Viscous correction for the viscous potential ow analysis

of KelvinHelmholtz instability of cylindrical ow with heat

and mass transfer
Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
a,
, Rishi Asthana
b
, G.S. Agrawal
c
a
Department of Mathematics, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun 248007, India
b
Department of Mathematics, BML Munjal University, 122413, India
c
Institute of Computer Application, Manglayatan University, Aligarh 202145, India
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Received 9 June 2013
Received in revised form 21 May 2014
Accepted 28 June 2014
Available online 18 July 2014
Keywords:
KelvinHelmholtz instability
Cylindrical ow
Viscous potential ow
Viscous correction
Heat and mass transfer
a b s t r a c t
We study the linear KelvinHelmholtz instability of the interface between two viscous and incompress-
ible uids, when the phases are enclosed between two horizontal cylindrical surfaces coaxial with the
interface in presence of mass and heat transfer across the interface. Here we use an irrotational theory
known as viscous correction for the viscous potential ow theory; in which the discontinuities in the
irrotational tangential velocity and shear stress are eliminated in the global energy balance by taking
viscous contributions to the irrotational pressure. Both asymmetric and axisymmetric disturbances have
been studied and stability criterion is given in terms of a critical value of relative velocity. It has been
shown that the irrotational viscous ow with viscous correction gives rise to exactly the same dispersion
relation as obtained by the dissipation method in which the viscous effect is accounted for by evaluating
viscous dissipation using the irrotational ow. It has been observed that heat and mass transfer has
destabilizing effect while irrotational shearing stresses stabilize the system.
2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
The heat and mass transfer phenomenon in multiphase ows
has received much attention in recent years because of its wide
range of applications in many situations such as boiling heat trans-
fer in chemical engineering and in geophysical problems. Linear
stability analysis of the physical system consisting of a vapor layer
underlying a liquid layer of an inviscid uid was carried out by
Hsieh [1]. He observed that the heat and mass transfer phenome-
non enhances the stability of the system if the vapor layer is hotter
than the liquid layer. Khodaparast et al. [2] restudied the linear sta-
bility analysis of a liquidvapor interface but they considered
liquid as viscous and motionless and vapor as inviscid moving with
a horizontal velocity. Nonlinear KelvinHelmholtz instability of
liquidvapor interface of an inviscid uid was performed by Lee
[3]. He concluded that when the uids are inviscid, the linear sta-
bility analysis does not affected by heat transfer coefcient but it
plays a crucial role in the nonlinear stability analysis.
In recent years, a great deal of interest has been focused on the
understanding of the stability of uids ows in cylindrical geometry
because cylindrical geometry is associated with the problems
related to liquid jets and cooling of fuel rods by liquid coolants in
the nuclear reactor. The linear analysis of KelvinHelmholtz
instability of cylindrical ow with a shear layer was studied by
Wu and Wang [4]. The effect of heat and mass transfer on the
KelvinHelmholtz instability of miscible and inviscid uids in
cylindrical geometry was considered by a number of researchers
(see [58]). They found that in the linear analysis, the stability cri-
terion was independent of the heat and mass transfer coefcient.
A ow is called irrotational ow if uid particles do not rotate
about their own axis when they are owing in a streamline. Hence,
the rotational vector for this ow is zero i.e. r u = 0 and velocity
can be expressed as gradient of potential function. Therefore, the
viscous term i.e. lr
2
u in the NavierStokes equation is identically
zero but the viscosity is not zero, where l denotes the viscosity and
u denotes the velocity of the uid ow. The irrotational theory
which includes the effect of normal viscous stresses at the interface
is called viscous potential ow (VPF) theory. The linear analysis of
KelvinHelmholtz stability of superposed uniform streams in
rectangular ducts was considered by Funada and Joseph [9]. They
used viscous potential ow theory and observed that the results
are in good agreement with experiments when the liquid layer is
thin, but it over-predicts the data when the liquid layer is thick.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2014.06.082
0017-9310/ 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Corresponding author. Tel.: +91 01332 285157.

