-

(
) (o

) (o

) ( E , E1 -
E1 .

E1 E1
.
(
E1 A 1 A 2
.

o
o
o
( ) ( E 1, E 2 ) = 1( E 1 ) 2 ( E 2 ) = 1( E 1 ) 2 E ( o ) E 1 = ( ) E ( ), E 1

o
o
( ) E ( ), E 1 = 1( E 1 ) 2 E ( o ) E 1

=o
1

E 1= E

d ( o ) E ( o ), E 1
) dP ( E 1
)(o
)(o
)= o P ( E 1 ) = C ( E , E 1
dE 1
dE 1

. E 1 P ( E 1 )
: o 1

( )

ln 1( E 1 ) = ln 1 E 1 +

ln 1( E 1 )
E 1

2
1 ln 1( E 1 )
2!
2E 1

( )

ln 2 ( E 2 ) = ln 2 E 2 +

(E E )
1

(E E )
1

( )

(E

(E

E 2 E 2 = E 1 E 1

2 E 2

E 2= E 2

2 E 2

+ 000

E 2= E 2

ln 2 ( E 2 ) = ln 2 E 2 + 2 E

1 = 2 =

+ 000

(E

ln 1( E 1 ) = ln 1 E 1 + 1 E 1 E 1 +

( )

E1 = E1

ln 2 ( E 2 )
E 2

2
1 ln 2 ( E 1 )
+
2!
2E 2

E 1= E 1

2= E 2

(E

1 1
2! E 1

2 E 2

(E E )
1

+ 000

E 1= E 1

) + 21! E

(E

2 E 2

+ 000

2 E =E
2 2

:
(o)

= E 1+ E 2 , E

(o)

= E 1+ E 2

2
1
E1 E1 + ...
ln 1( E1) = ln 1 E1 + E1 E1 +
2! E1 E = E

1 1

2
ln E (o) E = ln E (o) E E E + 1
E1 E1 +000
2
1
2
1
1
1

2! E 2 E = E
2 2

( ) (

) (

( )

ln 1( E 1 ) + ln 2 E ( o ) E 1 = ln 1 E 1 + ln 2 E ( o ) E 1

2
1
+
+
E 1 E 1 + 000
2 E 1 E 2

( ) (

1
ln 1( E 1 ) 2 E ( o ) E 1 = ln 1 E 1 2 E ( o ) E 1 + E 1 E 1

1
ln ( o ) E ( o ), E 1 = ln ( o ) E ( o ), E 1 + E 1 E 1

(
(E

( o ) E ( o ), E 1
(o)

(o)

,E1

) = exp 1 E
(

2
)

E
1
1

=
+
= 1+ 2
E 1 E 2
:
1

1 1 T

kT
1 =
= (o) = 2
<o <o
E 1 E
k T E 1


1
E E 2
1 1
2

P ( E 1 ) = Ce

) ) = exp 1 ( E E

) ,E
2

(
(E

(o) E (o) , E 1

)(o

)(o

C :

1 =1

2
1
E 1 E o
2
dE

Ce

P ( E 1 ) dE 1 = 1
+

= =1 C

) ) 2 ( E 1E ( o
= )P ( E 1
e
2
1

1
.
e
:
1
2

E E =E
(

=
E =E

= 2

)( E 1

2 ln
E 2

=,

= 1

1
2

1
E 1 E 1
2

) 2( 1 + 2

)( E 1

3
3N
= E = NkT
2
2
1
2

) = 2 ( 1+ 2

1
2

-

.

) (--.

3N 1

=
1

E 1 2E 12

3N 2
3N 2
=
=
2 =
2
E 2 2E 2 2 E E

1
)(o

1
3N 1
3N 2

= 2( 1 + 2 ) 2 = 2
+
2
2E
1 2 E (o) E 1

S
) S = f (

) f (

S = f ( ) S tot = S i = f i ( i
i

f i ( i ) = f i

tot = i
i

f ( 1 2000) = f 1( 1 ) + f 2 ( 2 ) + 000
f

df = d

d 1 +
d 2 + 000
= d
1
2

f
d 1 + 000

f
d 1 d 2

+
+ 000
= d 1 + 000
1
2
1

= df

)(
f 1
f
d 1 + 2 d 2 + 000
1
2

= f ( ) = f 1( 1 ) + f 2 ( 2 ) + 000 df

)(
f
f
f
= 1 1 = 2 2 = 000= cte

1
2

d
f ( ) = k ln

)(1) , ( 2
df = C

B , A .
-

V B ,V A

dE A

dN

T B T A
A B T ,

TB TA
.

S o S A + S B o

S = S ( E ,V , N

dS =

S
S
S
dE +
dV +
dN
E
V
N

V = Const dV = o
dS =

S
S
dE +
dN
E
N

S A + S B =

S A
E A

S B
E B

dE A +
N ,V

S A
N A

dE B +
N ,V

S B
N B

dN A
E,V

dN B
E, V

dE =T dS PdV + dN

1
S
=

E V , N T
()

S
=

T
N E ,V
()
N A + N B = N = Const dN A + dN B = o dN A = dN B
()
E A + E B = E = Const dE A + dE B = o dE A = dE B
()
:

dE A A dN A +
dE B B dN B
TA
TA
TB
TB

= S A + S B

1
1

dE A
dE A A dN A + B dN A
TA
TB
TA
TB

1

=

dE A + B A dN A o
TA TB
TB TA
dE A
dE A T B A T A B
T T A B

= B A
dN A
T B T A
T B T A
dN A min
) (
-

N ) (V N Vo ) ( N + 1
. Vo 3.
NVo << V ) ( N ,V , E V
V
V-b b

.

N = 1 1 V

If

) N = 2 2 V (V u

If

) N = 3 3 V (V u )(V 2u

If
M

) N = N N V (V u ) ...... (V ( N 1) u

If

N V

N = CV

u 2u
( N 1) u
1 1
00000 1

V

V V

u 2u
1V 1 V ...

. C

u
2u
ln N = ln C + N lnV + ln 1V + ln 1 V

N 1
mu
=
C
+
N
V
+
ln
ln
ln 1

m =1
V

2
3
ln (1 x ) = x x x 0000

2! 3!
S = k ln = k ln C + N k lnV k

= k ln C + N k lnV

u
V

+ 000

N 1

m =1

N ( N 1)
u
k
V
2

P S
N k k N ( N 1) u N k ( N 1) u
=
=
+
=
1+

T V N ,E V
V
2V
2V 2

V u
.

( N 1) u
PV = N k T 1+

2V

V V
u
.

