PART III- GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND STATE POLICIES

Nature of Philippine State:

Meaning of democratic and republican state: Art II, Sec. 1 Const.
Tolentino vs. Comelec, January 21, 2004; also see Cruz, Philippine Political law;


Doctrine of Incorporation - Art II, Sec.2 Const.
Definition; Concept
Kuroda vs. Jalandoni, March 26, 1949
Ichong vs. Hernandez, 101 Phil. 1155
Gonzales vs. Hechanova, 9 SCRA 230
Doctrine of Transformation-
Agustin vs. Edu, Feb. 22, 1979
Civilian Supremacy: read also R.A. 7055; Art. VII Sec. 18 Constitution; Sec. 5 (1), Art. XVI
Constitution;
Meaning and its concept:
Cases: IBP vs. Zamora, 338 SCRA 81
Gudani vs. Senga, August 15, 206
Gonzales vs. Gen. Abaya, G.R. No. 164007, Aug. 10, 2006

Separation of Church and State: Art. II, Sec. 6 of Constitution

Iglesia ni Cristo vs. CA, July 26, 1996
Islamic DaWah Council of Phil. vs. Exec. Sec., July 9, 2003

What is Non-Establishment Clause?

Healthful and balanced ecology ; Art. II Sec. 16 of Constitution
Oposa vs. Factoran, 224 SCRA 792

Local Autonomy; Art. II, Sec. 25 of Constitution
See the case of Province of North Cotabato, supra.
Decentralization of Administration vs. decentralization of Power
- Limbonas v. Mangelin, 170 SCRA 786
- Basco v. PAGCOR, 197 SCRA 52


Political Dynasty/Equal Access of opportunities for public service-

Pamatong vs. Comelec, G.R. No. 161872, April 13, 2004


PART IV: DOCTRINES AND PRINCIPLES

SEPARATION OF POWERS:
Nature of this doctrine/principle:
Purpose of Separation of powers:

Corollary doctrines:
Principle of Blending of Powers:

CHECKS AND BALANCES:
Meaning of this principle of check and balance

a. Senate Blue Ribbon vs. Majaducon, G.R. No. 136760, 7/29/03
b. Senate v. Ermita (E.O.464), G.R. No. 169777

DELEGATION OF POWERS:

What is the rule on delegation of powers?:

C. Non-delagation of legislative power:

Abakada Guro Party-List et. al vs. Executive Sec., Sept. 1, 2005
David vs. Ermita, April 20, 2006
Senate of the Phil. v. Ermita, 488 SCRA 1 (06)
Bantay Republic Act vs. Comelec- May 4, 2007, G.R.
No. 177271 and 177314


Exception to the general rule on delegation of powers:

Permissible delegation in the following cases:
a. Delegation to the people at large:
i. Sec. 32, Art. VI, 1987 Constitution (Initiative and referendum)
ii.Sec. 10, Art. X- (plebiscite re: LGUs)
iii. tariff powers of the President (Sec. 28 par. 2 Art. VI)
iv. emergency power of the President (Sec. 23 par. 2 of Art. VI
v.local governments ( general welfare clause: Art. X
vi.administrative bodies (filling in the details/subordinate
legislation


Delegation of Powers:
Two test of a valid delegation:

a. Completeness test- Pelaez v.s Auditor General , 122 Phil 965, 15 SCRA 569

b. Sufficient standard test

People vs. Vera
Santiago vs. Comelec- 3/19/97
Abakada vs. Purisima, Aug. 14, 2008
Camid v. Office of the Pres 448 SCRA 711 (05)

PART V: FUNDAMENTAL/INHERENT POWERS OF THE STATE:

.a. Eminent Domain--- vs. Sec. 9 of Art. III, Sec. 18 of Art XII and Sec. 22 of Art. XVIII of
the 1987 Constitution

Cases: Inherent Definition/Concept :
- Republic vs. Vda de Castellvi, 58 SCRA 336, 350-352

SEE ALSO CASES : (Supra)

-Republic v.Sandiganbayan, 484 SCRA 119 (06)
-Republic vs. Lim, 462 SCRA 215 (05)see also Makati vs.
CA

b. Police Power (meaning and concept)
Constitution

Cases: Definition/Concept:

- Ermita-Malate Hotel vs. Manila Mayor L-24693,
7/31/67
- MMDA vs. Bel-Air Assoc. G.R. No. 135962, 3/27/ 2000
- Magtajas vs. Pryce Properties, 234 SCRA 255



c. Power of Taxation


PART VI- LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT


Legislative power; definition and its scope:
Congress:
Exception: powers reserved to the people thru systm of Initiative, referendum and
Recall
- Defensor-Santiago v. Comelec, GR 127325, March 19, 1997
Indirect Initiative
- SBMA v. Comelec, Sept. 26, 1996
Regional/Local Legislative Power: ( Sec. 48. LGC of 1991)
nature of legislative power of local government unit-
Lina vs. Pano, Aug. 30,2001

Recall
- Garcia v. Comelec, Oct. 5, 1993
Loss of confidence, a political question
- Evardone v. Comelec, 204 SCRA 464, 472

-Classes of peoples initiative
-Classes of referendum

Senate (Composition; Qualifications; Term of office)

House of Representatives
Composition (District Representatives; Party-list Representatives)

Party-list Representatives
- Veterans Federation Party v. Comelec, G.R. No. 136781, October 6, 2000
-Partido Manggawa vs. Comelec, 484 SCRA 671 (06)
-CIBAC vs. Comelec- G.R. No. 172103, April 13, 2007

Distinguish to the 2009 case of Banat vs. Comelec, GR. No. 179271, April 21, 2009; also Bayan
vs. Comelec, G.R. No. 179295, April 21, 2009;

Apportionment of Legislative Districts
- Mariano v. Comelec, 242 SCRA 211
- Montejo v. Comelec, GR 118702, Mar. 19, 1995
Gerrymandering
Doctrine of Equal Representation

Qualifications

Natural-born
- Bengson v. HRET, G.R. No. 142840, May 7, 2001

Term of office

Privileges
Freedom from Arrest
Parliamentary Immunity

- Jimenez v. Cabangbang, 17 SCRA 714

Pp vs. Jalosjos, 324 SCRA 689


Quorum:
Santiago vs. Guingona, 298 SCRA 756
Pp vs. Jalosjos (supra)
Avelino vs. Cruz, 83 Phil. 17
Disqualifications and Inhibitions
Effect of Imprisonment
- People v. Jalosjos, G.R. Nos. 132875-76, February 3, 2000

Discipline of members
Suspension vs. Preventive Suspension
Osmena vs. Pendatun
Santiago v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 128055. April 18, 2001

Electoral Tribunals
Composition
- Bondoc v. Pineda, 201 SCRA 792
Powers
- Aquino v. Comelec, Sept. 18, 1995
- Sampayan v. Daza, 213 SCRA 807
Jurisdiction over Proclamation Controversy
- Caruncho v. Comelec, G.R. No. 135996, September 30, 1999

Commission on Appointments (CA)
Nature of CA and Composition
- Guingona v. Gonzales, 214 SCRA 789
Powers and Function
- Sarmiento v. Mison, 156 SCRA 549
Independence of CA
Power of Legislative Investigation in aid of legislation
- Senate v. Ermita (E.O.464), G.R. No. 169777
- Bengzon v. Senate Blue Ribbon Committee, 203 SCRA 767
- Gudani vs. Senga
Oversight function of Congress (Sec.22 Art. 6 , 1987 Constitution)
Principle of Question hour

Power to declare existence of state of war
- Sanlakas vs. Executive Secretary
- David vs. Arroyo, G.R. No. 171396, May 3, 2006


PART VII- EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT

I. Executive power; definition and scope
a.. Privileges Inhibition and Disqualifications

b. Presidential Immunity: meaning and scope
Estrada vs. Desierto, March 2, 2001
Romualdez vs. Sandiganbayan, July 29, 2004
Non-sitting Presidents immunity: In re: petition for writ of amparo and habeas data of
Noriel Rodriguez etc. vs. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, et.al., November 15, 2011

c. Presidential/Executive Privilege
Definition/scope
Kinds of executive privilege

d. Executive and Administrative Powers in General of a President
Distinguish exec.power from admin. Power
(Art.VII, Sec.1 and Sec. 17, 1987 Constitution)
e. Power of Appointment; Definition in general

