COMPUTER AWARENESS

SBI CLERK POCKET KNOWLEDGE

BY EDUGEEKS.IN



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COMPUTER AWARENESS

COMPUTER: An electronic device which is
capable of receiving information (data) in a
particular form and of performing a sequence of
operations in accordance with a predetermined but
variable set of procedural instructions (program) to
produce a result in the form of information or
signals.
Computer was invented by Charles Babbage who
is known as Father of Computer.
Word COMPUTER was first used in 1613
First Programmable Computer: Z1
developed by Konrad Zuse in 1936
First electronic programmable computer:
Colossus developed by Tommy Flowers in
1943
First digital computer: Atanasoff-Berry
Computer (ABC) developed by John
Vincent Atanasoff in 1937
First Stored Program Computer: EDSAC
First Computer Company: Electronic
Controls Company
First PC Computer: 701 by IBM
First Computer with RAM: Whirlwind
Machine
First Transient Computer: TX-O
First Mini Computer: PDP-1
First Microprocessor: Intel 4004
First Laptop or Portable Computer: IBM
5100
First Apple Computer: Apple I
Generations of Computers
First Generation (1940 to 1956) Using
Vacuum Tubes
Second Generation (1956 to 1963) Using
Transistors
Third Generation (1964 to 1971) Using
Integrated Circuits (Chips)





Fourth Generation (1971 to present)
Using Microprocessors
Fifth Generation (present and next) Using
Artificial Intelligence

First Generation
First generation of computers started with using
vacuum tubes as the basic components for memory
and circuitry for CPU (Central Processing Unit).
These tubes like electric bulbs produced a lot of
heat and were prone to frequent fusing of the
installations, therefore, were very expensive and
could be afforded only by very large organisations.
In this generation, mainly batch processing
operating systems were used. In this generation,
Punched cards, Paper tape, Magnetic tape Input &
Output device were used.
There were machine codes and electric wired board
languages used.

The main features of First Generation are:
Vacuum tube technology
Unreliable
Supported Machine language only
Very costly
Generate lot of heat
Slow Input/Output device
Huge size
Need of A.C.
Non-portable
Consumed lot of electricity



Some computers of this generation were:

ENIAC
EDVAC
UNIVAC
IBM-701
IBM-650
Second Generation
The period of second generation was 1959-1965.
This generation using the transistor were cheaper,
consumed less power, more compact in size, more
reliable and faster than the first generation machines
made of vacuum tubes. In this generation, magnetic
cores were used as primary memory and magnetic
tape and magnetic disks as secondary storage
devices.
In this generation, assembly language and high-
level programming language like FORTRAN,
COBOL were used.
There were Batch processing and
Multiprogramming Operating system used.

The main features of Second Generation are:
Use of transistors
Reliable as compared to First generation
computers
Smaller size as compared to First generation
computers
Generate less heat as compared to First
generation computers
Consumed less electricity as compared to
First generation computers
Faster than first generation computers
Still very costly
A.C. needed
Support machine and assembly languages

Some computers of this generation were:

IBM 1620
IBM 7094
CDC 1604
CDC 3600
UNIVAC 1108

Third Generation

The period of third generation was 1965-1971.
The third generation of computer is marked by the
use of Integrated Circuits (IC's) in place of
transistors. A single IC has many transistors,
resistors and capacitors along with the associated
circuitry. The IC was invented by Jack Kilby. This
development made computers smaller in size,
reliable and efficient.
In this generation, Remote processing, Time-
sharing, Real-time, Multi-programming Operating
System were used.
High-level language (FORTRAN-II TO IV,
COBOL, PASCAL PL/1, BASIC, ALGOL-68, etc.)
were used during this generation.
The main features of Third Generation are:
IC used
More reliable
Smaller size
Generate less heat
Faster
Lesser maintenance
Still costly
A.C. needed
Consumed lesser electricity
Support high-level language

Some computers of this generation were:

IBM-360 series
Honeywell-6000 series
PDP(Personal Data Processor)


IBM-370/168
TDC-316

Fourth Generation

The period of Fourth Generation was 1971-1980.

