SMS4DC Am TM 3

1
1
Caribbean Seminar for Training of the Trainers in Spectrum Management System for Developing Countries (SMS4DC)
St Johns, Antigua and Barbuda, 27 November 1 December 2006
SMS4DC training seminar
27 November 1 December 2006
SMS4DC training seminar
27 November 1 December 2006
Point to point
Radiocommunication
Point to point
Radiocommunication
2
Content Content
Technical overview
SMS4DC Software link calculation
Exercise
2
3
Point-to-point Radiocommunication Link Point-to-point Radiocommunication Link
Propagation
loss
Receiver
Filters,
feeder, etc.
Isotropic
antenna
Transmitter
RX antenna
cable lose
Receiving
antenna gain
Filters,
feeder, etc.
TX antenna
cable lose
Transmitting
antenna gain
Isotropic
antenna
f
1
f
2
f
n
repeater repeater
Hop 1 Hop 2
Terminal Terminal
A Radio Link
A Hop
4
Point-to-point communication
Radiocommunication between specified fixed stations
Fading
Fluctuation of signal level respect to
stable condition for number of reasons
Path Profile
A vertical cut of terrain along propagation
path between transmitter and receiver
NFD
Discrimination gained because of TX
emission and RX reception masks
Polarization
The locus of electric field vector fluctuation
SWR
Standing Wave Ratio ([1+||]/[1-||])
Definition Definition
Minimum acceptable
signal level
3
5
Link Budget Link Budget
Total Loss = [Free Space Loss]
+ [Atmospheric Gaseous Loss]
+ [Rain Attenuation]
+ [Clear Air Fading]
+ [Diffraction Loss]
+ [NFD]
Flat Receive Level = P
T
+ G
T
[Free Space Loss]
[Atmospheric Gaseous Loss]
[Diffraction Loss]
G
R
[Receiver Insertion Loss]
Fade Margin = [Flat Receive Level] [Receiver Threshold]
Insertion Loss= [Cable Loss]+[Branching Loss]+[Mismatch Loss]
2
4
L
o
s
s
S
p
a
c
e
F
r
e
e
\
|
=
d
6
YdB (usually Y = 6dB to noise floor)
noise floor
spectrum floor
Occupied bandwidth
%
2
%
2
frequency
1
f
2
f
3
f
4
f
2
| ) ( | f X
Normally = 0.5 %
Power Spectral Density of x(t) :
=
4
3
2
) (
| ) ( |
f
f
t x
df f X P
= Area of yellow color
) (
2 2
200
| ) ( | | ) ( |
4
2
1
3
t x
f
f
f
f
P df f X df f X

= =

RF Signal Spectrum RF Signal Spectrum
Out of band
emission
Necessary
bandwidth
4
7
Transmitting and Receiving Masks Transmitting and Receiving Masks
The power spectral density (PSD)
Normally each TX has identical corresponding RX
receiving masks
Mismatched TX & RX masks cause additional loss (NFD)
RF Signal
x
c
(t)
Assigned
Frequency
Necessary
bandwidth
Spurious
emissions
Spectrum floor
0 dB
Transmitter emission mask
Noise floor
~6 dB
8
Propagation Effects Propagation Effects
Diffraction fading due to obstruction of the path;
Attenuation due to atmospheric gases;
Fading due to atmospheric multipath or beam spreading
(commonly referred to as defocusing) associated with
abnormal refractive layers;
Fading due to multipath arising from surface reflection;
Attenuation due to precipitation or solid particles in the
atmosphere;
Variation of the angle-of-arrival at the receiver terminal and
angle-of-launch at the transmitter terminal due to refraction;
Reduction in cross-polarization discrimination (XPD) in
multipath or precipitation conditions;
Signal distortion due to frequency selective fading and delay
during multipath propagation.
5
9
Propagation Loss Propagation Loss
Attenuation due to atmospheric gases,
Diffraction fading due to obstruction or partial
obstruction of the path,
Fading due to multipath, beam spreading and
scintillation,
Attenuation due to variation of the angle-of-
arrival/launch,
Attenuation due to precipitation,
Attenuation due to sand and dust storms
10
Gaseous Attenuation (ITU-R P.676) Gaseous Attenuation (ITU-R P.676)
Considerable loss
above 10 GHz
High attenuation
frequencies have
special usages
H O
2
H O
2
10
2
10
10 1
10 2
1
10 3
2
5
5
2
5
2
5
2
5
2
S
p
e
c
i
f
i
c