E-mail address: mukeshiitr.kumar@gmail.com (M.K. Awasthi).
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 78 (2014) 251259
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer
j our nal homepage: www. el sevi er . com/ l ocat e/ i j hmt
The viscous potential ow theory of KelvinHelmholtz instability
of cylindrical ow was studied by Awasthi and Agrawal [10]. They
observed that the viscous effect stabilizes the interface.
The study of heat and mass transfer on the KelvinHelmholtz
instability of miscible uids using viscous potential ow theory
was made by Asthana and Agrawal [11]. They observed that heat
and mass transfer has a strong stabilizing effect when the lower
uid is highly viscous and a weak destabilizing effect when the
uids viscosity is low. Kim et al. [12] has studied the capillary
instability including the effect of interfacial heat and mass transfer
and noted that the interfacial heat and mass transfer phenomenon
resists the growth of disturbance waves. Awasthi and Agrawal [13]
studied the nonlinear effects on the capillary instability when the
uids are miscible and viscous and concluded that the nonlinearity
reduces the region of stability. Chan et al. [14] considered the
KelvinHelmholtz instability of non-reacting and reacting strati-
ed gas ows injected sonically into a liquid with mass transfer.
The linear instability analysis of the interface of a stratied gas
liquid two-phase ow in a circular piper using a two-uid model
was studied by Guo et al. [15].
The viscous stresses in a ow eld can be divided into two
parts; tangential and normal stresses. If the ow is irrotational,
the viscous term in the NavierStokes equation is zero but the vis-
cous stresses are not zero. In the VPF theory, we assume that the
tangential part of viscous stresses is zero in case of free surface
problems but it is not possible in practical situations. To incorpo-
rate this discontinuity, Wang et al. [16] included an extra pressure
term known as viscous pressure and using the global energy
balance, it has been found that this viscous pressure term will
incorporate the effect of tangential stresses. This theory is called
viscous corrections for the viscous potential ow (VCVPF) theory.
Awasthi et al. [17] have studied the effect of viscous pressure on
the KelvinHelmholtz instability of two viscous uids and found
that irrotational tangential stresses have stabilizing effect. It has
observed that in case of immiscible and viscous uids, the stability
criterion is same for both VPF and VCVPF theories [1820]. If we
take the miscible uids and there is heat and mass transfer across
the interface, the effect of viscous pressure increases the stability
of the system [2125].
Recently, Asthana et al. [26] studied the effect of heat and mass
transfer on the KelvinHelmholtz instability of cylindrical ow
using viscous potential ow theory where they have taken irrota-
tional normal stresses into the account but shearing stresses have
not been considered.
In the present work, an attempt has been made to study the
effect of the irrotational viscous stresses on the KelvinHelmholtz
instability of the interface between two viscous uids, when the
phases are enclosed between two horizontal cylindrical surfaces
coaxial with the interface and in presence of heat and mass trans-
fer across the interface. To include the effect of shearing stresses,
the viscous pressure is included in the normal stress balance. In
the Section 2 mathematical formulation of the problem has been
given. The formulation for the viscous correction has been derived
in Section 3 and it has been used to compute growth rates for
KelvinHelmholtz instability of cylindrical ow when there is heat
and mass transfer across the interface. The normal mode technique
has been used to solve the governing equations and its details are
presented in Section 4. A dispersion relation is derived in Section 5
and stability is discussed theoretically as well as numerically. The
RouthHurwitz criterion has been used to obtain the stability con-
ditions and a critical value of the relative velocity has been
obtained. The dispersion relation using dissipation calculation is
derived in Sections 6. In Sections 7 and 8 we reduced the case of
RayleighTaylor instability and obtained non-dimensional form
of the dispersion relation. The effect of the irrotational shearing
stresses and heat and mass transfer on growth rates is studied.
Various neutral curves have been drawn to show the effect of var-
ious physical parameters such as the Reynolds number and heat
transfer coefcient on the stability of the system in Section 9. It
has been shown that the irrotational viscous ow with viscous cor-
rections gives rise to exactly the same dispersion relation as
obtained by the dissipation method in which the viscous effect is
accounted for by evaluating viscous dissipation using the irrota-
tional ow. Finally, a comparison has been made between the
results of present study with the results obtained by Lee [8] for
inviscid potential analysis.
2. Problem formulation
Consider the parallel ow of two incompressible, thermally
conducting and viscous uids, separated by a cylindrical interface
r = R, in an annular conguration as shown in Fig. 1. A cylindrical
system of coordinates (r, h, z) is assumed so that in the equilibrium
state z-axis is the axis of symmetry of the system. In the formula-
tion the superscripts 1 and 2 denote the variables associated with
the uid inside and outside the interface, respectively. In undis-
turbed state, viscous uid layer of thickness h
1
, density q
(1)
and
viscosity l
(1)
occupies the inner region r
1
< r < R and viscous uid
layer of thickness h
2
, density q
(2)
and viscosity l
(2)
occupies the
outer region R < r < r
2
where h
1
= R r
1
and h
2
= r
2
R. The inside
and outside uids have uniform velocities U
1
and U
2
, respectively
along z-axis. Surface tension at the interface is r. The bounding
surfaces r = r
1
and r = r
2
are considered to be rigid. The tempera-
tures at r r
1
; r R and r = r
2
are T
1
; T
0
and T
2
respectively. Both
uids are assumed to be incompressible and irrotational.
On applying the small disturbances to the equilibrium state, the
interface can be expressed as
Fr; h; z; t r R gh; z; t 0 1
where g is the varicose interface displacement, and for which the
outward unit normal vector is given by
n 1
1
r
@g
@h
_ _
2

@g
@z
_ _
2
_ _
1=2
e
r

1
r
@g
@h
e
h

@g
@z
e
z
_ _
2
where e
r
, e
h
and e
z
are unit vectors along the r, h and z directions,
respectively.
Our analysis is based on the potential ow theory, therefore;
velocity can be expressed as the gradient of the potential function
i.e.
u
j
r/
j
; j 1; 2 3
For incompressible uids, the density is constant; the continuity
equation takes the form:
r u
j
0 4
Combining Eqs. (3) and (4), we have
r
2
/
j
0; j 1; 2 5
where r
2

@
2
@r
2

1
r
@
@r

1
r
2
@
2
@h
2

@
2
@z
2
.
The boundary conditions at the rigid cylindrical surfaces r = r
1
and r = r
2
are given by
@/
1
@r
0 at r r
1
6
@/
2
@r
0 at r r
2
7
The interfacial condition, which expresses the conservation of mass
across the interface, is given by the equation [1]
q
1
@F
@t
r/
1
rF
_ _
q
2
@F
@t
r/
2
rF
_ _
at r R g
8
252 M.K. Awasthi et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 78 (2014) 251259
The quantities on the left and right sides of Eq. (8) represent the
masses of two uids owing across the interface. Since there is no
interfacial material source, they naturally should be equal.
In the present analysis, we have assumed that the amount of
latent heat released depends mainly on the instantaneous position
of the interface. Therefore, the interfacial condition for energy
transfer is expressed as
Lq
1
@F
@t
r/
1
rF
_ _
Sg; at r R g 9
where L is the latent heat released during phase transformation and
S(g) denotes the net heat ux from the interface.
In the equilibriumstate, the heat uxes in positive r-direction in
the uid phases 1 and 2 are K
1
T
1
T
0
=R lnR
1
=R and
K
2
T
0
T
2
=R lnR=R
2
, respectively where K
1
and K
2
denote the
heat conductivities of the two uids. The expression for net heat
ux S(g) can be written as [5]
Sg
K
2
T
0
T
2

R g lnr
2
ln R g

K
1
T
1
T
0

R g lnR g lnr
1

10
On expanding S(g) in the neighborhood of g = 0, we have
Sg S0 gS
0
0
1
2
g
2
S
00
0
1
6
g
3
S
000
0 11
Since S(0) = 0 in the equilibrium condition, we obtain from Eq. (10):
K
2
T
0
T
2