The fourth generation of computers is marked by
the use of Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI)
circuits. VLSI circuits having about 5000 transistors
and other circuit elements and their associated
circuits on a single chip made it possible to have
microcomputers of fourth generation. Fourth
Generation computers became more powerful,
compact, reliable, and affordable. As a result, it
gave rise to personal computer (PC) revolution.

In this generation, Time sharing, Real time,
Networks, Distributed Operating System were used.

All the higher level languages like C and C++,
DBASE, etc., were used in this generation

The main features of Fourth Generation are:
VLSI technology used
Very cheap
Portable and reliable
Use of PC's
Very small size
Pipeline processing
No A.C. needed
Concept of internet was introduced
Great developments in the fields of
networks
Computers became easily available
Some computers of this generation were:
DEC 10
STAR 1000
PDP 11
CRAY-1 (Super Computer)
CRAY-X-MP (Super Computer)

Fifth Generation

The period of Fifth Generation is 1980-till date.

In the fifth generation, the VLSI technology became
ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology,
resulting in the production of microprocessor chips
having ten million electronic components.

This generation is based on parallel processing
hardware and AI (Artificial Intelligence) software.
AI is an emerging branch in computer science
which interprets means and methods of making
computers think like human beings.
All the higher level languages like C and C++, Java,
.Net, etc., are used in this generation.
AI includes:
Robotics
Neural networks
Game Playing
Development of expert systems to make
decisions in real life situations.
Natural language understanding and
generation.

Types of Computers (based on electric signal)
Analog flight simulators
Digital commercial and control systems
Hybrid ECG machines, Modem
Types of Computers:

Sr.
No.
Type Specifications


1
PC (Personal
Computer)
Single user computer system.
Moderately powerful microprocessor.
2 WorkStation
Single user computer system. Similar
to Personal Computer but have more
powerful microprocessor.
3
Mini
Computer
Multi-user computer system. Capable
of supporting hundreds of users
simultaneously.
4 Main Frame
Multi-user computer system. Capable
of supporting hundreds of users
simultaneously. Software technology
is different from minicomputer.
5 Supercomputer
An extremely fast computer, which
can perform hundreds of millions of
instructions per second.


Applications of Computers:
Computers are used around the world some of them
are
Education
Business
Banking
Government Applications
Marketing
Law
Research
Arts
Medicine
Media
Components of Computer
There are two components of computers
1. Hardware
2. Software
Hardware: Hardware is the brain of computer
which performs all calculations and processing we
can simply say that CPU, Microprocessor, monitor,
keyboard, mouse, printer, hard disk etc. are
hardware components of computer.
Software: Software is a set of
instructions/programs, which enables the computer
to perform a specific task. An important software
called the 'Operating System' is a set of
specialized programs which manage the overall
operations of the computer. Windows XP is a well-
known and widely used operating system
Parts of Computers:
CPU
Mouse
Keyboard
Monitor
Hard Disk
CD/DVD Drive
Floppy Disk Driver

Computer Organization:

Input Devices Access the data
Central Processing Unit (CPU) Process the data
Output Devices- Produces the result
Storage Devices (RAM) Stores the result

Input Device: An input device is anything that puts
information inside a computer.
Examples:
Keyboard
Mouse
Joystick
Light pen
Track Ball
Scanner
Graphic Tablet
Microphone
Magnetic Ink Card Reader (MICR)


Optical Character Reader (OCR)
Bar Code Reader
Optical Mark Reader
CPU (Central Processing Unit)
CPU is considered as the brain of the computer.
CPU performs all types of data processing
operations. It stores data, intermediate results and
instructions (program). It controls the operations of
all parts of computer.
CPU itself has the following three components
ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)
Memory Unit
Control Unit
ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)
This unit consists of two subsections namely:
Arithmetic Section
Logic Section

Arithmetic Section
Function of Arithmetic section is to perform
arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division. All complex operations
are done by making repetitive use of above
operations.
Logic Section
Function of logic section is to perform logic
operations such as comparing, selecting, matching
and merging of data.
Memory or Storage Unit:
This unit can store instructions, data and
intermediate results. This unit supplies information
to the other units of the computer when needed. It is
also known as internal storage unit or main memory
or primary storage or Random access
memory(RAM).
Its size affects speed, power and capability. There
are primary memory and secondary memory, two
types of memories in the computer. Functions of
Memory Unit are:
It stores all the data to be processed and the
instructions required for processing.
It stores intermediate results of processing.
It stores final results of processing before
these results are released to an output
device.
All inputs and outputs are transmitted
through main memory.