:

4
4
u = 3 = 8 = 8V o
3
3 2
3

Vo

8( N 1)V o
PV = N k T 1+

2V

4N V o
N k T 1+

N >> 1 PV

o /1
-
3oo

.

4
1o

:
E = 1o 4 J

P = 1atm

T = 3oo c

L = 1m

R = o / 1m

2E
2
PV = E
3V
3

=P

PV = N k T N k = o / 265 J

2
2
N k T = E N k T = E
3
3
2
1o 4 = o / 265 T T 2 = 28 / 5oK
3

-

1
hc 2
( n x + n y2 + n z2) 2
2L

= ) . E ( n x , n y , n z

) (-- -

CP
5
4

CV
3
3

:
1

hc
(n , n , n ) 2
= ) E(n x , n y , n z
2L x y z
2 2 2 1
E
( n 1x , n 1y , n 1z ) 2 = 2L 1
hc

1
( n 2 , n 2 , n 2 ) 2 = 2L E 2
1x
1y
1z
hc

1
( n 2 , n 2 , n 2 ) 2 = 2L E N
N x N y N z
hc

2L E
hc

= ( n 12x + n 12y + n 12z ) 2 + 000+ ( n N2 x + N N2 y + N N2 z ) 2

E = E 1 + E 2 + E 3 + 000+ E N

.
2L E
.

hc
2L E
2L E
= n 1x
= n 1y
hc
hc
3N 1

2L E
= S N =C N

hc

:
S = k ln

2L E
hc

= k ln C N

S = k ln C N + k ( 3N 1) ln
,

2L E
hc

S = k ( 3N ) ln

3N 1 3N .
1
3

hc
S
exp
, L =V
2L
3k N

1 hc
S
E
S
exp
exp
=
= T

3N k
S N ,V 3N k 2L
3N k
E = 3N k T

hc
1
3

=E

=E

2V

E
3N k

= T

E
= CV
= 3N k

T N ,V
E
3

= PV

4
3

Cp
Cv

E
E
, P =
=

V N ,T 3V
=

E = 3N k T

( E + PV
T

= Cp

E 4
E + = k ( 3N ) = 4N k
T
3 3

= Cp

n = o ,1, 2,

(n) = nh

E
.
N
E
.

Nh

:
( n 1) = n 1h
n 1 = o ,1, 2,...
:
( n 2) = n 2h
n 2 = o ,1, 2,...
:
( n 3) = n 3h
n 3 = o ,1, 2,...
M
N:
( n N ) = n N h
n N = o ,1, 2,...

N E

) N ( E
E = n ( n 1) + n ( n 2) + 000+ ( n N ) = ( n 1 + n 2 +000+ n N ) h = R h
E
h

R . h

=R

R
N R
:

!)( N + R 1
]!)S = k ln = k [ ln( N + R 1)! ln R ! ln( N 1
!)R !( N 1

N >>1 . N 1 N

S = k [ ( N + R ) ln( R + N ) R ln R N ln N

S R
k
1 S
R +N
ln
=
=

T E N , V R E h R

1
N h
ln 1+

= T

N h
E
o

E
N h
N h
ln ( 1+ T :
) o
E

) S ( N ,V , E
-
:

S
S
S
N
+V
+ E
=S

N V , E
V N , E
E N ,V

)(N + PV + E
= S
T
N = E + PV TS

.
N N

) V V ( S = S ) S ( N , V , E ) = S ( N ,V , E

E E

S
S
S
= dS
dV +
dE
dN +

N V , E
V N,E
E N ,V
dS = S S = ( 1) S , dN = ( 1) N
dE = ( 1) E

S
S
S

+ ( 1)V
+ ( 1) E

N
V
E

dV = ( 1)V

( 1) S = ( 1) N

S
S
S
N
+E
=S
+V

N V , E
V E, N
E N ,V

P
1
+ E = S PV + E T S = N
T
T

+V

-
. 3o ok

:
, T 2 = 3oo k
o

S 1= S 2

23

m 2 = 4o , V 2 , N 2 = 6/ o 21o

:
E 2 = 3 N 2k T 2
2

m 1 = 4 , V 1 , N 1 = 6/ o 21o 23

:
E = 3 N k T
1 2 1 1

1
1

2
V 1 4 m 1E 1 3
V 2 4 m 2E 2 2 3
N 1k ln 3
+ N k = N 2k ln 3
+ N k
h 3N 1 2 1
h 3N 2 2 2

3
3
N 1 = N 2 ,V 1 =V 2 m 1E 1 = m 2E 2 m 1 N 1k T 1 = m 2 N 2k T 2
2
2
m 1T 1 = m 2T 2 4T 1 = 4o 3oo T 1 = 3ooo o k

-
3o o
.

nR T n 1R T n 2R T
=
+
), ( n = n 1 + n 2
P
P
P

V =V 1 +V 2

N 1 = 4N o
V 3
2 n i T

S T = N i R ln + N i k 1+ ln
, N i = niN o
2
Vi 2
h
i =1

N 2 = N o
2

nR T
V
V
1/ 231o 15
3
1/ 231o 5
=
=
23 = 5 / 11o
P
N 1 4N 2 4 6/ o 21o

= V

? = N o m 1 = 14 , m 2
2 m 1T 2 3 / 1414 3oo 1o 3
=

2
2
6/ 631o 34
h
V
V

=4
= 2o / 41o 3
N2
No
2 m T
16 3oo 1o 3
2

=
2
h
2 3 / 14 1/ o 551o 34

)(-
-
.

)(
V 2 , N 2 ,V 1 , N 1 (S)12 o

N2
V2

N1
V1

(S) (S)12 = (S) o

.

)( V 2 , N 2 ,V 1, N 1

N 1 N 2

( N1 + N2)

N 1 = N 2

(S)

()

(N1 + N 2 )k ln 2

V +V
V
V
( S )1 2 = k ( N 1 + N 2) ln 1 2 N 1ln 1 N 2 ln 2
N 1+ N 2
N1
N 2

V +V
= k ( N 1 + N 2) ln 1 2 + N 1ln N 1 + N 2 ln N 2 N 1lnV 1 N 2 lnV 2
N 1+ N 2

