide treatment and
effective cleaning and maintenance/
"e!atitis
" disease of te liver and can cause ig temperatures1 nausea and
&aundice/ It is caused #y a'ardous su#stances or a virus/ $ealt
workers and tose andling #odily fluids are most at risk/ -e control
measures involve inoculation and good ygiene practices/
Control measres for /iolo-ical "a#ar$s
Cleaning and disinfection
8ater treatment
.ermin control
Containment of te #iological agent
"voidance of sarp implements
Proper disposal of contaminated waste
Immunisation
Persona ygiene
PPE
Waste +tora-e
Sufficient storage area
Clearly te la#el te storage area
Ensure storage area secure
Protect storage area wit #unds etc/
Store different types of waste separately
+ever store incompati#le waste togeter
Select appropriate containers
>eep 4uantities of waste to a minimum
Protect waste from te elements
15

Element <:- %h(sical an$ !s(cholo-ical ha#ar$s
Er-onomics
-e study of te relationsip #etween workers and teir environment1
work e4uipment and work task/
8ork ,elated Upper 6im# Disorders (8,U6Ds)
Cases of WR@:,s
,epetitive finger1 and or arm movements
-wisting movements
S4uee'ing
$ammering
Pusing1 pulling or reacing movements
+(m!toms
+um#ness in fingers
Pains in ands or arms
,estriction of &oint movement
Soft tissue swelling
2actors to be consi$ere$ $rin- risk assessment
(orce e)erted
(re4uency and duration of operation
,epetition of movement witout rest or recovery
Posture
Constraints on space
Environment
Im!rove above !ls:-
*ecanise task
Use correct tools and e4uipment
,is!la( +creen Eqi!ment 3,+Es6
"ealth effects
Upper lim# pains and discomfort
Eye and eyesigt effects
Epilepsy
,adiation effects on pregnant women
(atigue and stress
Workstation reqirements
16

"de4uate ligting
*inimum noise
"mple legroom
Suita#le screen at eye level
Suita#le softwear
>ey#oard
8ork surface
Suita#le work cair
(ootrest if necessary
"ealth effects of remainin- seate$ for a lon- time
.erte#ral and muscular damage
$ig #lood pressure
Circulation pro#lems
+itable +eat for se$entar( &orkers
7ood lum#ar support
7ood widt and dept
"#ility to ad&ust seat #ack and eigt
Sta#le #ase
"#ility to swivel
Provision of arm rests
Welfare an$ Environment isses
Welfare
Sufficient toilets
8asing facilities
Eating and canging facilities
Cloting storage
Seating
,est areas
"rrangements for non0smokers
Workin- environment
-emperature
.entilation
6igting
,oom dimensions
Suita#le work stations and seating
8eater protection for outdoor workstations
17

"ealth effects of !oor li-htin-
Eye strain
$eadaces
Poor posture
-ripping over unseen o#&ects
Increased likeliood of uman error
Increased time to vacate work area
2actors to consi$er &hen assessin- a$eqac( of li-htin-
-e tasks #eing undertaking
-e si'e and layout of te work area
-e e4uipment used
"vaila#ility of natural ligt
Sift times/work patterns
Suita#le num#er of artificial ligt
Contrast levels
7lare
"reas in sadow
+eed for localised ligting
*aintenance of ligting
"de4uate emergency ligting
Noise
Noise terminolo-(
2reqenc(:- )he nmber of &ave fronts assi-n a !oint in one
secon$ measre$ in "ert#
Intensit(:- )he lo$ness of the noise
,ecibel:- )he son$ !ressre level
A0B Wei-htin-:- 0 filter in the noise meter that eqates the noise to
ho& the hman ear !erceives the noise
"earin- ,ama-e
0cte Chronic
Stress +oise induced earing loss
-emporary tresold sift Permanent tresold sift
-emporary tinnitus Permanent tinnitus
!last deafness Pre#yacusis
18