Control Unit
This unit controls the operations of all parts of
computer. It does not carry out any actual data
processing operations.
Functions of this unit are:
It is responsible for controlling the transfer
of data and instructions among other units of
a computer.
It manages and coordinates all the units of
the computer.
It obtains the instructions from the memory,
interprets them and directs the operation of
the computer.
It communicates with Input/Output devices
for transfer of data or results from storage.
It does not process or store data.

Output Devices: An output device is anything that
can display information
Examples:
Printer


Speaker
Monitor/Screen
FAX
Graphic Plotter
Printers
Printer is the most important output device, which is
used to print information on paper.
There are two types of printers:
Impact Printers
Non-Impact Printers

Printer types:

Impact Dot Matrix, Character printers
Non Impact Inkjet, DiskJet, Laser, Thermal
Printers


Memory:

A place where we can store the data or set of
instructions to access them while performing the
operations
Memory types:
Cache Memory
Primary Memory/Main Memory
Secondary Memory

Cache Memory:
Cache memory is a very high speed semiconductor
memory, which can speed up CPU. It acts as a
buffer between the CPU and main memory.

Primary Memory (Main Memory)

Primary memory holds only those data and
instructions on which computer is currently
working. It has limited capacity and data gets lost
when power is switched off.
It is generally made up of semiconductor device.
These memories are not as fast as registers. The
data and instructions required to be processed
earlier reside in main memory.
It is divided into two subcategories RAM and
ROM.

RAM (Random Access Memory)

RAM (Random Access Memory) is one of the
storage devices which performs both read and write
operations. But RAM is Volatile in nature it loses
the data when there is no power supply. It is fast
while programming when compared to ROM
There are two types of RAM
DRAM (Dynamic Random Access
Memory)
SRAM (Static Random Access Memory)

ROM (Read Only Memory)

Main advantage of ROM is that we can easily alter
the data or reprogrammable. Advantage of ROM is
Non Volatile in nature which does not loses any
data when there is no power supply. Motherboard
may consist of more than one ROM chips.

Types of ROM

ROM- Read only Memory
PROM- Programmable Read only Memory
EPROM- Erasable Programmable Read only
Memory
EEPROM- Electrically Erasable
Programmable Read only Memory
Flash EEPROM memory

Secondary Memory
This type of memory is also known as external
memory or non-volatile. It is slower than main
memory. These are used for storing
Data/Information permanently.


CPU directly does not access these memories,
instead they are accessed via input-output routines.
Contents of secondary memories are first
transferred to main memory and then CPU can
access it. For example, disk, CD-ROM, DVD, etc.

OPERATING SYSTEMS (OS)

Operating System is a type of software that allows
computer hardware to communicate with software.
A computer without OS is a mere machine
Ex: DOS (Disk Operating System), Linux, Solaris

Types of operating systems

Graphical User Interface (GUI)
GUI is an interface, which allows us to interact with
electronic devices like mobiles, gaming
devicesandMp3 players using some graphical icons
Ex:Windows 98, Windows CE, System 7.X

Multi-user operating system
Application software which allows multiple users
toaccess the computer with time sharing system
Ex: Linux, UNIX, Windows 2000

Multiprocessor operating system
An operating system which supports the utilization
of two or more processors on single computer
Ex: Linux, UNIX, Windows 2000

Multi-Tasking
An operating system which supports multiple
processes at the time Ex: Unix, Windows 2000

Translators:
There are two types of translators Compilers and
Interpreters

Compiler special program that processes
statements written in a particular programming
language (source code) and converts to machine
code.
It is a translator program which reads entire
program written in high level language and converts
it into machine language code