V +V N
V +V N

( S )1 2 = k N 1 ln 1 2 1 + N 2 ln 1 2 2

N 1+ N 2 V 1
N 1 + N 2 V 2
V 2 = m V 1 , N 2 = nN 1

N2 n N1
=
V 2 m V1

: n m

( 1+ m )V 1 N 1

1+ m n
( S )1 2 = k N 1 ln

+ N 2 ln
1+ n m
( 1+ n ) N 1 V 1

( S )1 2 = k ( N 1 + N 2) ln

n
1+ m
+ k N 2 ln
m
1+ n
(

N +N 2
N 1+ N 2
S ( S )1 2 = ( S ) = k ln 1
+ N 2 ln
N1
N 1

N +N 2
N +N 2
( S ) = k N 1ln 1
+ N 2 ln 1

N1
N2

:(

N
N
+ N 2 ln
( N 1 + N 2) ln 2
N1
N2

N 1ln

N1 N N2 N
+
ln 2
ln
ln
N
N1 N
N2

N = m N 1 . :
N 2 = ( m 1) N 1

m N 1 = N 1+ N 2

1
)( m 1
m
ln m +
ln
ln 2
m
m
m 1
m
1
1
1
ln m ln m + ln( m 1) + ln
ln 2
m
m
m
m 1
1
m
) ( m 1) m ln 2
m 1

(ln

1
m
) ( m 1) m ln 2
m 1

mm
m
m 1 2
)( m 1
m = 2 .
m = k
. k +1 .
k
k
( k + 1) k +1
k

2k +1
k 1
k
)( k 1
) (k
k > 2 .
) (-
-

T1 T2 .

) S = S T ( S 1+ S 2

S T .

: i = 1, 2

2 m i k T i
S i = N i k lnV i + N i k 1+ ln
2
h2

3
2 m k T i
S T = N i k lnV + N i k 1+ ln

2
h2
i =1

3
3
3
2 m 1k T
S = N 1k lnV + N 2 k lnV + N 1 k + N 2 k + N 1 k ln

2
2
2
h2

3
3
3
2 m 2k T
+ N 2k ln
N 1 k lnV 1 + N 2 k lnV 2 + N 1 k + N 2 k :
2
2
2
2
h

3
2 m 1 k T 1 3
2 m 2 k T 2
+ N 1k ln
+ N 2 k ln

2
2
h
h2

V V
V V
T 3
T
3
S = k N 1ln 1 2 + N 2 ln 1 2 + N 1k ln + N 2k ln
2
V1
V2
T1 2
T 2

.
P1V 1 = N 1 k T 1

PV = N k T
P2V 2 = N 2 k T 2

N 1k T 1+ N 2 k T 2 = N k T

P1V 1 + P2V 2 = PV

N 1T 1 + N 2T 2
, N = N 1+ N 2
N

= T

5

3

(S)P (S)V
3o o 4o o
.

dQ
PdV + du
=
T
T

= S

dQ
dT

= dS

du = nC P dT
.
.

5
du = nR dT
2

3
du = nR dT
2

( S ) P = nC P = 5
( S )V nC V 3

T
dT
= nC V ln f
T
Ti

= t f nC V
i

du

= )V
T

T
du t f
dT
=t nC p
= nC P ln f
i
T
T
Ti

= )P

( S

( S

5
4oo 5
4
R ln
= R ln
2
3oo 2
3

) P = 1

3
4oo 3
4
= 1 R ln
= R ln
2
3o 2
3

)V

( S

( S

P V

PV = const .
f1 f 2 2, 1

1
f
f
= 1 + 2
1 1 1 1 1

:
f 1+ f 2 =1

= cte

PV

dS ' = o

d Q =o

f 1 f 2 n 1 )(
n 2 )(

dT
dT
t n RT
t
t n RT2
+ t f 1 1 dV + t f n 1C V
+ t f 2
dV = o
1
i
i
i
T
V1
T
V2

S ' = t f n 1C V
i

dQ
u + PdV
=

T
T
V
+ ( n 1 R + n 2 R ) ln f = o
14
4244
3 Vi
B

f
i

= S

T
n C + n C ) ln
(1442443
T
V2

V1

.
B

V
T
ln f + ln f = ln 1
V i
Ti
B

V f T f
B
A
B
A

= 1 V f T f =V i T i
V i Ti
A
B

Tf V i
=

T i V f

B
A

V
= i
V f

T = cte , PV

n R +n R
1
2

nCV + n 2CV

1
2
i

V
=

V f

= cte ,

PV = N k T

nC V + n 2C V
1
n1R + n 2 R
1
2
= 1 1
=
1 1 n 1 R + n 2R
nC V + n 2C V
1

CV
CV
CV
CV
n1
n2
1
1
2
=
1+
2 =f1
+f 2
1 n 1 + n 2 R n 1 + n 2 R
C P +CV
C P +CV
1
1
2
1
f1
f2
=

f1
CP
CV

1 1
1

f2
CP

CV

f1
f
+ 2
1 1 2 1

P
V
= N
V T

P
V
= S
T

G = E T S + PV = N

dE T dS S dT + PdV +V dP = dN + N d

dE =T dS PdV + dN V dP = S dT + N d
()
. T P dP
P
P
dP =
dT +
d
T
T
()

( )
P
P
V
dT +V
d = S dT + N d
T
T

P
S =V

T
P
N =V

V ( )
.

:
3N

) d = ( dq i dp i
i =1

) ( q , p
) ( Q , p .
) :
.

Q i q i
.

.
) (q i , pi :
H
q i

p& i =

H
p i

= q& i

)(
) ( q i , p i
) ( Q i , Pi ) (

) ( Q i , Pi

Qi
Qi
Qi H Qi H
= Q&i
q& j +
= p& j

q j
p j
q j p j pi q j

)q j = q j ( Q , P
)p j = p j ( Q , P

H H p j H q j
=
+

P
p
P

q j Pj
i
j
i

q
H
Qi p j Qi
,

=
= j
= Q&i
Pi
q j Pi p i
Pi

H
p& i
Q i

:
Pi q j
=
p j Qi

P
Pi
= j
q j
Qi

i 3m

i = q i , i +3m = p i

H
H
,
=

i + 3m p i

H H
=
i q i

q&1

q& 2
o

q& 3N
=
p1

o
p 3N

1
o

o
o

1
o
o
1
o
o
o
o

o
o
1
o

o
1
o
o

o
o
1
o

o
o
o
1

o
o

H
q1

o
o

o
o

o
o
H
p 3N

. 6N 6N J
o
J =

3N

o 3N

=J

2 o
J =
1

1 o

o 1

1 1
=
o o

o
%
J J =
1

1 o

o 1

1
= 11
o

o
= 116N 6N
1

1
%
J = J = J

i =1,2,...,6N ` = ( q 1 ,..., q 3N , p 1 ,..., p 3N

i =1,1,...,6N = ( Q 1 ,...,Q 3N , P1 ,..., P3N

)
)