Noise Control
+orce
Design
Damping
Isolate
*aintenance
%ath
Screens and #arriers
Enclosure
"#sorption
Silencer
)he %erson
Distance
-ime e)posed
Information and training
:imitations on %ersonal "earin- %rotection
+ot worn correctly
+ot fitted correctly
+ot properly maintained
Uncomforta#le or inconvenient to wear
+eeds constant management commitment
*ay introduce secondary risks
"an$-0rm >ibration
"ealth Effects
-ingling in te ands and e)tremities
+um#ness and #lancing of te fingers
Swollen painful &oints
,eduction in manual de)terity
,eduction in te sensation of touc
Control 'easres
Elimination
Re$ce the $e-ree of vibration
Select low vi#ration e4uipment
Select ergonomically designed e4uipment
*aintenance of e4uipment
,educe grip and pus force wit work e4uipment
,educe te time workers e)posed
Introduce ealt surveillance
7loves and eated pads
Information and training on te nature of risks
19

Work in a "ot Environment
"ealth effects
Skin #urns
Cataracts
Deydration
$eat cramps
$eadaces
(ainting
%recations
*edical pre0selection
"cclimatisation
6imit time of e)posure
Cold drinks % Plenty of fluids
PPE
Work in Col$ Environment
"ealth effects
$ypotermia
6oss of concentration
Sivering
(rost #ite
%recations
*edical pre0selection
"cclimatisation
6imit time of e)posure
$ot drinks
Insulated cloting
Ra$iation
Non-Ionisin-
)(!e @se in In$str(
Infrared $eating and #ra'ing
6asers Cutting1 !ar code readers
*icrowaves (ood preparation1 Signal transmission
Ultra0violet 8elding
"ealth effects
!urns
,eddening of te skin
Cataracts
"rc eye
-emporary sterility
20

Ionisin- Ra$iation
)(!e @se in In$str(
"lpa Smoke detectors
!eta -ickness testing
7amma +on0Destructive testing
?0,ay *edical
+eutron !y product nuclear fission
0cte effects from hi-h $ose Chronic Effects
,eddening of te skin Cancers
,adiation sickness1 +ausea1
.omiting1 Diarroea
Sterility
$air loss $ereditary defects
Deat Effects on un#orn cildren
Deat
Control 'easres
-ime
Distance
Sielding
*thers
PPE
Environmental and personal monitoring
Correct disposal of radiation materials
7ood ygiene practices
-raining and supervision
>iolence at &ork
*cc!ations at risk
-a)i drivers
$ospitals
Scools
Cas transactions
Delivery/collection of money
Control measres
-raining and information
-e environment
Design of te &o#
Communication
6one working
,eporting and recording incidents
21

+tress
%h(sical Effects %s(cholo-ical effects
$eadaces Increased an)iety
Di''iness ,educed concentration
"cing neck and soulders Irrita#ility
Skin rases Sudden mood canges
Prone to infections Ina#ility to cope
Panic attacks ,educed work output
,aised eart rate Increased use of alcool1 etc
Increased #lood pressure Poor sleep patterns
$eart disease
Stomac ulcers
Cases of +tress
Culture
Demands
Control
,elationsips
Cange
,ole
Individual
Environment
Control measres for stress
Selecting suita#le employees
-raining
Clearly defined roles
Clearly work o#&ectives
Comforta#le working environment
7ood lines of communication
,ealistic work scedules
Employee involvement
7rievance procedure
Impartial investigation of stress
*anagement support
22

Element C:- Electrical "a#ar$s an$ Control
'ain "a#ar$s of Electricit(
/urns
+ock
0rcing
2ire
E)plosions
+econ$ar( Effects of Electricit(
(alls from eigt / -row off
Unintentional movement of macine
De0activation of control measures / security systems
6oss of information
-ripping over ca#les
"ealth effects of Electricit( on the bo$(
Damage to nervous system
Irregular eart#eat ((i#rillation)
Internal #urns / E)ternal #urns to te skin
*uscular contractions
Stopping #reating (,espiratory paralysis)
Stopping of te eart (cardiac arrest)
2actors Inflencin- severit( of electrical shock
.oltage
Current (amperes)
-ime
Conductivity or resistance
Current pat troug te #ody
+ature of contact (grip or touc)
Individual factors (age1 general ealt condition1 cildren wit tin skin)
0ction on fin$in- someone in contact &ith electricit(
Isolate te supply if possi#le or move te person away
Call for elp
Ceck "!C and apply CP, if needed
-reat #urns if any / ,emain wit casualty till emergency services arrive
Cases of Electrical 2ire
Inade4uate circuits
5verloaded circuits
Incorrect fuses
Damaged insulation
6oose connections
(lamma#le materials too close to electrical e4uipment
5vereating of ca#les
23