Rlnr
2
=R

K
1
T
1
T
0

RlnR=r
1

G; where G is a constant 12
Since the uids are miscible and there is heat and mass transfer
across the interface, the interfacial condition for conservation of
momentum will take the form
q
1
r/
1
rF
_ _
@F
@t
r/
1
rF
_ _
q
2
r/
2
rF
_ _
@F
@t
r/
2
rF
_ _
p
2
p
1
2l
2
n rr/
2
n
_
2l
1
n rr/
1
nrr n
_
jrFj
2
at
r Rg 13
where p
j
(j = 1, 2) is the pressure for inside and outside uid, respec-
tively and r represents the surface tension. Here denotes the dya-
dic product of vectors.
The uids are owing with the uniform velocities U
1
and U
2
,
respectively along z-axis. Therefore, in initial state, the potential
function can be written as
/
j
0
U
j
z; j 1; 2 14
3. Viscous correction for the viscous potential ow
The viscous correction for the viscous potential ow analysis is
another irrotational theory in which the shear stresses do not
vanish. However, the shear stress in the energy balance can be
calculated in the mean by the selection of an irrotational pressure
which depends on viscosity.
Here we have ignored the small deformation g in the linear
analysis. Let n
1
= e
r
be the unit outward normal at the interface
for the inner uid and n
2
= n
1
is the unit outward normal for
the outer uid; and t = e
z
be the unit tangent vector. We use the
superscripts v for viscous and i for irrotational, respectively.
The normal and shear parts of the viscous stress are represented
by s
n
and s
s
, respectively.
The mechanical energy equations for outside and inside uids
are, respectively.
d
dt
_
V
2
q
2
2
ju
2
j
2
dV
_
A
u
2
T n
2
dA
_
V
2
2l
2
D
2
: D
2
dV

_
A
u
2
n
1
p
i
2
s
n
2
u
2
ts
s
2
_ _
dV

_
V
2
2l
2
D
2
: D
2
dV 15
d
dt
_
V
1
q
1
2
ju
1
j
2
dV
_
A
u
1
T n
1
dA
_
V
1
2l
1
D
1
: D
1
dV

_
A
u
1
n
1
p
i
1
s
n
1
u
1
ts
s
1
_ _
dV

_
V
1
2l
1
D
1
: D
1
dV 16
where D
j
(j = 1, 2) is the symmetric part of the rate of strain tensor
for inside and outside uids, respectively.
As the normal velocities are continuous at the interface, we
have
u
2
n
1
u
1
n
1
u
n
the sum of Eqs. (15) and (16) can be written as
d
dt
_
V
2
q
2
2
ju
2
j
2
dV
d
dt
_
V
1
q
1
2
ju
1
j
2
dV

_
A
u
n
p
i
1
s
n
1
p
i
2
s
n
2
u
2
ts
s
2
u
1
ts
s
1
_ _
dA

_
V
2
2l
2
D
2
: D
2
dV
_
V
1
2l
1
D
1
: D
1
dV 17
On introducing the two viscous pressure correction terms p
v
1
and p
v
2
for the inner and outer side of the ow region, we can resolve the
discontinuity of the shear stress and tangential velocity at the
interface, so
s
s
1
s
s
2
s
s
and u
2
t u
1
t u
s
We assume that the boundary layer approximation has a negligible
effect on the ow in the bulk liquid but it changes the pressure and
continuity conditions at the interface. Hence, the Eq. (17) becomes
z
2
U
(1)

(2)

(1)

r R =
1
r r =
2
r r =
(2)

0
T T =
2
T T =
1
T T =
1
U
Fig. 1. The equilibrium conguration of the uid system.
M.K. Awasthi et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 78 (2014) 251259 253
d
dt
_
V
2
q
2
2
ju
2
j
2
dV
d
dt
_
V
1
q
1
2
ju
1
j
2
dV

_
A
u
n
p
i
1
p
v
1
s
n
1
p
i
2
p
v
2
s
n
2
_ _ _ _
dA
_
V
2
2l
2
D
2
: D
2
dV

_
V
1
2l
1
D
1
: D
1
dV 18
Now we can obtain an equation which relates the pressure
corrections to the uncompensated irrotational shear stresses by
comparing Eqs. (17) and (18)
_
A
u
n
p
v
1
p
v
2
dA
_
A
u
1
ts
s
1
u
2
ts
s
2
_ _
dA 19
It has been shown by Wang et al. [14] that in linearized problems,
the governing equation for the pressure corrections is given by
r
2
p
v
j
0 for j 1; 2 20
Using the normal mode method, the solution of Eq. (20) can be
written as
p
v
1
C
k
iI
n
kr E
k
iK
n
kr expikz nh xt 21
p
v
2
D
k
iI
n
kr F
k
iK
n
kr expikz nh xt 22
Here I
n
(kr) and K
n
(kr) denote the modied Bessel functions of the
rst kind and second kind of order n, respectively, i

1
p
and
C
k
, E
k
, D
k
, F
k
all denote complex constants.
At the interface r = R the difference in the viscous pressure is
expressed as
p
v
1
p
v
2
C
k
D
k
iI
n
kR E
k
F
k
iK
n
kR f g
exp i kz nh xt 23
The equation of conservation of momentum (13) on including the
viscous pressure can be written as:
q
1
r/
1
rF
_ _
@F
@t
r/
1
rF
_ _
q
2
r/
2
rF
_ _
@F
@t
r/
2
rF
_ _
p
i
2
p
v
2
p
i
1
p
v
1
2l
2
n r r/
2
n
_
2l
1
n r r/
1
n rr n
_
jrFj
2
at
r R g 24
4. Linearization and normal mode analysis
In the present analysis, both axisymmetric as well as asymmet-
ric disturbances have been considered. For linearization, rst we
have expanded Eqs. (6), (7), and (11) using Eq. (1) for F and the
variables g and /
(j)
appearing in the equations are expressed in a
Maclaurin series around r = R. Now, the small disturbances are
imposed on these equations and retaining the linear terms we
get the following equations at the interface r = R;
q
1
@/
1
@r