. det ( J =1)

i = i ( i ) &i =

& , i , j = 1,..., 6N
i j
. M

& = M &
M i, j =

i
j

& = M J

( ) i , j = i

, M i , j = M%

H H j
=
i j i

& = M J M

H
H
= M%

% H

:
%
M J M =J
6N

=
=
d

dq
...
dq
dp
...
dp
di

1
3
N
1
3
N

i =1

6N
1
d = dQ 1...dQ 3N dP1...dP3N = d i
i =1

: = M

d 1 = det M d
: M JM% = J

( det M ) 2 det J = det J

det M = 1 det M = 1

.
:

q 2 Q 2 , q1 Q1
q& i = q i ( Q )

Q = Q ( q )
i
i
q i
=o
p j

P j

Q i

= o , Pi = Pi ( p )

3N
3N
dq i dp i = det
i =1
i =1

q i
Q j
p i
Q j

3N q
i p i
=
P j
i =1 Q j

p j
Pi

q i
Q j

q i
1

q
i =1 Q j
i

Q j

3N

dq i dp i =
i =1

dQ j dP j

q i
1
=
Q j p
i
P j

3N

q i
P j
dQ i dP j
p i
P j

dQ j dP j


3N

3N

j =1

i =1

dq i dp i = dQ j dP j

-

h .

.

:
L = 2IE

L2
2I

=E

o .

dl d = 4 2IE

)(

2IE
2IE

= dld =

4 2IE
2h 2
=
=E
o
8I
h
L l ( l + 1) h
=
2I
2I

=E

=
o
h

)(

L2
2I

=H

) ( ) (:

. o = h

= )l ( l + 1

I
= 2l = 2l
hl hl
I
H=

L2
2I

l = E l E l 1 =

E=

h2
h 2l
l ( l + 1) l ( l 1) =
2I
I

l (l + 1)h 2
2I

H E +
2
2
.

L2

E
E +
2 2I
2

2I E L 2 2I
2

E +
2

= L 2dl d = 2 ( L 2 L1) = 2 2I E + 2I E
1
2
2

= 2 2IE 1+

2E

1/ 2

2E

1/ 2

= 2
= 2 2IE
= 2
2E
2E

2 I
l

2 I
o = = l h2 = 2 h = h

lh
I

<< E

I
l ( l +1) h 2
I
. l

M 2
M )
h

( .

j ( j + 1) h

1 3 5
= M j , , ,...
2 2 2

j = o ,1, 2,...
. :

P2
sin 2

M 2 = P2 + .

.
V 2 =V r2 +V 2 +V 2 = r& 2 + r 2& 2 + r 2 sin 2 & 2 , r& = o
M =L =I

p2
p 2

M =L =I =I 2 + 2 2
I
I sin

2 2

p 2
p 2

+
=1
M 2 M 2 sin 2

p 2
sin 2

V =r

2 2

M = p +
2

.
p p
. :
1
H = I 2= L
2

1
H = I & 2 + & 2 sin 2
2

L
& & = p
=
I

&
I

= p

p
L
= &= I & sin 2
&
I sin 2

= p

p 2
1 p 2
H = I 2+ 2 2
2 I
I sin

1
2
d o d dp dp
2 o
h

) dp dp = M ( M sin
.
2

2 2
2 2 2
M
= = 2 o M ( M sin ) d = 2 M 2

h
h
h

j ( j +1) h

=Mj

2j + 1 j .
j =M

( 2j +1) = 1+ 2+ ....... + M

j = M

=A

& ml 2

. A
E
T .

:
1
T = m gl 2& 2
2

<< 1

1
V = m gh = m gl ( 1 cos ) = m gl 2
2
1
1
E = L = m l 2& 2 + m gl 2 = cos t
2
2
P
& = 2
ml

L
&= ml 2
&

= P

q =
P2 1
+ m gl 2
2
2
2m l

=E

P2
2
+
=1
2E
2m l 2E
m gl
a
b .
a = 2m El 2
2E
m gl

=b

l
g

1/ 2

2E

= 2 E
m gl

2 1/ 2

l
g

S = ab = 2m El

S = ET , T = 2

- -
E N
.
.

E n = n + h
2

n = o ,1, 2,

-
.

o h N .

E1 = (n1 + 1/ 2)h

E2 = (n2 + 1/ 2)h

N:

N
h
2

E N = ( n N +1/ 2) h

E 1+ E 2 + + E N = E = ( n1+ n 2 + + n N ) h +
N
2

( n1+ n 2 + + n N ) = h
E

E N

h 2

=R

R h .
R N ) (
.
:

! )( R + N 1
! )R !( N 1
E
>> h
N

R>>N

.
R N 1
!)( N 1

N 1

=
!)( N 1

- N
.
N

E
2

E
h

E +
2

2
....... d q d p =

1
1
E << H << E
2
2

E >> N :
N

N 2
2 E N
N 1
1+
N
=

1+
E
E
E

2
2

= h :

= o

2
N 1
N h

= o
E N 1

! )( N 1
h

o = N ( N 1) ! ( 2 ) h N = N ! h N
N

! N

) ... ( dx 1dx 2... dx 3N

3N

o x i R
i =1

3N = pc
.
E

o = h 3N

-
-
.

:
n 1

dR

n = nC n R

dV

=1

V n =C nR
x
e dx
o

dx i = 1 e R dV = 1

i =1

n
x i
e i

.....

dx i = dV

i =1

x i =R
i


R
n 1
R n 1
e nC n R dR = nC n e R dR = 1 nC n ( n ) = 1

1
1
=
! n (n) n

= Cn

Rn
!n

=Vn

3N .
3N

R
!) ( 3N

) ( hypershell

3N 1

R
! )( 3N 1

= V 3N

= S 3N

E 3N
:

R 3N 1
! )( 3N 1
E

pc

= R pc .

( ) (-- ) (--
-
) (-- .
( ) (-- ) (--
) (-- ) (-- .

