1

Universal Balance Equation for Any Extensive Property

Accumulation =transport +generation
Integrated form for some period of time:
Review of Engineering Thermodynamics
g p
Rate form:
final initial amount amount amount amount
amount amount entering leaving generated consumed
( ( ( ( ( (
= +
( ( ( ( ( (

rate of rate of rate of rate of rate of
change transport in transport out generation consumption
( ( ( ( (
= +
( ( ( ( (

Control
volume
or system
Mass
entering (1)
Mass
leaving (2)
Q W
Geof Silcox, Chemical
Engineering, University of Utah
Mass Balance
Unsteady balance for CV
CV
i e
inlets exits
dm
m m
dt
=


2 1 CV i e
inlets exits
m m m m m A = =

Steady balance for CV
Balance for closed system
0
sys
dm
dt
=
2 1
0
sys
m m m A = =
0
i e
inlets exits
m m =


0
i e
inlets exits
m m =

Averaged flow
av
av av
av av
Vel A V
m Vel A
v v
= = =

dt
Geof Silcox, Chemical
Engineering, University of Utah
2
Energy Balance
Unsteady balance for CV
2
1
,
2
e u Vel gz h u Pv = + + = +
Steady balance for CV
2 2
2 2
CV
in,net in,net i e
inlets exits
i e
dE Vel Vel
Q W m h gz m h gz
dt
| | | |
= + + + + + +
| |
\ . \ .



2 2
0
2 2
in,net in,net i e
inlets exits
i e
Vel Vel
Q W m h gz m h gz
| | | |
= + + + + + +
| |
\ . \ .



Balance for closed system
, ,
sys
in net in net
dE
Q W
dt
= +

, , sys in net in net
E Q W A = +
Geof Silcox, Chemical
Engineering, University of Utah
i e
Entropy Balance
Unsteady balance for CV
There is only one form of entropy internal entropy.
0irreversible process
gen
S >

Steady balance for CV

,
1
n
in j
CV
i i e e gen
j inlets exits
j
Q
dS
ms m s S
dt T
=
= + +

p
0reversible process
0impossible process
gen
gen
gen
S
S
=
<

,
0
n
in j
i i
Q
ms m s S = + +

Balance for closed system
,
1
n
sys in j
gen
j
j
dS Q
S
dt T
=
= +

2
2 1
1
( )
in
sys gen
Q
S m s s S
T
o
A = = +
}
Geof Silcox, Chemical
Engineering, University of Utah
1
0
i i e e gen
j inlets exits
j
ms m s S
T
=
+ +

3
Combined Entropy and Energy Balance
du q w o o = +
gen
q
ds ds
T
o
= +
rev
q
ds
T
o
=
rev rev
du q w o o = +
Tds du Pdv = +
du Pdv
ds
T T
= + or
A lt t f f ll f th l ti
rev
w Pdv o =
An alternate form follows from the relation
( ) d Pv Pdv vdP = +
Tds dh vdP = or
dh vdP
ds
T T
=
Geof Silcox, Chemical
Engineering, University of Utah
Combined Entropy and Energy Balance
for Ideal Gases
2
2
v dT
s c (T ) Rln A = +
}
2
2
P dT
s c (T ) Rln A =
}
v
1
1
s c (T ) Rln
T v
A = +
}
p
1
1
s c (T ) Rln
T P
A =
}
2 2
v ,av
T v
s c ln Rln
T v
A = +
2 2
p,av
T P
s c ln Rln
T P
A =
For constant or averaged heat capacities,
1 1
T v
1 1
T P
where
1 2
av av av
T T
T and c c(T )
2
+
= =
Geof Silcox, Chemical
Engineering, University of Utah
4
Equations for Work
Reversible boundary work, closed system:
Steady-flow, reversible work, open system:
2
1
,
v
rev in
v
w Pdv =
}
2 2
V l V l W

( )
2
1
2 2
2 1
, 2 1
2
P
rev in
P
Vel Vel W
w vdP g z z
m

= = + +
}

Geof Silcox, Chemical

Engineering, University of Utah
Models of Working Substances
Solid/
Liquid
C
p
= C
v
= C
Gases
Phase-change
fluids (water &
refrigerants)
Mixtures
(advanced)
vap
f
m
v v
p
Au = A h = CAT
Perfect gas
Pv = RT
P and T are absolute.
C
p
= constant
C = C
p
R
Ideal gas
Pv = RT
P and T are absolute.
C
p
= f(T).
C
v
= C
p
R
Real gas
( , )
actual
R R
ideal
actual
v
Z f T P
v
Pv
Z
= =
=
vap
f
tot g f
v v
x
m v v
= =

C
v
C
p
R
Au = C
v
AT
Ah = C
p
AT.
v p Z
RT
=
R R
c c
T P
T P
T P
= =
P and T are absolute.
R R
T T
p v
T T
h C dT u C dT A = A =
} }
This chart was inspired by Subrata Bhattacharjee, The Expert
System for Thermodynamics, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle
River, NJ , 2003. ISBN 0-13-009235-5. www.thermofluids.net.
Geof Silcox, Chemical
Engineering, University of Utah