Chapter 2 : Acceleration Performance

By
Dr. Gan Leong Ming
Semester 20122013-II
Limit of the Longitudinal Acceleration
Engine power for high speed
Traction limit for low speed

Depend on vehicle speed
Power Limited Acceleration
Engine
- Source of power
- Characterized by torque and power curve
2000
4000 6000 RPM
Power
Torque
Specific fuel consumption
1000
2000 3000
RPM
Specific fuel consumption
Torque
Power
Gasoline engine Diesel engine
Difference between Gasoline and Diesel Engine
Gasoline Engine

- govern by the
induction system

- Most efficient at
0.4ib/hp-hr sfc

Diesel Engine

- Govern by the fuel
injection system

- Most efficient at
0.2ib/hp-hr sfc

Relationship between power, torque and horsepower
5252 / Speed) x (Torque Horsepower
Speed x Torque Power
=
=
HP x 0.746 (kW) Power =
radius x Force (Nm) Torque =
From Newtons Second Law:
wheels drive at the force Tractive F
direction forward in the on Accelerati a
W/g vehicle the of Mass M
where
F a M
x
x
x x
=
=
= =
=
Since the drive power = Tractive force x forward speed
(kg) vehicle the of weight W
(W) power Engine P
(m/s) speed Forward V
) m/s 9.81 (g constant nal Gravitatio g
where
V
P
W
g
F
M
1
a
2
x x
=
=
=
= =
= =
V
1
a
x
It shown that
acceleration
capability
decrease with
increasing speed
Power Train The Primary Elements
? Drivetrain To Torque Actual Torque Output Engine >
Engine
Transmission Driveshaft
Differential
Axle shaft
c
T
d
T
a
T
e
T
Engine
Torque
Clutch
Torque
Driveshaft
Torque
Axle
Torque
Torque to Clutch
on accelerati rotational Engine
inertia rotational Engine I
data) dynamic (from speed given a at torque Engine T
ion) transmiss the (input to clutch at the Torque T
where
I - T T
e
e
e
c
e e e c
=
=
=
=
=

Torque to Driveshaft
side) engine the from seen (as ion transmiss the of inertia Rotational I
ion transmiss the of ratio Numerical N
driveshaft the output to Torque T
where
N ) I - T ( T
t
t
d
t e t c d
=
=
=
=
Torque on the axles
drive final the of ratio Numerical N
driveshaft the of on accelerati Rotational
driveshaft the of inertia Rotational I
wheels the of on accelerati Rotational
shafts axles and wheels the of inertia Rotational I
wheels the of Radius r
ground at the force Tractive F
axles on the Torque T
where
N ) I - T ( I r F T
f
d
d
w
w
x
a
f d d d w w x a
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
= + =

Rotational Acceleration
w f t d t e
w f d
N N N
and
N
= =
=
Solving all the equations,
( ) { }
drive final and ion transmiss of ratio Combined N
where
r
a
I N I N I I
r
N T
F
tf
2
x
w
2
f d
2
tf t e
tf e
x
=
+ + + =
Continue
( ) { }
drive final and ion transmiss of efficiency Combined
where
r
a
I N I N I I
r
N T
F
losses, viscous and mechanical to due ncies ineffiecie the include By
tf
2
x
w
2
f d
2
tf t e
tf e
x
=
+ + + =

tf
( ) { }
2
x
w
2
f d
2
tf t e
tf e
x
r
a
I N I N I I
r
N T
F + + + =
tf

Steady-state tractive force

available at the ground to
overcome the road load forces,
to accelerate, to climb
loss of tractive force due to
inertia of the engine and driveline
components
Continue
= = Wsin - R - D - R - F a W/g Ma
follow as is on accelerati the of expression the study, previous From
hx A x x x x
F
x
includes the engine torque and rotational inertia terms
Lumped the rotational inertias in with the mass of the vehicle,
components rotating the of mass Equivalent M
where
Wsin - R - D - R -
r
N T
a
g
) W (W
)a M (M
r
hx A x
tf tf e
x
r
x r
=
=
+
= +

Continue
gear opertaing on the depend , factor" mass "
M
M M
and
mass" effective " M M
r
r
=
+
= +
2
tf
r
0.0025N 0.04 1
M
M M
Factor Mass
as n often take is number tive representa A
+ + =
+
=
Analysis
1
st
gear
2
nd
gear
3
rd
gear
4
th
gear
Speed
T
r
a
c
t
i
v
e

f
o
r
c
e

Constant Engine Power
Maximum power of the engine, which is
the upper limit of tractive effort available
Deficiencies of the transmission
in providing maximum
acceleration performance
Tractive effort-speed characteristics for a manual transmission
Tractive Effort Relationships
Automatic Transmission
Provide more closely matching the ideal because of the torque converter
on the input
Automatic Transmission
- At zero output speed (speed ratio=0), the output torque
will be several times that of the input
- Providing good off-the-line acceleration performance
E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y

(
%
)

Output/Input Speed Ratio
O
u
t
p
u
t
/
I
n
p
u
t

T
o
r
q
u
e

R
a
t
i
o

Characteristics of a typical torque converter
Automatic Transmission
1
st
gear for starting
2
nd
gear for passing
3
rd
gear for passing
4
th
gear for fuel economy
20%
10%
0%
Grade
Tractive effort-speed characteristics for a manual transmission
Speed
T
r
a
c
t
i
v
e

f
o
r
c
e

Zero speed, high tractive force
Tractive force available to
accelerate the vehicle
Maximum speed that can be
sustained in that gear
Selection of Gear Ratios
Best gear ratios usually fall close to a geometric progression, in which
the ratios change by a constant percentage from gear to gear
constant
4
3
3
2
2
1
= = =