(
)--

r =1

ln

n r = r

1
r
r

r r

)--

} ' n r2W { n r
=

} 'W { n r

} {n r

= n r2

} {n r

(
2

ln
r
r
r
r r
r

= = n r2 n r 2

) ( n r
2

= r
+r

r
r2 r

1 2 2

= r
r2
+ r
r2
r r

r 2
r

= r
+ r
2

r2

r
= r

r
+

r r

= r

r
ln

= r

r r r r r

-)

(-

= r
r
ln

r
r

all ,s =1

:( --)
U =

r E r exp ( E r )
r

r exp ( E r )
r

all ,s =1

E r exp ( E r )
U
=o=
r
r exp ( E r )
r

,s =1

r E r2 exp ( E r )
r

r exp ( E r ) r
r

all ,s =1

r E r exp( E r )
r exp( E r ) exp( E r )

r
+ r
2

exp
E

(
)
r

exp
E

r
(
)

r
r

,
r

all s =1

E r2

r U

n r

Er

=
all ,s =1

all ,s =1

n r

(U ) +U 2

=o

all ,s =1

(*)

all ,s =1

E r U n r
E r2 U 2

.( --)

n r 2

E exp ( E r )
exp ( E r )
= r
r r

r exp ( E r ) r exp ( E r ) r U

r
r

r exp ( E r ) r E r exp ( E r )
r exp ( E r )

2
2
exp E
exp E
r U
(
)
(
)

r
r
r
r

r E r exp ( E r )

+r r
+U
r exp ( E r )

r

r
U

r E r exp ( E r )
+ r
+U
r exp ( E r )

r r
U

E r exp( E r ) r E r2 exp( E r )

+
+r
exp( E ) exp( E ) r
r
r
r
r r

r exp( E r ) exp( E r )

+ r
2

r exp( E r )
r

r E r exp ( E r )

+ U
r
r exp ( E r ) r
r
U
r

( n r ) 2

r
r

all ,s =1
2

n r n r
=

Er
U

r U
r U
n r

n r

n
2
Er

+ E r
+ r U

r U
r U
n r

r U
r U

n


n
2
= r E r r U E r2
+U

r U
r U r U
2

n n n
n
+ r r r E r
+ r U

r U

r U

( a) [ * ...]
.

( n r ) 2

n n n
= r r + r (U E r )

r U

all ,s =1

n r n r
(U E r ) n r
+ (U E r )
1

E r2 U 2

n r n r (U E r ) n r
1

+
2

U
E
(
r)

--)
2

(
(U E r ) = E r2 + U 2 2 E r U = E r2 U
2

( --) g ( xo )
.

(E U )2

exp(2)

( --)
.( --)

g ( x o )

(
f

f ( x o ) U 2 U

f (x o)
x o2

( z ) = rz E r

--)

f ( z ) = rE rz

E r 1

f ( z ) = r E r ( E r 1) z

E r 2

& g ( x o ) =

x o = exp ( )

r E r ( E r 1) x o
r

rx o

E r 2

Er

g ( x o ) =

r E r ( E r 1) e
r

re

( E r 2)

E r

U 2 U
x o2

U 2 U
e 2

E r 2

r E 2r e
r

re

Er

r E re
r

re

E 2 U 2

+ U 2 2U 2 = e 2 E

e 2 E 2 2EU + U 2 = e 2

e 2 U 2 U

Er

e 2 E 2 E U 2 + U = e 2

= e 2 E

E r 2

( E r U )

+ U 2 2U E

E = U

) A (N,V,T
:

A
A
N
+V
=A
N V ,T
V N ,T
]
N = A + PV G [.

A ( N ,V ,T ) = k T ln Q N (V ,T

T .

A
A
= dA
dN +
dV
N V ,T
V N ,T

N = A + PV G

A
A
dN +
dV

V ,T
V N ,T

A = N PV

dA = N

A
A
= A
N +
V
N V ,T
V N ,T
A

= P
V N ,T

=
N V ,T

) f ( x 1, x 2,... n
:

f
x = nf
x i i

A :

A ( N , V , T ) = A ( N ,V ,T

A .
:
A
A
+
=A
N +

V N , T T V , T
= Const

A
N +

V ,T
V N ,T

N V , T

. T
A
= A
N

(
.
) ( --
.
(
) ( E

) Pr exp( E r .
E .
(
) ( E
) ( N

,
) p r exp( N r E r
N , E .


(

S
= Pr ln Pr
k
(

)--
:

S = k Pr ln Pr

Pr = k ( ln Pr + 1) Pr = o
Pr
r

Pr

S = k Pr ln Pr +

Pr
Pr Pr 1

.
Pr = 1 Pr = o
r

S = k (ln Pr +1) Pr

Pr = o

r =o

r =o

r =o

r =o

r =o

( ln Pr +1) Pr + Pr = o ( ln Pr +1+ ) Pr = o
1

= = 1 Pr

) (1+

r =o

r =o

Pr = 1 , e

1+
) ( ln Pr = (1+ ) Pr = e

E r Pr = o E r Pr = o , Pr = 1

E = Pr E r
r

Pr = o Pr = o
( ln Pr +1) Pr + Pr + E r Pr = o

( ln Pr +1+ + E r ) Pr = o

ln Pr = (1+ ) E r

1+
Pr = e ( )e E r Pr e E r

:(

Pr = 1 Pr = o
E = E r Pr
N = N r Pr

E r Pr =o

N r Pr = o

( ln Pr +1+ + E r + N r ) Pr =o

1+
Pr =e ( )e N r E r Pr e N r E r

ln Q
T

T V T V

CP CV = k
>o
2 ln Q

2
V T
Nk
.

:
dQ
S
dQ
S
, C P =
CV =
=T

=T

dT V
T N ,V
dT P
T N ,P

S
S
dS =
dT +
dV
T V
V T
S
S
S V
T
=T
+T

T P
T V
V T T P
S V
C P C V =T

V T T P

:
S P

V T T V

P V
C P C V =T

T V T p
:

( x , y , z ) = o

z y x
= 1

x y z x y z
2

P V
C P C V = T

T V T p
2

P =kT
= kT
ln Q
,
ln Q
2
V
V
N ,T
V
N ,T

V
V P

T P
P T T V
2

V P P
V P
C P C V = T


= T

P T T V V T
P T T V

P P
P P
= T

= T

T V V T
T V V T
2

P
T
V
1
T

=
=
2

k
kT
2 ln Q
V
ln Q
k
T
T
V

C P C V =
2
ln Q
V 2

1 V
QN =
( 2 m k T
N ! h 3

T k T V ln Q

2 ln Q
V 2
:

>o

3 N

3
3

ln Q N = ln N ! + N lnV ln h 3 + ln ( 2 m k ) + lnT
2
2

ln Q N N
=
V
V

, T

ln Q N N
=
V
V

ln Q N N
T
=
V V

2 ln Q N
N
2 =
V
V 2

N2
V 2 =kN >o
C P C V =
N
V
k

S
Q

= ln 1 +T
ln Q 1
Nk
T
P
N

:
QN =

N
1
Q 1( N ,T ) , A = k T ln Q N

N!