+afet( of %ortable Electrical 0!!liances
)he a!!liance:-
!attery operated
Cecked #efore use
Suita#le selected e4uipment
Properly maintained e4uipment
)he :ea$:-
Ensure not run over #y veicles
Dragged over roug services
-rapped in macinery
E)posed to ot surfaces or corrosive cemicals
Continuous fle)ing
Doints4 Connections an$ !l-s:-
*akesift temporary connections
6eads getting pulled out
Poor made connections
(use #eing replaced wit suita#le one
!attery operated
2se:- " weak link designed to melt1 #reaking te circuit at e)cessive
currents
Circit /reakers:- Electromagnetic device wic perform te same
function as fuses i/e/ #reak te circuit at e)cessive current altoug
sligtly faster
Earthin-:- Electricity will always try reac eart and earting means
providing a pat to eart lower tan te uman #ody
Isolation:- -e disconnection and separation of te electrical
e4uipment from every source of electrical e4uipment in suc a way tat
te disconnection and separation is secure (6ock out 2 -ag out)
Re$ce$ volta-e s(stems:- !y reducing te voltage present system
te conse4uences of electrical sock can #e greatly reduced
Resi$al Crrent ,evices 3RC,6:- It compares te current flowing into
te system wit te current flowing out/ 8en te level differs #y a
preset value te ,CD will open rapidly and interrupt te supply
,oble Inslation:- Covering live parts #y two separated layers of
insulation
24

@ser checks
E4uipment is of an approved standard
8iring and casing are free from damage
Ca#les are correctly routed
System not overloaded
Correct fuses
Plug properly wired and gripped
Competent users
Using reduced voltage in wet conditions
Using ,CDs
*ffice Environments
Suita#le e4uipment manufactured to appropriate standards
"void te use of trailing ca#les
"void multi0socket e)tensions
Control private electrical e4uipment #rougt from ome
,eport defective and damaged e4uipment
Ensure effective eating
Switc off overnigt
-est appliances at regular intervals
25

Element E:- Constrction 0ctivites "a#ar$s an$ Control
+ite %recations for chil$ren
(encing
Security guards 2 patrols
*onitoring te area wit CC-. Cameras
8arning signs 2 Posters
.isit scools 2 provide information to te people in carge
-ake cildren to site on visits (arranging class trips to te site)
6ock away veicle keys
6ock away a'ardous cemicals
,emove ladders 2 prevent access to scaffolds
Cover oles
,educe eigts of materials
"a#ar$s for re!air of 2lat Roof
(alling off
(alling troug
"ccess
$ot #itumen
!urning gases
(umes
(ire
*anual andling
:a$$ers
"a#ar$s in se
(alling off
5verreacing
Carrying up materials
Unsuita#le ladder
6adder not properly secured
Incorrect angle
+ot reacing a#ove landing place
"luminium ladders near electrical lines
+caffol$in-
,ra& an$ label ke( !arts of an in$e!en$ent )ie$ +caffol$
Ins!ection checkin- the above are correct %ls
Staggered &oints
+ot overloaded
Suita#le access
26

'obile )o&er +caffol$
%recations
Erected #y competent persons
Pre use inspections
Positioned on firm ground
Correct eigt to widt ratio 9/@ ) +arrowest side
Use of outriggers to #roaden #ase
-ying in to ad&acent structure
People and materials removed #efore moving
$andrails and toe#oards
Suita#le work platform
+ot overloaded
"a#ar$s o!!osite of above
'obile Elevatin- Work %latforms 3'EW%6
"a#ar$s
People falling or #eing trown
*aterials falling
Crusing #etween carrier and a fi)ed structure
Colla!se or overtrnin- of 'EW% case$ b(
E4uipment failure
Unsuita#le ground conditions
Defective or unused outriggers
5verloading of te carrier
Struck #y load
Struck #y anoter veicle
Interference wit controls
Strong wind / storms
%recations o!!osite of above
+s!en$e$ access cra$les an$ !latforms
%recations
Pre0use inspections
Supports to #uilding of ade4uate strengt
Suita#ly maintained
Safe access and egress
+ot e)ceed safe working load
7uard rails and toe #oards fitted
Safety arnesses worn
6imitations on use in strong winds
27