Interpreter Translates high level language into
intermediate form which it then executes. Time
consuming is program is long.
It is a translator which converts one statement of
program into machine code, execute it and then
goes on to perform the same for next statement, and
continues till end of program or occurrence of an
error

Computer Security
Virus Program written to interface with normal
functioning of the computer
Boot sector virus infects boot sector in
hard disk and affects partition table
File viruses attach with exe files.
Commonly infects files with com or exe
extensions
System Viruses Infects specific system
files such as command.com
Viruses can be grouped as:
Time bomb It will start on particular date
at particular time. Computer looses its
ability to function properly
Trojan Horse Enters computer via email or
free programs that are downloaded
Worm Infiltrate legitimate data processing
programs and alter or destroy data
Often use network connections to spread
from one system to other
Linked through communication lines



Types of keys in Keyboard

Keyboard was invented by Christopher Latham
Sholes. Keyboard is an input device, used for
entering data with the help of numbers, letters and
symbols provided on the keyboard. There are many
types of keys on the keyboard they are.

Typewriter Keys (Alpha numeric, Punctuation,
Special Keys)
Function Keys (F1, F2, F3.F12)
Enter Keys (Enter)
System Keys ( Print Screen, Caps Lock and
Num Lock)
Numeric Keys (0, 1, 2..9)
Application Key
Cursor Control Key (Left, Right, Up, Down
Arrows)

Microsoft Office:

Microsoft Office is an office suite of desktop
applications, servers and services for the Microsoft
Windows and OS X operating systems.

It was first announced by Bill Gates of Microsoft on
August 1, 1988 at COMDEX in Las Vegas.

Microsoft Office made its debut in 1990, with
successive releases adding to the suites primary
word processor (Microsoft Word), spreadsheet
(Microsoft Excel), and presentation (Microsoft
PowerPoint) applications with an e-mail /
personal information manager application
(Microsoft Outlook), database tool (Microsoft
Access), desktop publishing app (Microsoft
Publisher), note-taking software (Microsoft
OneNote), diagram and flowcharting tools
(Microsoft Visio) and more.

Important Terms:

Cell: A cell is the intersection of a row and a
column in a table.

Catalog: Catalog refers to a type of document
created in Mail Merge that contains multiple
records per page.

Columns: In a document, columns refers to the
formatting of text so that it flows side-by-side on a
page like a newspaper.

Exit: Use the Exit command on the File menu to
close all documents and leave Word entirely.

Field: A field is an area in your document where a
specific type of data is entered or calculated.

Footer: A footer is the contents of an area located
within the bottom margin of a page

Frame: A frame is a container for text and graphics
that can be placed anywhere within a document,
including the margins, and which forces existing
text to wrap around it.

Hotspot: A hot spot is a green word or phrase that
can be used to open help about the word or phrase.
Click a hot spot with a solid underline to open a
help document about the phrase. Click a hot spot
with a dotted underline to open a pop-up window
about the phrase.

Line spacing: Line spacing refers to the number of
lines used by each line of text. In single-line
spacing, each line of text is followed by another line
of text, and there are no blank lines in between. In
double-line spacing, each line of text is followed by
a blank line.

List box: A list box is a box that contains a list of
available choices, such as files or field names.

Menu Bar: The menu bar contains the names of
Word's menus and is used to navigate through their
commands.



Query: A query is a request for information in a
database. For example, a user might request "all
sales orders with a quantity greater than five".

Record: A record is a set of information contained
in a database. For example, a company might keep a
database containing client records. Each record
would contain a variety of information such as
name, phone number, and address.

Rows: In a table, a row is a horizontal series of
cells.

Save As: Use the Save As command on the File
menu to open the Save As dialog box if you want to
save the current document under a new name or
store it in a different folder or disk while also
keeping the original version.

Template: A template is a preformatted document
that serves as a model for other documents.
Templates include common formats such as
addresses and date entries and allow you to create
professional looking letters, memos, reports, and
other documents easily.

Task Bar: The Taskbar is a panel on the Desktop
that contains the Start button, the Tray, and task
buttons that correspond to any open windows.

Trace: Tracing is the process of navigating through
an open menu by moving the mouse over menu
items.

Truncated: Tracing is the process of navigating
through an open menu by moving the mouse over
menu items.