@g
@t

@g
@z
@/
1
0
@z
_ _
q
2
@/
2
@r

@g
@t

@g
@z
@/
2
0
@z
_ _
25
q
1
@/
1
@r

@g
@t

@g
@z
@/
1
0
@z
_ _
ag 26
q
2
@/
2
@ t

@/
2
@ z
@/
2
0
@z
_ _
p
v
2
2l
2
@
2
/
2
@r
2
_ _
q
1
@/
1
@t

@/
1
@z
@/
1
0
@z
_ _
p
v
1
2l
1
@
2
/
1
@r
2
_ _
r
g
R
2

1
R
2
@
2
g
@h
2

@
2
g
@z
2
_ _
27
here the parameter a
G
LR
lnr
2
=r
1

lnR=4r
1
lnr
2
=R
which is obtained using
Eqs. (10)(12) together with Eq. (9).
The normal mode technique has been used to nd the solution
of the governing equations. We have considered the interface
elevation in the form:
g Cexp i kz nh xt c:c: 28
where C represents the amplitude of the surface wave, k denotes the
real wave number, n is the positive integer, xis the growth rate and
c.c. refers to the complex conjugate of the preceding term.
Now using normal mode analysis and using the boundary con-
ditions (25) and (26), the solution of Eq. (3) can be written as
/
1

1
k
a
q
1
ikU
1
ix
_ _
E
1
krC exp ikz nh xt c:c:29
/
2

1
k
a
q
2
ikU
2
ix
_ _
E
2
krC exp ikz nh xt c:c: 30
where
E
j
kR
I
n
krK
0
n
kr
j
I
0
n
kr
j
K
n
kr
I
0
n
kRK
0
n
kr
j
I
0
n
kr
j
K
0
n
kR
; j 1; 2
and symbols I
n
and K
n
are modied Bessels functions of the rst
and second kind of order n, respectively.
The contribution of irrotational shearing stresses will be
obtained by solving Eq. (19) along with Eq. (23). So we have
C
k
D
k
iI
n
kR E
k
F
k
iK
n
kR
2kC l
1
a
q
1
ikU
1
ix
_ _
E
1
kR
_
l
2
a
q
2
ikU
2
ix
_ _
E
2
kR
_
31
5. Dispersion relation
We have used the expressions of g; /
1
; /
2
and p
v
1
p
v
2
in
Eq. (27) to nd the dispersion relation which is a quadratic
equation expressed as follows
D x; k a
0
x
2
a
1
ib
1
x a
2
ib
2
0 32
where
a
0
q
1
E
1
kR q
2
E
2
kR
a
1
2kq
1
U
1
E
1
kR q
2
U
2
E
2
kR
b
1
a E
1
kR E
2
kR
_ _
2k
2
l
1
F
1
kR E
1
kR
_ _ _
l
2
F
2
kR E
2
kR
_ __
a
2
k
2
q
1
U
2
1
E
1
kR q
2
U
2
2
E
2
kR
_ _

rk 1n
2
k
2
R
2
_ _
R
2
2k
2
a
l
1
q
1
F
1
kR E
1
kR
_ _

l
2
q
2
F
2
kR E
2
kR
_ _
_ _
b
2
ak U
1
E
1
kR U
2
F
2
kR
_ _
2k
3
l
1
U
1
F
1
kR E
1
kR
_ _ _
l
2
U
2
F
2
kR E
2
kR
_ __
Here F
(1)
(kR) and F
(2)
(kR) stands for the expressions
F
1
kR 1
n
2
k
2
R
2
_ _
E
1
kR
1
kR
;
F
2
kR 1
n
2
k
2
R
2
_ _
E
2
kR
1
kR
If both uids are inviscid i.e. l
(1)
= l
(2)
= 0, the dispersion relation
for inviscid potential ow (IPF) can be written as
254 M.K. Awasthi et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 78 (2014) 251259
q
1
E
1
kR q
2
E
2
kR
_ _
x
2
2k q
1
U
1
E
1
kR q
2
U
2
E
2
kR
_ _
i a E
1
kR E
2
kR
_ _ _ _ _ _
x
k
2
q
1
U
2
1
E
1
kR q
2
U
2
2
E
2
kR
_ _

rk 1n
2
k
2
R
2
_ _
R
2
_
_
i akU
1
E
1
kR U
2
F
2
kR
_ __
0 33
This is the same dispersion relation as obtained by Nayak and
Chakraborty [5]. If we consider only axisymmetric disturbances
(n = 0), Eq. (33) reduces in the same expression as obtained by Lee
[8] for linear analysis.
Let x= x
R
+ ix
I
, and separating the real and imaginary parts of
Eq. (33), we have
a
0
x
2
R
x
2
I
_ _
a
1
x
R
b
1
x
I
a
2
0 34
x
R

a
1
x
I
b
2
2a
0
x
I
b
1
35
If we eliminate x
R
from above two equations, we obtained a quartic
equation in x
I
as
A
4
x
4
I
A
3
x
3
I
A
2
x
2
I
A
1
x
I
A
0
0 36
where
A
4
4a
3
0
; A
3
8a
2
0
b
1
; A
2
4a
2
0
a
2
5a
0
b
2
1
a
0
a
2
1
A
1
4a
0
a
2
b
1
b
3
1
a
2
1
b
1
; A
0
a
0
b
2
2
a
1
b
1
b
2
a
2
b
2
1
From Eq. (36), the maximum growth rate (x
I
)
m
and corresponding
wave number k
m
can be easily obtained. We know that for the
neutral stability, x
I
= 0 and therefore, the marginal stability curve
can be obtained by the expression A
0
= 0, which in turn implies that
a
0
b
2
2
a
1
b
1
b
2
a
2
b
2
1
0 37
Eliminating the values of a
0
, a
1
, b
1
, a
2
, b
2
from the above equation,
we get the expression for the relative velocity given as follows
a
2
k
2
E
1
kRE
2
kRq
1
E
2
kR q
2
E
1
kR
_
4k
6
q
1
l
2
2
E
1
kRF
2
kR E
2
kR
2
_
q
2
l
1
2
E
2
kRF
1
kR E
1
kR
2
_
4ak
4
q
1
l
2
E
1
kRE
2
kR F
2
kR E
2
kR
_ _ _
q
2
l
1
E
1
kRE
2
kR F
1
kR E
1
kR
_ ___
V
2
2ak
2
l
1
q
1
F
1
kR E
1
kR
l
2
q
2
F
2
kR E
2
kR
_ _ _
rk k
2