E
n
g
i
n
e

s
p
e
e
d

Road speed
1

1
st
gear 2
nd
gear 3
rd
gear 4
th
gear
Selection of Gear Ratios
Actual gear ratios selection also reflect the realities
of the pressures for fuel economy and emissions.
E
n
g
i
n
e

s
p
e
e
d

Road speed
1
st
gear 2
nd
gear 3
rd
gear 4
th
gear 5
th
gear
Problem
We are given the following information about the engine and drivetrain components for a
passenger car :

Engine inertia 0.0904kgm
2

RPM/Torque (Nm) 800/162.8 1200/179.0 1600/196.7 2000/217.0 2400/237.4 2800/245.5
3200/257.7 3600/268.5 4000/271.3 4400/272.6 4800/268.5 5200/244.1

Transmission Data Gear 1 2 3 4 5
Inertia (kgm
2
) 0.1469 0.1017 0.091 0.0565 0.0339
Ratios 4.28 2.79 1.83 1.36 1.00
Efficiencies 0.966 0.967 0.972 0.973 0.970

Final drive inertia 0.1356kgm
2
Ratio 2.92
Efficiency 0.99

Wheel inerties Drive 1.243kgm
2
Non-drive 1.243kgm
2


Wheel size 497.7 rev/km 2.0 m circumference 31.98 cm radius

a. Calculate the effective inertia of the drive-train components in first gear
b. Calculate the maximum tractive effort and corresponding road speed in first and fifth gears
of the car described above when inertial losses are neglected.
Traction Limited Acceleration
Limited by the coefficient of friction between the tire and road. Therefore,
wheels drive on Weight W
friction of t coefficien Peak
where
W F
x
=
=
=

** The weight on a drive wheel then depends on the (Static load + Dynamic load)
due to acceleration, and on any transverse shift of load due to drive torque.
Transverse Weight Shift
- Due to drive torque
- Occurs on all solid drive axles (front/rear)

s
T
d
T
t y
r
W
2
W
+
y
r
W
2
W

** Torque delivered to wheels will be limited by the traction limit on the most
lightly loaded wheel
0
Writing NSL at point O
ratio drive Final N
radius Tire r
s rear wheel two the from force drive Total F
where
r/N F T
and
)/t T - (T W
or
0 T T )t/2 W /2 W W /2 (W T
f
x
f x d
s d y
d s y r y r 0
=
=
=
=
=
= + + + =

Roll Torque from the Suspension

T
s
=?
- Roll torque is caused by the front and rear suspension
- According to Hookes Law of the chassis,
r f
r sr
f sf
K K K
K T
K T
+ =
=
=
stiffness roll Total K
stiffness roll suspension Rear K
stiffness roll suspension Front K
suspension rear on the torque Roll T
suspension front on the torque Roll T
where

r
f
sr
sf
=
=
=
=
=
For Low Speed Acceleration
L
h
g
a
W W
L
h
g
a
L
b
W W
L
h
g
a
W W
L
h
g
a
L
c
W W
x
rs
x
r
x
fs
x
f
+ =

+ =
=

=
Traction Limits Rear Wheel Drive
Based on the relationship and assumptions,
Maximum tractive force for solid rear axle with a
non-locking differential:

f
f
max
x
K
K
t N
r 2

L
h
- 1
L
Wb

+
=
Dynamic Load
transfer
Lateral load transfer
for lower traction
force limited wheel
Static load
distribution
cof of the driving wheel
Additional Traction limits
When no lateral load transfer, both driving wheels has
the same traction force limit, where

L
h
- 1
L
Wb

K
K
t N
r 2

L
h
- 1
L
Wb

f
f
max x
=
+
=

0
True for independent rear suspension because the
driveline torque reaction is picked up by the chassis-
mounted differential
Traction Limits Front Wheel Drive
For the solid front drive axle with non-locking differential,

r
f
max
x
K
K
t N
r 2

L
h
1
L
Wc

+ +
=
For solid front drive axle with locking differential, or independent
front drive axle,

L
h
1
L
Wc

F
max
x
+
=
Problems
Find the traction-limited acceleration for the rear-drive
passenger car with and without a locking differential on a
surface of moderate friction level. The information that will be
needed is as follows:
Weights Front 952 kg Rear 839 kg Total 1791 kg
CG height 53.34 cm Wheelbase 274.3 cm
Coefficient of friction 0.62 Wheel track 149.86 cm
Final drive ratio 2.90 Tire size R13/200/65
Roll Stiffness Front 1559.7 Nm/deg Rear 379.8 Nm/deg

Problems
Find the traction-limited performance of a front-
wheel-drive vehicle under the same road conditions
as the problem above. The essential data are:
Weights Front 885 kg Rear 522 kg Total 1407 kg
CG height 48.26 cm Wheelbase 266.7 cm
Coefficient of friction 0.62 wheel track 152.4 cm
Final drive ratio 3.70 Tire size 12.59 in
Roll Stiffness Front 1288.5 Nm/deg Rear 840.9 Nm/deg

Nissan Sentra Engine Curve
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