Tool: A tool is a shortcut button, usually shown on
a bar near the top of a window, that provides quick
access to a commonly used command.

View: There are four views available in Word:
Normal, Page Layout, Online Layout, and Outline.
Some show you how the document will look when
it is printed, and some make working in Word quick
and easy.


Microsoft Word

Microsoft Word is a word processor developed
by Microsoft.
It was first released in 1983 under the name Multi-
Tool Wordfor Xenix systems
Microsoft Word's native file formats are denoted
either by a .doc or .docx file extension.

Study Microsoft Word Shortcut Keys here

Microsoft Excel

Microsoft Excel is
a spreadsheet application developed
by Microsoft for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS.
It features calculation, graphing tools, pivot tables,
and a macro programming language called Visual
Basic for Applications.

Study Microsoft Excel Shortcut Keys here

Study Microsoft Power Point Shortcut Keys here

Study Microsoft Outlook Shortcut Keys here

Study Browser Shortcuts here

Important Inventions and Discoveries:

Inventor of Computer Charles Babbage
First Modern Computer in the World-
ENIAC
First Commercial Computer Univac
First Programmable Digital Computer
SEAC (Standards Eastern Automatic
Computer)
ENIAC was developed by John Mauchly
and J. Presper Eckert


Inventor of Punch Cards in Computer
Hollerith
First Computer Programming Languages-
FORTRAN, LISP and COBOL
Computer Graphics was developed by
William Fetter
ARPANET was developed by DARPA
First Compiler was developed by Dr.
Grace Murray Hopper

Father of Computer Animations- John
Whitney
First movie to use Digital Image Processing-
West World in 1973
Computer Mouse was invented by- Douglas
Engel Bart
Computer Keyboard was invented by-
Christopher Latham Sholes
Laptop Computer was invented by Adam
Osborne
First Graphical Computer Game was
invented by- A.S. Douglas
Computer BIOS was invented by Gary
Kildall
Inventor of Computer Bug- Dr. Grace
Murray Hopper
Inventors of Computer Chip (IC) Jack
Kilby and Robert Noyce
Father of Computer Hard Disk- Reynold
Johnson
Inventor of First Data Base Dr. Edgar
Frank Codd
Inventor of Ethernet Computer Networking-
David Boggs, Chuck Thacker and Butler
Lampsonin Xerox PARC
Inventor of Computer Scanner Ray
Kurzweil
Inventor of Computer Speakers- Abinawan
Puracchidas
Inventor of MS-DOS Operating Systems-
Microsoft
Inventors of first computer Microprocessors
Faggin , Hoff & Mazor
Inventor of Spacewar computer Game
Steve Russell & MIT
UNIVAC was developed by John
Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert
Founder of Apple Computers Steve Jobs
Founder of Artificial Intelligence John
McCarthy
Founder of Bluetooth Ericsson
Father of Computer Charles Babbage
Father of C Language Dennis Ritchie
Father of C++ language Bjarne
Stroustrup
Founder of Email Shiva Ayyadurai
Founder of Google Larry Page and Sergey
Brin
Founder of Internet Vint Cerf
Father of Java- James Gosling
Father of JQuery John Resig
Founder of Keyboard Christoper Latham
Sholes
Founder of Linux Linus Torvalds
Founder of Microsoft Bill Gates and Paul
Allen
Founder of Mobile Phones Martin Cooper
Founder of Mouse Douglas Engelbart
Founders of Oracle Ed Oates, Larry
Ellison, Bob Miner
Founder of Php Rasmus Lerdorf
Founder of USB Ajay V.Bhatt
Founder of WWW Tim Berners-Lee
Founder of Yahoo Jurry Yang and David
Filo

Important Terms:

Backup: Storage of duplicate files on disks, diskettes,
or some other form of magnetic medium (such as tapes)
as a safety measures in case the original medium is
damaged or lost.



Basic Input/Output System (BIOS): A set of programs
stored in read-only memory. These programs control the
disk drives, the keyboard, and the display screen, and
they handle start-up operations.