a
t
t
e
n
u
a
t
i
o
n

(
d
B
/
k
m
)
3.5 5 2 5 2 2
10
2
10 1
Dry air Dry air
Total
Frequency, f (GHz)
Pressure: 1 013 hPa
Temperature: 15C
Water vapour: 7.5 g/m
3
dB d A
a a
=
6
11
k-factor k-factor
Electromagnetic wave bends while passing through non-
homogenous medium,
Vertical profile of atmosphere is non-homogeneous,
Median effective Earth radius factor :
Effective radius of Earth in km:
See ITU-R P.453 for N (vertical refractivity gradient),
k > 1 k < 1
e e
k a = 6371
] 157 /[ 157
50
N k =
Actual Modified Actual Modified
12
Propagation by Diffraction (ITU-R P.526) Propagation by Diffraction (ITU-R P.526)
Diffraction over a spherical
earth for trans-horizon paths
Diffraction by obstacles
inside Fresnel zone
Consideration of diffraction from round, wedge
and sharp obstacles, single and multiple (in
P.452 propagation model)
shadow
LOS is possible
7
13
More than 90% of power, propagates inside first ellipsoid
For Line of Sight (LOS) communication first Fresnel
ellipsoid should be enough clear
Fresnel ellipsoids Fresnel ellipsoids
n =1
n =2
Fresnel Ellipsoids
M
2
AB MB AM

n + = +
Wavelength
A B
14
Fresnel zone Fresnel zone
n
R
2 / 1
2 1
2 1
) (
550
(
+
=
f d d
d d n
R
n
Radius of
n
th
Fresnel zone
2
d 1
d
f is frequency in MHz and
all distances are in km
n
R
8
15
Diffraction Fading
Obstruction of the Path
Diffraction Fading
Obstruction of the Path
No LOS
path
Obstruction
inside
Fresnel zone
16
0.6 F
1
clearance is necessary
for tropical climate
Diffraction loss and clearance Diffraction loss and clearance
40
30
20
10
0
10
B
D
A
d
1 0 1 1.5 0.5 0.5
D
i
f
f
r
a
c
t
i
o
n

l
o
s
s

r
e
l
a
t
i
v
e

t
o

f
r
e
e

s
p
a
c
e

(
d
B
)
Normalized clearance h/F
1
B: theoretical knife-edge loss curve
D: theoretical smooth spherical Earth loss curve,
at 6.5 GHz and k = 4/3
A: empirical diffraction loss for intermediate terrain
h: amount by which the radio path clears the Earths surface
F: radius of the first Fresnel zone
Obstruct
1
st
Fresnel zone
Negative h
Positive h h
9
17
Antenna Height Determination
(Single Antenna in tropical climate)
Antenna Height Determination
(Single Antenna in tropical climate)
Step 1: Determine antenna heights for 1.0F
1
clearance in median
k- factor (k
50
= (157/(157-N)) or k =4/3)
Step 2: Determine antenna heights for 0.6F
1
using effective k-factor
from the following figure
Step 3: Select the larger
antenna heights
In temperate climate
step 2 will be down using
0.0F
1
for single isolated
obstruction or 0.3F
1
for
obstruction is extended
along a portion of the map
10
2
10
2 5 2
1
1.1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
Path length (km)
e
k
18
Multipath Fading Multipath Fading
Beam Spreading
(defocusing)
Antenna Decoupling
(governs the minimum beamwidth)
surface Multipath atmospheric Multipath
10
19
Multipath Fading Elements Multipath Fading Elements
Multipath fading depends on:
Refractivity gradient in the lowest 65m of atmosphere
Area terrain roughness
Path inclination
Exceedance time percentage
Frequency
Altitude of antennas
Calculation method explained in ITU-R P.530
20
Hydrometer Attenuation Hydrometer Attenuation
Can be ignored in frequencies below 5 GHz
ITU gathered rain statistics during 15 year (ITU-
R P.837),
Specific attenuation
R
depends on polarization
and frequency,
Rain attenuation exceedance can be estimated
within 0.001% to 1% of the time
dB
= kR
R
11
21
XPD Degradation
(XPD: Cross-polarization discrimination)
XPD Degradation
(XPD: Cross-polarization discrimination)
XPD defined in ITU-R P.310
A measure of polarization diversification
Multipath occurrence and precipitation degrade XPD
TX RX
H H
V
TX RX
H
V
V
XPol R
CoPol R
P
P
XPD
,
,
=
22
Techniques to Reduce Multipath Fading Techniques to Reduce Multipath Fading
Using inclined path to reduce flat fading due to
atmospheric mechanisms (beam spreading, antenna
decoupling, and atmospheric multipath);
Reducing the occurrence of significant surface
reflections;
Using terrain shielding,
Moving reflection point to poorer location
Using vertical polarization over water
Prevention of larger value of clearance
Using diversities
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23
Diversity Technique Diversity Technique
Space diversity
To combat specular surface reflection
To combat surface multipath fading
Angle diversity (two antennas in
different orientation, in same or
different heights)
Frequency diversity, more than one frequency
used for transmission
24
Interference Mechanisms Interference Mechanisms
Long-term mechanisms
Short-term mechanisms
13
25
Long-term Interference
Propagation Mechanisms (P.452)
Long-term Interference
0452-01
155471
FIGURE 1
Long-term interference propagation mechanisms
Tropospheric scatter
Diffraction
Line-of-sight
26
Short-term Interference
Short-term Interference
0452-02
155471
FIGURE 2
Anomalous (short-term) interference propagation mechanisms
Hydrometeor scatter
Elevated layer
reflection/refraction
Ducting
Line-of-sight with
multipath enhancements
14
27
Exercising SMS4DC Exercising SMS4DC
28
Types of RF Channel
Arrangements
Types of RF Channel
Arrangements
Homogeneous channel arrangement
Uniform channel arrangement
Non-uniform channel arrangement
References:
ITU-R Recommendations, F series,
CEPT Recommendations,
,.... 2 , 1 , 0 , MHz
0
= + + = n XS n f f f
offset n
,.... 2 , 1 , 0 , MHz
0
= + = n XS n f f
n
,.... 2 , 1 , 0 , MHz
0
= + + = n XS n f f f
offset n
15
29
Homogeneous RF Channel Arrangements
(F.746)
Homogeneous RF Channel Arrangements
(F.746)
1 3
2 4
XS
XS
2
XS
H(V)
V(H)
A
YS
N N
1 3
2 4
ZS
B
YS
Alternated pattern
Main frequencies
Channel number
P
o
l
a
r
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
(A)
H(V)
V(H)
2 1 3 4
2r 1r 3r 4r
N
Nr
2 1 3 4
2r 1r 3r 4r
DS
N
Nr
Channel number
ZS YS
A B
XS
Band re-use in the
co-channel mode
Main frequency
pattern
(B)
A: go channels B: return channels
H(V)
V(H)
2 1 3 4
2r 1r 3r 4r
N
Nr
2 1 3 4
2r 1r 3r 4r
N
Nr
Channel number
ZS YS
A B
XS
Band re-use in the
interleaded mode
Main frequency
pattern
XS
XS
2
(C)
A
l
t
e
r
n
a
t
e
d