S =
=k
T ln Q N (V ,T )

T N ,V
T
V

T ln Q 1N ln N !
=k

T
V

T ( N ln Q 1 N ln N + N ) = N k
=k
T
V
T

Q1
T ln N +T

S
Q
Q
Q

= ln 1 +T
ln 1 +1= ln 1 +T
ln Q 1 + 1
Nk
T
V
N
N
T N V
ln Q 1 ln Q 1 ln Q 1 V

=
+

T p T V V T T p

ln Q 1
ln Q 1 ln Q 1 V

T V T p V T T p
A = k T ln Q N = k T N ln Q 1 + k T N ln N ! ln Q 1 =

A
ln N !
+

NkT
N

!
P
1
=
=
NkT V

1 A
ln N
ln Q 1

N k T V T V N
V T

Nk
V
PV = N k T
=
T P P
NkT
ln Q 1
ln Q 1
ln Q 1
T
=T
=T

1
T V
T P PV
T P
S
Q
ln Q 1
= ln 1 +T

Nk
N
T P

)
(

Pf

Pi

(
V 2 m k T 32 5
( S = N k ln
) +
2
h2
N

d Q =o Sf =Si

d Q = T dS

V i 2 m k T i 32 5
V f 2 m k T f 32 5
N
k
ln
(
)
) + Nk
+
=
N
( ln N
h2
2
h2
2

.
3

V i T i 2 =V f T f 2 V i ( Pi V i ) 2 =V f ( Pf T f ) 2

. ( PV = N k T ) .
5

Pi V i 3 = Pf V f 3

: PV = const

5
3
5
Pf
V 5
V 5
= ( i )3 = ( i )3 =2 3
2V i
Pi
Vf

V f = 2V i

dQ =T dS
3

N k ln (

V f T f2
V i Ti

3
2

) = N k ln

V f 52 Pf 32
1
) ( ) = exp
Vi
Pi
Nk

5
3
2P 2
i
i

(
dQ
S f S i =
T

V f 2 Pf 2
V

dQ
S =
T

dQ
T

dQ

Pf
V 5
2 dQ
P
P
) ( f ) ( f )
= ( i ) 3 exp (

Pi
Vf
Pi
Pi
3N k T

. )( dQ = o



-
:
N

d 3q i
i =1

= e { U u ( q i )}/ N T

U ) u ( q i
.

V 2mkT 3 / 2 5
S = Nk ln
+
2
2
N h
* V

.

:
Pi 2
+ u ( q i ) U
2m
N

d 3Pi d 3q i
i =1

3N

= H

i =1

1
H
3N e
N !h

Pi 2
1

+U ( q i ) U
exp

N ! h 3N
m
2
i

= QN

i =1

i =1

d 3Pi d 3q i

.
N

P2

e 2m k T 4 P 2dP

V
= d 3Pi
N ! h 3N
i =1

3N
2

P2
i
i 2m

) ( 2 m k T

2
V
2

m
k
T

= k T N ln

1
N

h2

V
=
N ! h 3N

QN

V
=
N ! h 3N

A = k T ln Q N

2 5
V
m
k
T
2

S =
= N k ln

+
N
h 2 2
T N ,V

-
N 1 m 1 N 2 m 2
V T


.

N1 + N 2
m m( N1 + N 2 ) = m1N1 + m2 N 2
.

(
N 1+ N 2 = N

3N

3N

Q N (V ,T ) = e H d q d P
Pi 2 N 2 Pi 2
+
i =1 2m 1 i =1 2m 2
N1

= H

QN =
1

1 V
( 2 m 1k T
N 1! h 3

1 V
QN =
( 2 m 2k T
2 N ! h 3
2

3/ 2

N1

3/ 2

N2

N +N

Q tot

1
V 1 2
=Q N Q N =
( 2 m 1k T
1
2 N ! N ! 3( N 1+ N 2 )
1
2 h

Q tot

V N
=Q N = 3
( 2 m 1k T
h N 1! N 2!

3N 1/ 2

3N 1/ 2

( 2 m 2k T )

( 2 m 2k T )

3N 2 / 2

3N 2 / 2

A = k T ln Q N = N k T lnV + 3N k T ln h
+ k T N 1ln N 1 k T N 1 + k T N 2 ln N 2 k T N 2
k T

3N 1
3N 2
ln ( 2m 1 k T ) k T
ln ( 2m 2 k T
2
2

= k T N lnV + 3N k T ln h + k T N 1ln N 1 k T N + k T N 2 ln N 2

3N 1
3N 2
k T ln ( 2m 1 k T )
k T ln ( 2m 2 k T
2
2

kTN
A
P =

=
V
V N ,T
P V =N k T

P V = ( N 1+ N 2 ) k T

A
= 3N k ln h + N 1k ln N 1 k N + k N 2 ln N 2
S =

T N ,V

3N 1
3N 1
1 3N 2
3N 2
1
k ln ( 2 m 1k T )
kT
k ln ( 2 m 2k T )
kT
2
2
2
2
T
T

S = 3N k ln h N 1k ln N 1 + N k N 2k ln N 2 +

3N 1
3N 2
3
3
N 1k + N 2k +
k ln ( 2m 1 k T ) +
k ln ( 2m 2 k T
2
2
2
2

U = A +T S = k T N lnV + 3N k T ln h + N 1k T ln N 1 k T N + N 2k T ln N 2

3
3
+ N 1k T ln( 2 m 1k T ) N 2k T ln( 2 m 2k T )
2
2

3
3
+ T 3N k ln h N 1k ln N 1 + N k N 2k ln N 2 + N 1k + N 2 k
2
2
3
3
+ N 1k ln( 2 m 1k T ) + N 2k ln( 2 m 2k T )
2
2

3
= 2 ( N 1 + N 2) k

3
U = NkT
2
(
QN

1+N 2

V
1
(2 mkT
( N 1+N 2 )! h 3

(V ,T )=

3 N 1+N 2

V
A ( N ,V ,T )= kT lnQ N (V ,T )=kT ln ( N 1+N 2 ) kT ln 3 (2 mkT
h

A
V
=k ln ( N 1+N 2 )!+( N 1+N 2 )k ln 3 (2 mkT
S =

T N ,V
h

)2

) 2 +2( N 1+N 2 )k
3

kT
A
P =
=( N 1+N 2 )
PV =( N 1+N 2 ) kT

V
V N ,T

V
A =kT ( N 1+N 2 )ln ( N 1+N 2 )N 1N 2 ( N 1+N 2 ) kT ln 3 (2 mkT
h

) 2

N 1+N 2=N

V
A
=kT ln ( N 1+N 2 )kT ln 3 (2 mkT

N V ,T
h

U =T 2
T

)2

3
A
3
=( N 1+N 2 ) kT 2 U = ( N 1+N 2 ) kT
T
2
T
2
N ,V

( N 1+N 2 ) T U T P
.
A
S =
= k N lnV k ( N 1 + N 2 ) ln ( N 1 + N 2 ) + k ( N 1 + N 2 )