n
2
1
R
2
_ __
aE
1
kR E
2
kR
_
2k
2
l
1
F
1
kR E
1
kR
_ _ _ _
l
2
F
2
kR E
2
kR
_ __
2
38
Here relative velocity V is given by V = U
2
U
1
.
From this expression we can draw the neutral curves which
separate the stable and unstable region.
6. Dissipation calculation for KelvinHelmholtz instability of
cylindrical ow with heat and mass transfer
In this section, we will obtain the dispersion relation for
KelvinHelmholtz instability of cylindrical ow with heat and
mass transfer using dissipation method. The dissipation method
is a way to include viscous effects into solution assuming potential
ows. Funada et al. [18] showed that the dissipation calculation
gives the same growth rate as VCVPF for Jet instability involving
a gas and a viscous uid. Here we obtained the dissipation calcula-
tion for KelvinHelmholtz instability of cylindrical ow with heat
and mass transfer.
The sum of the mechanical energy equations of the interior and
exterior uids can be written as
d
dt
_
V
2
q
2
2
ju
2
j
2
dV
d
dt
_
V
1
q
1
2
ju
1
j
2
dV

_
A
u
n
p
i
1
s
n
1
p
i
2
s
n
2
u
2
ts
s
2
u
1
ts
s
1
_
dA

_
V
2
2l
2
D
2
: D
2
dV
_
V
1
2l
1
D
1
: D
1
dV 39
We have considering the annular cylinder enclosed by the surfaces
r = r
1
and r = R; the length of the cylinder is k. So the volume of the
inner cylinder is given by, V
1

_
2p
0
_
R
r
1
_
zk
z
rdhdrdz.
Similarly the volume of the outer cylinder can be written as
V
2

_
2p
0
_
r
2
R
_
zk
z
rdhdrdz.
The linear form of the equation of conservation of momentum is
given as;
p
2
s
n
2
p
1
s
n
2
r
@
2
g
@z
2

1
R
2
@
2
g
@h
2

g
R
2
_ _
40
and the continuity of tangential velocity and stresses at the
interface is given by:
u
2
t u
1
t u
s
; s
s
2
s
s
1
s
s
41
At the same time, the ows in the bulk of the uids are approxi-
mated by potential ow, for which the following identity can be
easily proved:
_
V
2lD : DdV
_
A
n 2lD udA 42
where A is the surface of V and n is the unit outward normal.
Inserting (40)-(42) into (39), we obtain
d
dt
_
V
2
q
2
2
ju
2
j
2
dV
d
dt
_
V
1
q
1
2
ju
1
j
2
dV

_
A
u
n
r
@
2
g
@z
2

1
R
2
@
2
g
@h
2

g
R
2
_ _ _ _
dA
_
A
n
1
2l
2
D
2
u
2
dA

_
A
n
1
2l
1
D
1
u
1
dA 43
The integrals in (43) are evaluated as
d
dt
_
V
2
q
2
2
ju
2
j
2
dV
_
2p
0
_
zk
z
_
r
2
R
q
2
2
@
@t
U
2
@
@z
_ _
ju
2
j
2
rdhdzdr
pq
2
k
R
k
2ikU
2
2ix
a
q
2
ikU
2
ix
_ _

a
q
2
ikU
2
i x
_ _
jCj
2
E
2
kRexp i xx t
44
d
dt
_
V
1
q
1
2
ju
1
j
2
dV
_
2p
0
_
zk
z
_
R
r
1
q
1
2
@
@t
U
1
@
@z
_ _
ju
1
j
2
rdhdzdr
pq
1
k
R
k
2ikU
1
2ix
a
q
1
ikU
1
ix
_ _

a
q
1
ikU
1
i x
_ _
jCj
2
E
1
kRexpi xxt
45
M.K. Awasthi et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 78 (2014) 251259 255
_
A
u
n
r
@
2
g
@z
2

1
R
2
@
2
g
@h
2

g
R
2
_ _ _ _
dA

_
2p
0
dh
_
zk
z
r k
2

n
2
R
2

1
R
2
_ _
a
q
1
ikU
1
i x
_ _
jCj
2
E
10
kR
exp i xxt rdz
2pkRr k
2

n
2
R
2

1
R
2
_ _
a
q
1
ikU
1
i x
_ _
jCj
2
exp i xx t 46
_
A
n
1
2l
2
D
2
u
2
dA 4pkl
2
kR
a
q
2
ikU
2
ix
_ _

a
q
2
ikU
2
i

x
_ _
jCj
2
F
2
kR
E
2
kR expi

xxt 47
_
A
n
1
2l
1
D
1
u
1
dA 4pkl
1
kR
a
q
1
ikU
1
ix
_ _

a
q
1
ikU
1
i x
_ _
jCj
2
F
1
kR
E
1
kR expi xxt 48
Inserting the Eqs. (44)(48) into (43) and using the continuity of
normal velocity, we get the expression:
q
1
a
q
1
ikU
1
ix
_ _
ikU
1
ix E
1
kR
q
2
a
q
2
ikU
2
ix
_ _
ikU
2
ix E
2
kR
kr k
2

n
2
R
2

1
R
2
_ _
2l
2
k
2
a
q
2
ikU
2
ix
_ _
F
2
kR E
2
kR
_ _
2l
1
k
2
a
q
1
ikU
1
ix
_ _
F
1
kR E
1
kR
_ _
49
The dispersion relation (49) is the same dispersion relation as one
obtained by VCVPF analysis (Eq. (32)).
7. RayleighTaylor instability
Awasthi [27] considered the nonlinear RayleighTaylor instabil-
ity of cylindrical ow when there is mass and heat transfer across
the interface. Here, we can reduce the dispersion relation for linear
RayleighTaylor instability of cylindrical ow in the presence of
mass and heat transfer.
Let us consider that the uids are at rest initially i.e. U
1
= U
2
= 0
and so the relative velocity V = 0.
Therefore, the stability condition (38) reduces to
k
2