R
F

c
h
a
n
n
e
l

A
r
r
a
n
g
e
m
e
n
t
C
o
-
c
h
a
n
n
e
l

R
F

c
h
a
n
n
e
l

A
r
r
a
n
g
e
m
e
n
t
I
n
t
e
r
l
e
a
v
e
d

R
F

c
h
a
n
n
e
l

A
r
r
a
n
g
e
m
e
n
t
P
o
l
a
r
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
P
o
l
a
r
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
30
Uniform Channel Arrangement Uniform Channel Arrangement
Suitable for Simplex operation mode
More common in the bands shared
between Fixed and Mobile
The only choice for TDD transmission
Transmitting and receiving will be down in
different time slots
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31
Exercising SMS4DC software (1) Exercising SMS4DC software (1)
Link Calculation provided for following models in the menu
of Propagation Model:
ITU-R P.370
ITU-R P.1546
ITU-R P.526
ITU-R P.452, and
ITU-R P.530
Step 1: Lunch the SMS4DC software
Step 2: Lunch the DEM view using toolbar push
button
32
Step 3: Establish Fixed station A using set the
frequency to 890 MHz
Step 4: Choose antenna ant_ALE8603_806.ant and
check the antenna pattern
Step 5: Establish an other Fixed station B using set
the frequency to 880 MHz
Step 6: Choose antenna ant_ALE8603_806.ant and
check the antenna pattern
Step 7: Open the administrative part from Database-
>Licensing
Step 8: Select Anonymous Station and find station B,
17
33
Step 9: Open Antenna Information Table of station B
Step 10: Push the Modify button,
Step 11: Change the field Class of Antenna from T to R
Step 12: Push the Save button,
Step 13: Find the station A and go to the level of
Frequency
Step 14: Push the Add Receiver button top of the
Frequency Information table of station A. The Add
Receiver dialog box will appear.
Step 15: Select the Point Radio button. All the selectable
receivers will be displayed in relevant spreadsheet
34
Step 16: Choose the station B from table under POINT
section and push ok
Step 17: Close Administrative dialog box
Step 18: Open the Database menu and select Display
Link.
Step 19: Select the record of new established hop
Step 20: Push OK button to display stations of selected
hop on map
18
35
Step 21: Open the menu Propagation Model and select
Link item under the ITU-R P.370 propagation model
Values with
colored
background
can be tried
respect to the
editable values
Changing
direction of
calculation
Push button to
save profile
36
Step 21: Repeat step 21 for P.452 and
P.526 propagation model. See the
different calculated results
Step 22: Repeat step 21 for P.530
propagation model. See the different
calculated results
Step 23: Use mouse drag to change
antenna height and manage reflection
points
Step 24: Push Reflection Points
button to see spreadsheet of reflection
points
Profile data
19
37
Step 25: Push Availability
button to see the availability
calculation result
38
End End

SMS4DC Am TM 3

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