T N ,V
3
3
1
+ k ( N 1 + N 2 ) ln ( 2 m k T ) + k T ( N 1 + N 2 )
2
2
T
S = k N lnV k ( N 1 + N 2 ) ln ( N 1 + N 2 ) + k ( N 1 + N 2 )

3
3
) + k ( N 1 + N 2 ) ln ( 2 m k T ) + k ( N 1 + N 2
2
2
) U = A + S T = k T N lnV k T ( N 1 + N 2 ) ln ( N 1 + N 2
3
k T ( N 1 + N 2 ) k T ( N 1 + N 2 ) ln ( 2 m k T ) +T [ k N lnV
2

3
+ k ( N 1 + N 2 ) ln ( N 1 + N 2 ) + k ( N 1 + N 2 ) + k ( N 1 + N 2 ) ln ( 2 m k T
2
3

) + k T ( N 1+ N 2
2

3
U = Nk
2

3
) U = k T ( N 1+ N 2
2

V , P

) ( N 1 + N 2 .
S , A .
- ) Q N (V , T

= pc c
.
N

1
kT
= )Q N(V, T
8 V

!N
hc

1
V
4
PV = U , = 3kT =
3
N
3
( --)
g (E )
.

:
N

H = cp i , Q N (V ,T ) =
i =1

Q N (V ,T ) =

o e

cP

1
N !h 3N

c Pi N
i

( d 3q i d 3Pi )
i =1

N
N
N
V N cP
2
= V
4 e pc P 2dP
4

e
P
dP

N !h 3N o
N !h 3N

P dP =
2

d2
d (c )
d2
d (c )

V N
Q N (V ,T ) =
N !h 3N

o e
1
c

cP

1 c
dP =
e

2
d (c ) c
o
d2

2
= 3 3
c

k 3T 3
1
k T
8
=
8V

c3
N !
hc

kT
A = k T ln Q N = k T ln N ! k T N ln 8 V

hc

kT
= k T ( N ln N N ) N k T ln 8 V

hc

A
kT
ln
!
ln
8

S =
k
N
N
k
V
=

+ 3N k
T N ,V
hc

A
kT
ln
ln
8

k
T
N
k
T
V
=

N V , T
hc

3
=T 2k N = 3N k T U = 3N k T

N ,V
T

A
U = T 2

T T

1
A
1
U
P =
= = k T N PV = N k T = U , C V

= 3N k
3
V N , T
V
T V

1 4

=
= U + U
3N k T = 4N k
3 T 3

P T

( E + PV
= C P
T

CP 4
=
CV 3

-

3N

:
3N

1 kT
= )Q 3N (L, T
2L

( 3N)! hc

L

.

. 3N
3N

H = cPi
i =1

3N

Q 3N

c Pi
1
i =1
e
(V , T ) =
3N
( 3N )!h

( 3N )!h 3N

3N

dq i dPi
i =1

o dq e

dP

cp

3N

3N
2 cP
L 3N
L 3N
2 e cPdP =
=
e
3N o
3
N

( 3N )! h
( 3N )! h c

L 3N
=
( 3N )! h 3N

Q 3N

kT
2 c

3N

1
kT
2L
(V ,T ) =

( 3N )! ch

3N

kT

A = k T ln Q N = k T 3N ln ( 3N ) 3N 3N k T ln 2L
ch

kT
A

S =
= k ln ( 3N ) ! + 3N k ln 2L
+ 3N k

ch
T N ,V

N V

kT

= 3k T ln ( 3N ) k T ln 2L
ch

,T

3N

1
= 3N k T 2 = 3N k T

N ,V
T
PV = 3N k T = U

3N k T
A
P =
=

V
V N ,T

) f ( p , q ) (--

f = o

A
U = T 2

T T

] )[ U H(p, q

[U H(p, q)]exp(H(p, q))d = o

) ( --

.

f ( q , p ) exp ( H ) d
exp ( H ) d

)-

(-
= U H =o

f =U H f

U H ( q , p ) exp ( H ) d = o
)-

U
2 U
2
=
= kT C v
= kT
T

= E2 E

( E )2
(-

:
2

2 E

E e
d Ee
d
= E

E
e d e d

Ee E d U
E 2e E d Ee E d

U =

=
+

E
E
E

e d
e d e d

U
2
( E ) =

(U H ) e
U

d =o

e H d

(U H ) e

d = o

H H
e
d (U H ) H e H d

U H
e d UHe H d H 2e H d

+
=o
H
H
H
e d
e d
e d

UH + H

E2 E

U
U H + H

=o

U
=

-
:

C v

3
( E ) 3 = k 2 T 4
+ 2T C v
T v

E 2
2
) =
3N
U

8
9N 2

( E )3

( E E )3

= E 3 3E 2 E + 3E E

= E 3 3 E 2 E +2 E
U =

2 E
E
Ee E dE
U
E e d + Ee d

E
E
E

e dE
e d e d

2U
U
=

3 E
d E 2e E d Ee E d
2U E e
=

2
E
2
e d
e Ed

Ee E d
2 E
e
d

= E3 E

E 2e E d

E
d
e

E 2 E

2U
3
3 E 2 E +2 E
2= E

E
3

Ee E d
+ 2
E
d
e

+2 E

Ee E d

E
d
e

= (E)3
:

T
1
=
=

T k

=
= k T 2

2
k T
T
T

2
2
2
2
k
T
k
T
k
T
2
k
T
k
T
=

2
2
T
T
T

= k 2T

( E )3

+ 2k 2T 3
2
T
T

2
2U
U
2 4 U
k
T
=
+ 2k 2T 3

2
2

T V
T V

CV

3
= k 2 T 4
+ 2T C V
T

U
CV =

T V

:
3
U = NkT
2

3
U
CV =
= Nk
T V 2

3
( E ) 2 = k T 2C V = N k 2T
2

(E)2
U

E
=

3
N k 2T 2
2
= 2
2=
3
3N
NkT
2

CV

3 3
3
( E ) 3 = k 2 T 4
+ 2T N k = 3N k T

T
2
V

3 8N k 3T 3
8
=
3 3
27N k T
9N 2

=3

3N k 3T

NT
2

dG
- )(long time average
dt
G = p i q i
i

) (--
) (-- .