1 n
2

R
2

2ak
r
l
1
q
1
F
1
kR E
1
kR
_ _
_

l
2
q
2
F
2
kR E
2
kR
_ _
_
50
Using the properties of modied Bessels functions, for a given k,
E
1
(kR), F
1
(kR) > 0 and E
2
(kR), F
2
(kR) < 0 because r
1
< R and R < r
2
.
Hence, from the above expression, it can be easily concluded that
if n P1, system will be always stable. It can also be seen that if
uids are inviscid i.e. l
(1)
= l
(2)
= 0, heat transfer has no effect on
the RayleighTaylor instability.
For axisymmetric disturbances (n = 0), Eq. (50) can be written as
k
2

1
R
2

2ak
r
l
1
q
1
2E
1
kR
1
kR
_ _

l
2
q
2
2E
2
kR
1
kR
_ _ _ _
51
If we neglect the effect of irrotational shearing stresses, we have
k
2

1
R
2

2ak
r
l
1
q
1
E
1
kR
1
kR
_ _

l
2
q
2
E
2
kR
1
kR
_ _ _ _
52
We have used NewtonRaphson method to calculate the value of k
from the Eqs. (51) and (52). It is observed that for the same set of
parameters, the wave number k for VCVPF solution is lower in
comparison with those obtained for VPF solution. The values of
wave number k for VPF solution as well as VCVPF solution are given
in Table 1. As k decreases, the region of stability (upper region)
grows and system becomes stable and therefore, VCVPF solution
is more stable.
8. Non-dimensional form of dispersion relation
Let h be the characteristic length and U
0
represents the
characteristic velocity. Then the non-dimensional forms of other
parameters are dened as:
^
k kh; ^ a
ah
U
0
q
2
; h r
2
r
1
;
^
h
2

h
2
h
;
^
h
1

h
1
h
u;
^
U
2

U
2
U
0
;
^
U
1

U
1
U
0
;
^
V
^
U
2

^
U
1
; l
q
1
q
2
; m
l
1
l
2
;
^ x
xh
U
0
; ^ r
r
q
2
hU
2
0
; m
2

l
2
q
2
; m
1

l
1
q
1
;
Re
hU
0
m
2
; ^z
z
h
;
^
R
R
h
; ^r
1

r
1
h
; ^r
2

r
2
h
Here Re denotes Reynolds number and m
(j)
(j = 1, 2) represents
kinematic viscosity for inside and outside uid respectively.
Changing the dispersion relation (30) into non dimensional
form, we get.
D
^
x;
^
k
^
a
0
^
x
2

^
a
1
i
^
b
1

^
x
^
a
2
i
^
b
2
0 53
where
^
a
0
lE
1

^
k
^
R E
2

^
k
^
R
a
1
2
^
k l
^
U
1
E
1

^
k
^
R
^
U
2
E
2

^
k
^
R
_ _
b
1
^ a E
1

^
k
^
R E
2

^
k
^
R
_ _

2
^
k
2
Re
mF
1

^
k
^
R E
1

^
k
^
R
_
F
2

^
k
^
R E
2

^
k
^
R
_ _
a
2

^
k
2
l
^
U
2
1
E
1

^
k
^
R
^
U
2
2
E
2

^
k
^
R
_ _

^ r
^
k 1 n
2

^
k
2^
R
2
_ _
^
R
2

2
^
k
2
^ a
Re
m
l
F
1

^
k
^
R E
1

^
k
^
R F
2

^
k
^
R E
2

^
k
^
R
_ _
b
2

^
a
^
k
^
U
1
E
1

^
k
^
R
^
U
2
E
2

^
k
^
R
2
^
k
3
Re
m
^
U
1
F
1

^
k
^
R E
1

^
k
^
R
_ _ _

^
U
2
F
2

^
k
^
R E
2

^
k
^
R
_ __
Eq. (41) in non-dimensional form is given by
Table 1
The wave number k obtained from the Eqs. (51) and (52) for watervapor system for
the different values of heat transfer coefcient a.
Heat transfer
coefcient (a)
Wave number k obtained
from Eq. (52)
(VPF Solution)
Wave number k obtained
from Eq. (52)
(VCVPF Solution)
1.0 0.9080 0.9060
2.0 0.9060 0.9030
3.0 0.9040 0.8990
4.0 0.9030 0.8950
5.0 0.9010 0.8920
256 M.K. Awasthi et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 78 (2014) 251259
^ a
2^
k
2
E
1
^
k
^
R
_ _
E
2
^
k
^
R
_ _
lE
2
^
k
^
R
_ _
E
1
^
k
^
R
_ _ _ _ _

4
^
k
6
Re
2
lE
1
^
k
^
R
_ _
F
2
^
k
^
R
_ _
E
2
^
k
^
R
_ _ _ _
2
_
m
2
E
2
^
k
^
R
_ _
F
1