Kinds of Presidential appointments-
Cases and legal basis : Sec. 14, Art.VII;
General vs. Urro, March 29,2011
Sana vs. Career Exec. Service Board, Nov. 15 2011

Appointments solely made by President- read Sec. 16, Art. VII, 1987 Constitution

f. Role of Commission on Appointments over appointments made by President
-(See Sec. 16, Art.VII, 1987 Constitution)
- Sarmiento vs. Mison, Dec.17, 1987
- Sec.8(2), Art VIII, 1987 Constitution
- Sec, 1(2), Art.IX-B
- Quintos-Deles vs. Commission on Appointments, Sept. 4, 1989
Compare above with the following provisions and cases:
- Sec. 9, Art. VIII
- Sec. 9 Art. XI
- Commissioner of Customs (based on the case of Sarmiento vs. Mison, supra
- Bautista vs. Salonga, April 13, 1989
- Soriano vs. Lista, March 24, 2003

By-passed appointment and its effect: see the case of Matibag vs. Benipayo, April 2,
2002
Midnight appointment: Sec.15, Art.VII, 1987 Constitution
Read the case of De Castro vs. Judicial and Bar Council, April 20,
2010.

g. Power of Control and Supervision-
Mondana vs. Silvosa, May 30, 1955

h. Doctrine of Qualified Political Agency
Villena vs. Sec. of Interior, April 21, 1939
Lacson-Magallanes vs. Pano, Nov. 17, 1967
i. Military Powers

j. Pardoning powers: Nature and limitations

Different forms of executive clemency
Pardon vs. amnesty
Other forms of executive clemency
k. Diplomatic power
l. Delegated power of the President
emergency power; scope;nature and conditions
m. Succession

PART VIII- JUDICIARY

- Defensor-Santiago v. Guingona, GR 134577, Nov. 18, 1998
- Francisco v. House of Representatives, GR 160261, Nov. 10, 2003

Judicial Supremacy vs. Constitutional Supremacy

Political vs. Justiciable Question
-
- Sanidad v. Comelec, 73 SCRA 333
- Estrada v. Arroyo, G.R. No. 146738, March 2, 2001
- Brillantes v. Concepcion, GR 163193, June 15, 2004

Presumption of Constitutionality
- Lim v. Pacquing, GR 115044, Jan. 27, 1995

REQUISITES OF JUDICIAL REVIEW:
Concepts:
a. What is Judicial Power?
Concept of this power
b. What is Judicial Review? Concept and its requisites

Actual Case or Controversy
- Board of Optometry v. Colet, GR 122241, July 30, 1996
- Mariano v. Comelec, 242 SCRA 211
- Fernandez v. Torres, 215 SCRA 489


Ripeness

Mootness- Concept of moot questions and its rules
Deutsche Bank AG vs. CA , Feb. 27, 2012
Exception on the mootness rule
Navarro et.al. vs. Exec. Secretary, April 12, 2011
David v. Macapagal-Arroyo (PP1017), GR 171396, May 3, 2006

2. Proper Party

Transcendental importance to the public
- Tatad v. Garcia, 243 SCRA 436
- Kilosbayan v. Guingona, 232 SCRA 110
- Kilosbayan v. Morato, 246 SCRA 540
- Kilosbayan v. Morato (Recon.), GR 118910, Nov. 16, 1995

Standing of members of Congress
- Philconsa v. Enriquez, 235 SCRA 506
- Bagatsing v. Committee on Privatization, GR 112399, July 14, 1995
- Senate vs. Ermita

Standing of Integrated Bar of the Philippines
- IBP v. Zamora, G.R. No. 141284, August 15, 2000

Standing of the Government to question its own laws
- People v. Vera, 65 Phil. 56

Taxpayers Suits
- Bayan v. Zamora, G.R. No. 138570, October 10, 2000
- Gonzales v. Narvasa, G.R. No. 140835, August 14, 2000

3. Question must be raised at the earliest possible opportunity

4. Constitutional question must the very "lis mota" of the case

Doctrine of Purposeful Hesitation
- Drilon v. Lim, GR 112497, Aug. 4, 1994

Functions of Judicial Review

Effects of Declaration of Unconstitutionality
Doctrine of Operative Fact
- Republic v. CA, GR 79732, Nov. 8, 1993