Boot (short for bootstrap): To start a computer and
load the operating system to prepare the computer to
execute an application.
Buffer: A holding area in memory that stores
information temporarily.

Bug: A defect in the software that causes the computer
to malfunction or cease to operate. Some writers now
use bug to refer to hardware problems as well.

Bus: There are wires between all the parts of your
computer. There is a wire from the memory to the brain,
and from the brain to the printer, etc., etc. Those wires
are called busses. They differ from one another by the
amount of data they will transfer at one time.

Compiler: This is an application that converts a
programming language into a machine language
program.

Crash: A malfunction in hardware or software that
keeps a computer from functioning.

Data: Information consisting of letter, numbers,
symbols, sound, or images in a form that can be
processed by a computer.

Data compression: A procedure for reducing the
volume of data so as to shorten the time needed to
transfer the data.

Database: A stored collection of information.

Database management system: The software needed
to establish and maintain database and manage the
stored information.

Debugging: Locating and eliminating defects in a
program

Domain: Typically, a three letter element in a Web
address or an e-mail address. The domain, commonly
referred to as the zone, indicates the type of organization
that owns the computer being identified in the address.
For example,. Com signifies a commercial organization;
.edu signifies an educational institution.

Domain name: The second part of an e-mail address
what follows the @symbol. The name of the computer
intended to receive an e-mail message. In Web addresses
(URLs) this element is referred to as the host name.

DOS: An acronym derived from disk operating system.
A program that allows the computer to manage the
storage of information on disks and control as other
aspects of a computers operation.

Dot: The period symbol used in e-mail addresses.
Always referred to as a dot (never a period). Thus the
domain name aol.com would be pronounced ay-oh-ell
dot-com. Internet surfers who spend a lot of time in the.
Com domain are sometimes referred to as dot
communists.
Encryption: This is any one of many methods to
transfer a file into a hard-to-crack code. It is often done
by scrambling or by letter-to-letter replacement.
Engine (as in "Search Engine"): This is the working
part of a database or application.
Ethernet: This is a method of file transfer that uses
dedicated cables rather than dial up phone lines.
Ethernets are usually set up attaching end users to a
central system like an Intranet. It was invented by Xerox
believe it or not. F

File: A collection of information stored electronically
and treated as a unit by a computer.
Every file must have its own distinctive name.

File transfer protocol (FTP): A set of guidelines or
standards that establish the format in which
files can be transmitted from one computer to another.

Firewall: Software that prevents unauthorized persons
from accessing certain parts of a
program, database, or network.



Gateway: It is a piece of software that allows two items
to communicate with each other. They are used to make
connections between computers and systems inside that
computer.
Home page: The main page for a Web site established
by an organization or an individual; it
usually serves as the entrance for a series of related
pages.

Host computer: A computer that provides information
or a service to other computers on the
Internet. Every host computer has its own unique host
name.

Hypertext markup language (HTML): The
formatting language used to establish the
appearance of a Web page.

Interface: This is any type of point where two
different things come together. Most often, the term
is used to describe the programs between you and
your computer like Windows, OS/2 and others.
What you see on the screen is the interface between
you and what your computer is doing.

Modem: An acronym derived from
modulator/demodulator. A device that (1) converts
digital signals into tones for transmission over
telephone lines and (2) converts the tones back into
digital signals at the receiving end.

Measurements -

Bit = one binary digit (1 or 0) *"bit" is derived from the
contraction b'it (binary digit) -> 8 bits = one byte
1024 bytes = one kilobyte
K = kilobyte
Kb = kilobit
MB = megabyte
Mb = megabit
MB/s = megabytes per second
Mb/s = megabits per second
bps = bits per second
i.e., 155 Mb/s = 19.38 MB/s

Optical disk: A high-capacity storage medium that
is read by a laser light.

Peripheral - an add-on component to your
computer.

Port - a connection socket, or jack on the Mac.
root directory - the main hard drive window.
Save - to write a file onto a disk.
Save as - (a File menu item) to save a previously
saved file in a new location and/or with a new
name.

Server: A computer that delivers data to other
computers linked on the same network.

Spam: This is to transmit unwanted messages, usually
over email, to a great many people.