^
k
^
R E
1

^
k
^
R
_ _
2
_

4
^
a
^
k
4
Re
lE
1
^
k
^
R
_ _
E
2
^
k
^
R
_ _
F
2

^
k
^
R E
2

^
k
^
R
_ _ _
mE
1
^
k
^
R
_ _
E
2
^
k
^
R
_ _
F
1

^
k
^
R E
1

^
k
^
R
_ ___
^
V
2

2
^
a
^
k
2
Re
m
l
F
1
^
k
^
R
_ _
E
1
^
k
^
R
_ _

_ _
F
2
^
k
^
R
_ _
E
2
^
k
^
R
_ _ _ _ _ _
_

^ r
^
k
^
R
2
1 n
2

^
k
2^
R
2
_ _
_
^
a E
1

^
k
^
R E
2

^
k
^
R
_ _

2
^
k
2
Re
mF
1

^
k
^
R
_
_
E
1

^
k
^
R F
2

^
k
^
R E
2
^
k
^
R
_ _ _ ___
2
0 54
9. Results and discussion
In this section, the numerical computation has been carried out
using the stability conditions presented in the previous section. We
have considered the situation when vapor is lying in the inner
region and liquid is lying in the outer region i.e. vapor is lying
under its own liquid. We are treating vapor as incompressible since
the Mach number is expected to be small. Following parametric
values have been taken for the numerical computation.
q
1
0:001gm=cm
3
; q
2
1:0gm=cm
3
; r
1
1cm; r
2
2cm
l
1
0:00001poise; l
2
0:01poise; r72:3dyne=cm
Since, the transfer of mass across the interface represents a trans-
formation of the uid from one phase to another, there is regularly
a latent heat associated with phase change. It is basically through
this interfacial coupling between the mass transfer and the release
of latent heat that the motion of uids is inuenced by the thermal
effects. Therefore, when there is mass transfer across the interface,
the transformation of heat in the uid has to be taken into the
account.
In Fig. 2, we have displayed the growth rate curves for the asym-
metric case (n 0) as well as axisymmetric case (n = 0). It has been
observed that the growth rate for asymmetric disturbances is lower
in comparison with those obtained for axisymmetric disturbances.
For a non-swirling (axisymmetric) ow, the disturbance propagates
directly down the pipe. The addition of swirl both causes the distur-
bance to spiral as it travels downstream and shears the perturba-
tion, increasing the dissipation rate. Therefore, the amplitudes of
asymmetric disturbances decay. This indicates that the axisymmet-
ric disturbances are more unstable than the asymmetric distur-
bances; however, the behavior is same. Hence, from now on we
are dealing with the axisymmetric disturbances.
The effect of heat transfer coefcient ^ a on the neutral curves for
relative velocity has been shown in Fig. 3. In this analysis, the phys-
ical system which we keep in the mind is the vaporliquid system.
Usually the vapor phase is hotter than the liquid phase; therefore,
^ a is always positive. Neutral curve for relative velocity divide the
plane into a stable region (below the curve) and an unstable region
(above the curve). As ^ a increases, the critical value of relative
velocity decreases and so the region of stability decreases. Hence,
it is concluded that the heat and mass transfer phenomenon impli-
cates a destabilizing effect on the growth of disturbance waves. As
heat transfer increases across the interface, more heat is trans-
ferred to a point at a trough and less heat is taken away from the
location, encouraging evaporation at the trough and making it
grow deeper into the liquid. This makes the interface unstable.
Fig. 4 shows the neutral curves for relative velocity for the dif-
ferent values of vapor fraction u when heat transfer coefcient
^ a 1:0. It has been observed that as the vapor fraction increases,
the stable region (upper region of the Figure) grows. Therefore,
the vapor fraction has a stabilizing effect on the stability of the sys-
tem. As vapor fraction increases, vapor pressure at crest will fall
below the equilibrium vapor pressure and evaporation will take
place. As a consequence of this, amplitudes of disturbance wave
will diminish and system becomes more stable.
The effect of Reynolds number on the neutral curves of the rel-
ative velocity has been illustrated in Fig. 5. As liquid density
increases, it will cause increment in evaporation. This additional
evaporation grows the amplitude of disturbance waves and system
gets destabilized. The Reynolds number is directly proportional to
the liquid density and therefore, Reynolds number has destabiliz-
ing effect on the stability of the system. In Fig. 6, the effect of vis-
cosity ratio of two uids on the critical relative velocity curves is
illustrated. It is observed that as the viscosity ratio increases, the
critical value of relative velocity decreases, hence, one may con-
clude that the viscosity ratio of two uids m has a destabilizing
effect on the growth of disturbance waves. As viscosity ratio m is
directly proportional to the vapor viscosity and inversely propor-
tional to the liquid viscosity and therefore, the vapor viscosity
increases the amplitudes of disturbance waves while liquid
5 10 15 20 25 30
8
10
12
14
16

I
Axisymmetric (n = 0)
Asymmetric(n = 1)
Asymmetric(n = 2)
Asymmetric(n = 3)
Fig. 2. The Growth rate curves for asymmetric and axisymmetric disturbances
when u 0:1; Re 100; ^ a 1:0.
Fig. 3. Neutral curves for relative velocity for different values of heat-transfer
coefcient ^ a when u = 0.1, Re = 100.
M.K. Awasthi et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 78 (2014) 251259 257
viscosity is stabilizing the interface. This is happening because if
we increase vapor viscosity by a small amount, the ow should
be impeded and system becomes more unstable.
10. Comparison with previous results
In this section, the results obtained for the viscous correction for
the viscous potential ow (VCVPF) analysis have been compared
with the results available in the literature.
In Fig. 7, we have plotted wave number k as a function of lower
uid thickness u for the inviscid potential ow analysis [10], vis-
cous potential ow analysis [26] and viscous contribution to the
viscous potential ow analysis (VCVPF) for U
2
= 2.0 cm/s and
a = 0.06 gm/cm
3
s. The neutral curves for wave number divide
the plane into a stable region (above the curve) and an unstable
region (below the curve). It should be noted that the neutral curve
obtained for VCVPF solution is below in comparison to the VPF
solution as well as IPF solution. Viscous contribution to the viscous
potential ow analysis contains the effect of both shearing stresses
as well as normal stresses while in viscous potential ow the effect
of shearing stresses is neglected. Inviscid potential ow ignores the
contribution of viscosity at all. In other words, we can say, the
effect of viscosity is more in VCVPF solution in comparison with
the other solutions like viscous potential ow solution or inviscid
potential ow solution. This indicates that VCVPF solution is more
stable than VPF as well as IPF solution. In other words, we can say
the inclusion of irrotational shearing stresses stabilize the system.
In the Tables 2 and 3, maximum growth rates (x
I
)
m
and corre-
sponding wave numbers k
m
have been compared for different val-
ues of heat transfer coefcient ^ a for the IPF, VPF and VCVPF
Fig. 4. Neutral curves for relative velocity for different values of vapor fraction u
when ^ a 1:0; Re 100.
0 20 40 60 80
0
500
1000
1500
2000