E1cavations
'ain ha#ar$s
Undermining foundations
Collapse
Underground services (electrical ca#les1 gas pipes1 sewage1 telepone)
Persons falling in
.eicles close to edge
"ccess and egress (#eing a confined space)
$a'ardous atmosperes
(looding
Contamination (sewage1 spores)
-ype of soil
,emoval of soil
%recations for above
%recations for n$er-ron$ services
Plan &o#
6ocate ca#les
"void ca#les
Safe digging procedures
"a#ar$s of ,emolition
+afet( ha#ar$s:
Underground and over ead services
(alls from eigt
(all of materials
(ire 2 E)plosion
Electrical socks
Premature collapse
"ealth ha#ar$sF
7ases1 fumes and vapours
"s#estosis / Silicosis
+oise
.i#ration
Ionising radiations
!iological a'ards
%recations o!!osite of above !ls
E)clusion 'ones
Pre0demolition surveys
Safe metod of demolition 2 safe organi'ed demolition se4uence
PPE
Safe access 2 egress
28

Element G:- 2ire "a#ar$s an$ Control
Cases of fire
"rson
Electrical faults
*isuse / overloading of electrical e4uipment
Smokers: materials
5il/gas eating e4uipment and porta#le eaters
Unsafe storage of materials
Use of flamma#le li4uids or gases in unsuita#le areas
8elding/ot work
*ecanical eat (Sparks/friction)
)he fire trian-le;0 (uel1 Source of ignition1 5)ygen
2lash !oint;0 -e temperature at wic gas 2 vapour will ignite
momentarily #y an e)ternal source of ignition e/g/ spark
2ire !oint;0 -e temperature at wic gas 2 vapour will sustain a flame
wen ignited #y an e)ternal source of ignition
0to-I-nition tem!eratre 3+elf i-nition6;0 -e temperature at wic
gas 2 vapour will ignite witout any e)ternal source of ignition/

Classes of fire
0 Combstible soli$s 3Woo$4 !a!er etc=6
/ 2lammable liqi$s 30lcohol4 %etrol6
C 2lammable -ases 3/tane4 methane 4 !ro!ane6
, 'etals 30lminim 4 'a-nesim 4 )itanim6
2 Cookin- me$ia 3>e-etable oil or animal fats6
E Electrical: Classifie$ accor$in- to the sorce of
I-nition rather than fel sorce
'etho$ of "eat )ransfer
,irect Contact:- -e flame and a com#usti#le fuel are in direct contact
and te fuel eats up and eventually ignites/
Con$ction:- $eat travels witin a solid material from otter to cooler
parts
Ra$iation:- $eat is radiated troug te air causing eating of a
materials at a distance from te fire/
29

Convection:- $ot air current rises up to replace cooler air 1 causing te
#uild up of ot and un#urnt gases under ceilings etc/ and allows fire to
spread from one room to anoter/
2ire !recations to minimise the risk to !eo!le in the event of fire
2ire 0larms:-
Suita#le
,egular -esting
Contact wit emergency services
Suita#le (ire/Smoke detectors
'eans of esca!e
,easona#le -ravel distances
Uno#structed Stairways
(ire doors
Signage
Emergency ligting 2 illuminating signs
"ssem#ly points (*uster points)
'eans of fi-htin- the fire
Suita#le e)tinguisers
Properly sited e)tinguisers
-raining in use of e)tinguisers
E)tinguisers properly maintained 2 inspected
Emer-enc( evacation !roce$res
(ire marsals
(ire notices
(ire drills 2 Practices
,oll calls
Special consideration for disa#led
6imiting num#ers of persons
Compartmentation

30

31

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Nebosh International General Certificate Revision WEEK 2

Element 1:- Work Eqi!ment "a#ar$s an$ Control

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