TCP/IP : Stands for Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol. This is a large grouping of
programs and standards that govern how information
moves round the Internet. The protocols were
established around 1970-1980 to allow computers to
attach to one another.

URL: Stands for Universal Resource Locator. It's a
fancy way of saying Internet Address.

UPS - acronym for Uninterruptible Power Source.
Virtual memory - using part of your hard drive as
though it were "RAM

Virus: A piece of computer code designed as a
prank or malicious act to spread from one
computer to another by attacking itself to other
programs. Some viruses simply cause a


humorous message to appear on the screen, some
cause minor glitches, and some cause serious
damage to a computers memory or disks.

Web site: One or more related pages created by an
individuals or an organization and posted on
the World Wide Web.

Important Abbreviations:

2GLSecond-Generation Programming Language
3GLThird-Generation Programming Language
4GLFourth-Generation Programming Language
5GLFive-Generation Programming Language
AAAAuthentication Authorization, Accounting
AALATM Adaptation Layer
ABRAvailable Bitrate
ALGOLAlgorithmic Language
ALUArithmetic and Logical Unit
ANSIAmerican National Standards Institute
ARPANETAdvanced Research Projects Agency
Network
ASCIIAmerican Standard Code for Information
Interchange
ASPActive Server Pages
BASICBeginner's All-Purpose Symbolic
Instruction Code
CAPTCHACompletely Automated Public Turing
Test to tell Computers and Humans Apart
CDMACode Division Multiple Access
CD-RCD-Recordable
CD-ROMCD Read-Only Memory
CD-RWCD-Rewritable
COBOLCommon Business-Oriented Language
COMPUTER-Common Operating Machine
Particularly Used for Trade, Education, and
Research
DBMSDatabase Management System
DVDDigital Versatile Disc
DVDDigital Video Disc
DVD-RDVD-Recordable
DVD-ROMDVD-Read Only Memory
DVD-RWDVD-Rewritable
DVIDigital Visual Interface
DVRDigital Video Recorder

EDSACElectronic Delay Storage Automatic
Calculator
EDVACElectronic Discrete Variable Automatic
Computer
EEPROMElectronically Erasable Programmable
Read-Only Memory
E-mailElectronic mail
ENIACElectronic Numerical Integrator And
Computer
EPROMErasable Programmable Read-Only
Memory
FDDFloppy Disk Drive
GUIGraphical User Interface
HDHigh Density
HDDHard Disk Drive


HTMLHypertext Markup Language
HTTPHypertext Transfer Protocol
HTTPdHypertext Transport Protocol Daemon
ICIntegrated Circuit
I/OInput/output
IPInternet Protocol
ISOInternational Organization for
Standardization
ISPInternet Service Provider
KBKeyboard
KbKilobit
KBKilobyte
KVMKeyboard, Video, Mouse
LCDLiquid Crystal Display
LCRLeast Cost Routing
LANLocal Area Network
LIFOLast In First Out
MACMedia Access Control
MANMetropolitan Area Network
MANETMobile Ad-Hoc Network
MAPIMessaging Application Programming
Interface
MbMegabit
MBMegabyte
MHzMegahertz
MOSFETMetal-Oxide Semiconductor Field
Effect Transistor
MS-DOSMicrosoft DOS
MTMachine Translation
MTAMail Transfer Agent
MVSMultiple Virtual Storage
MXMail exchange
MXFMaterial Exchange Format
OSOperating System
OSSOpen-Source Software
PANPersonal Area Network
PAPPassword Authentication Protocol
PERLPractical Extraction and Reporting
Language
PHPPHP: Hypertext Preprocessor
QDRQuad Data Rate
RAIDRedundant Array of Independent Disks
RDBMSRelational Database Management
System
RISCReduced Instruction Set Computer
SANStorage Area Network
SAXSimple API for XML.
SQLStructured Query Language
SRAMStatic Random Access Memory
TCP/IPTransmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol
TTLTransistor-Transistor Logic
UMLUnified Modeling Language
USBUniversal Serial Bus
VLANVirtual Local Area Network

XHTMLeXtensible Hypertext Markup Language
XMLeXtensible Markup Language


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