V
Re = 100
Re = 200
Re = 300
Re = 400
Re = 500
Unstable
Stable
Fig. 5. Neutral curves for relative velocity for different values of Reynolds number
Re when u 0:1; ^ a 1:0.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
0
50
100
150
200
250
300

V
m = 0001
m = 0010
m = 0050
m = 0100
Unstable
Stable
Fig. 6. Neutral curves for relative velocity for different values of viscosity ratio ^ l
when u 0:1; ^ a 1:0.
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
h
1
w
a
v
e

n
u
m
b
e
r

(
k
)
IPF (Lee [8])
VPF (Asthana et al. [26])
VCVPF
Stable
Unstable
Fig. 7. Comparison between the neutral curves of wave number for the system
having U
2
= 2.0 cm/s, a = 1.0 gm/cm
3
for IPF, VPF and VCVPF solution.
Table 2
Maximum growth rate parameters and corresponding wave number for watervapor
system when q
(1)
= 0.001 gm/cm
3
, q
(2)
= 1.0 gm/cm
3
, Zl
(1)
= 0.00001 poise, l
(2)
-
= 0.01 poise, r = 72.3 dyne/cm, u = 0.1, V = 500 for the different values of heat
transfer coefcient a.
Asymmetric disturbances (n = 1)
IPF solution VPF solution VCVPF solution
a x
Im
k
m
x
Im
k
m
x
Im
k
m
0.0 81.2426 3.6618 81.0633 3.6528 80.9307 3.6465
1.0 85.6731 3.7426 85.4839 3.7316 85.3428 3.7217
2.0 95.9058 3.8738 95.7039 3.8613 95.5515 3.8481
3.0 106.4979 4.0245 106.2820 4.0075 106.1169 3.9930
4.0 116.4418 4.1814 116.2111 4.1587 116.0326 4.1409
5.0 125.6635 4.3369 125.4173 4.3161 125.2249 4.2964
6.0 134.2439 4.4917 133.9819 4.4681 133.7752 4.4453
7.0 142.2776 4.6463 141.9994 4.6215 141.7781 4.5942
8.0 149.8469 4.7972 149.5522 4.7708 149.3159 4.7429
9.0 157.0189 4.9517 156.7075 4.9177 156.4559 4.8893
10.0 163.8482 5.0982 163.5196 5.0665 163.2524 5.0379
258 M.K. Awasthi et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 78 (2014) 251259
solutions for both asymmetric (n = 1) as well as axisymmetric
(n = 0) disturbances. These Tables show that the maximum growth
rate increases on increasing ^ a which indicates that heat transfer
coefcient ^ a has destabilizing effect on the stability of the system.
It has also been observed that the maximum growth rate for VCVPF
solution is always less than the VPF solution and IPF solution and
hence, VCVPF solution is more stable. By comparing the growth
rates from these two Tables, we note that the asymmetric distur-
bances are more stable than the axisymmetric disturbances.
11. Conclusion
The linear analysis of KelvinHelmholtz instability of cylindrical
interface has been carried out when there is heat and mass transfer
across the interface. We have included the viscous pressure in the
normal stress balance and assumed that this viscous pressure will
resolve the discontinuity of tangential stresses, which are discon-
tinuous in the viscous potential ow theory. This viscous pressure
was obtained by mechanical energy balance equations. The disper-
sion relation is obtained which is a quadratic equation in the
growth rate. The stability criterion is given in terms of the critical
value of relative velocity. The system was shown to be stable when
the relative velocity is less than the critical value of relative veloc-
ity, otherwise it was unstable. It is observed that the heat and mass
transfer has destabilizing effect on the stability of the system while
vapor fraction plays a stabilizing role. Reynolds number has desta-
bilizing effect on the stability of the system. It is also observed that
the irrotational shear stresses have stabilizing effect on the stabil-
ity of the system in the presence of heat and mass transfer. It has
been shown that the dispersion relation obtained by dissipation
method is the same as one obtained by the VCVPF analysis. The
asymmetric disturbances are more stable than axisymmetric
disturbances.
Conict of interest
One of the Authors (M.K.A.) is thankful to Council of Scientic
and Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi for their nancial
support during this work.
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Table 3
Maximum growth rate parameters and corresponding wave number for watervapor
system when q
(1)
= 0.001 gm/cm
3
, q
(2)
= 1.0 gm/cm
3
, l
(1)
= 0.00001 poise, l
(2)
= 0.01 poise, r = 72.3 dyne/cm, u = 0.1, V = 500 for the different values of heat
transfer coefcient a.
Axisymmetric disturbances (n = 0)
IPF solution VPF solution VCVPF solution
a x
Im
k
m
x
Im
k
m
x
Im
k
m
0.0 85.8354 3.6348 85.6674 3.6257 85.5368 3.6187
1.0 89.7756 3.6963 89.5996 3.6854 89.4620 3.6742
2.0 99.5212 3.7899 99.3361 3.7741 99.1902 3.7635
3.0 109.8337 3.9075 109.6376 3.8912 109.4819 3.8759
4.0 119.5949 4.0420 119.3864 4.0221 119.2196 4.0016
5.0 128.6783 4.1804 128.4563 4.1575 128.2773 4.1369
6.0 137.1435 4.3267 136.9071 4.3032 136.7152 4.2788
7.0 145.0759 4.4770 144.8245 4.4485 144.6190 4.4233
8.0 152.5534 4.6234 152.2863 4.5971 152.0667 4.5692
9.0 159.6407 4.7780 159.3576 4.7419 159.1234 4.7122
10.0 166.3910 4.9277 166.0913 4.8901 165.8421 4.8582
M.K. Awasthi et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 78 (2014) 251259 259