G = q i p i

]
]

dG G
=
+ [G , H
dt
t

dG
G
=
+ [G , H
dt
t

G
G = o
t
) ( long tim e av erage
:

H
H
q i
=o
p i i
p i

= pi
i

= 3N K T

G H G H

q i p i p i q i
H
p i

q i
i

= 3N K T

=o

H
p i

] [G , H

pi
i

if

-
) U ( r ) U ( r
) ( n
:

= 3PV + nU
K:

1
1
1
) (3PV + nE
= ) K = = (3PV + nU
)(n + 2
2
2
U
E = K + U .

.

U
= nA r n 1
r

U ( r) = A r n

p2

) H = i +U ( ri
i

2m
) U ( ri

ri

= q i Fi = q i p& i + q i
i

= 3N K T nri A rin 1 = 3N K T n A rin

i

A rin
i

= U

= 3N K T nU
:

= 3N K T = 2K

H
q i

= q i
i

K .

1
K =
2

))

1
1
1
K = = ( 3pV + nU ) = ( 3pV + n ( E K
2
2
2

1
( 3pV + nE
)( n + 2

=K

(
-


)( n = + 2
.
( ) ( n = 1
) ( ) (

.
(
.

p
1
, K = m 2q 2
2m
2

=K

) q = A sin( t

) p = m A cos( t
m 2A 2 2 1 T
m 2A 2 2
2

cos
=
t
dt

2m T o
4m

= K

1
K = m 2A 2
4
11
1
T
m 2A 2o sin 2( t ) dt = m 2A 2
4
T 2

= U

1
( 3pV + nU
2

=K

1
1
2 2 1
2 2
3pV + 2 m A = m A pV = o
2
4
4
. p = o
-

.

:
3

F = k x

1
U = kx4
4
:
2

1
1
p
1
= H = m x& 2 + k x 4
+ kx 4
2
4
2m 4

=2 U

) = 12 k x

xkx

1
=
2

1
1
H
K = = x i
2
2
x i
i

s
-
:

s
E i = ( j + ) h j = o ,1, 2,...
2

!)( j + s 1

!)j !( s 1

N
.
sN
.

:
s
s

E j = j + h ; E n ,...,n = n 1 + ... + n s + h
1
s
2
2

s
1
s
s
E = n r + h = n r + h
2
2
r =1
r =1

:
s

nr = j

r =1

s s
nr j .
.

n x + n y + n z = j n x , n y , n z

j
' s j
s 1

' s
.

j + s ' j + s 1

=
! ) = ( j + s 1) ! = ( j + s 1

! )j j !( j + s 1 j ) ! j !( s 1
j
:

j + h
2

j + s ' 1
=) g (E
E
j
j =o

( j + s 1)!e j h
! )j =o j !( s 1

s
h
2

j + h
2

g ( E ) dE = g i e

j =o

( j + s 1)!e j h
! )j !( s 1

h s

=e

Q 1( , s ) = e
o

s
h
2

= e
j =o

(1 e

h
2

Q 1( , s ) = e

1
h
e 2

) (1 e
h

= ) Q 1(

QN = e

1
h sN
2

(1 e )
h

N s

= sN

h
2

1
A = k T ln Q N = k T h sN + k T N s ln 1 e h
2
= sN

h
+ sN k T ln 1 e h
2

s h
A
+ sk T ln 1 e h
=
N

V ,T

A
P =
=o

N N ,T

k h e h
A
h

ln
1
S =
sN
k
e
sN
k
T
=

+
( )

1 e h
T N ,T

S = sN k ln 1 e h sN k h

e h
1 e h

. sN

exp h
2

Q 1( ) =
1 exp ( h )
(

Q sN

sN

exp
h
2

( )=
sN
1 exp ( h )

--)

N
s

sN

.
) ln g ( E N
-

) (-- ) (--
:

S
E
1
E
1
E
1
E
1
(=
(+ ) ln
(+ )
( ) ln
)
Nk
N h 2
hN 2 N h 2
N h 2
:

:
N

'>o

d =A

h N

{1 e

e EQ ( ) d

{1 e

N
h
2

e Ee

N
h
2

'+i

' i

' +i

1
2 i
1

2 i 'i

Q N =e

=) g (E

=) g (E

1 N h 2
E
+

N h 2
=) g (E
1
E
N

1 N h 2
E

N h 2
N

S = k ln g ( E ) = k ln A
S
1 E
1 E
1 E
1
E
=
+ ln
+
ln

N k N h 2 N h 2 N h 2 N h 2
( N E
-
Pn
n
) ) (-- (.

p n =1

n =o

( N
E

exp( ) :
) (-- .
N >> 1 E >> .

:
n 1 = o ,1, 2,...

E 1 = n1+ h
2

n 2 = o ,1, 2,...

E 2 = n2+ h
2

E = E 1 + E 2 + E 1 + ... = n 1 + n 2 + n 3 + ... + n N + h
2

N h
2

= R h +

R h . n
1

E n = n + h
2

N 1 ' E
.
N
N
1
N h
N h
E ' = E E n , E = n i + h = n i h +
= R h +
2
2
2
i =1
i =1

1
1
1
E ' = R h + N h n h h = ( R n ) h + ( N 1) h
2
2
2
E N
:
!)( R + N 1
=
! )R !( N 1
)(
' E N 1
:
) ( :
R R n , N N 1
! ) ( R n ) + ( N 11
='
!)( R n )!( N 11

! )( R n + N 2
! ) ' ( R n ) !( N 2
= = Pn
!)( R + N 1

! )R !( N 1

! )R !( N 1) !( R n + N 2) ! R !( N 1) !( N 2) !( R n + N 2
=
!)( R + N 1)!( R n )!( N 2
!)( R N 1)!( R n )!( N 2
)R ( R 1) ... ( R n ) !( R n + N 2) !( N 1
!) ( R + N 1)!( R n

)R ( R 1) ...... ( R n 1) ( R + N 1 ( n 1) )!( N 1

)1)( R + N 11) ....... ( R + N 1 ( n 11) ) ( R + N 11

= Pn

(R +N

)R ( R 1) ...... ( R n + 1)( N 1
) ( R + N 1) ...... ( R + N 1 n

R >> n , N >>1 :
n

N
R
( R + N ) R + N

= n +1

R nN

) (R +N

= Pn

Pn = 1

n =o

N
N
1
N
R +N
R
=
=1

=
R +N R +N R
n =o ( R + N ) R + N
( R + N ) 1 R
R +N

-
:

V (q ) = cq 2 gq 3 fq 4
f , g , c g , f
.



:
3 2 f
5g2
k 2+
T
2 c
4c3

q .

3 gk T
4 c2

= q

V ( q ) = Cq gq f q
2

P2
+ Cq 2 gq 3 f q 4
2m

= H

) C P = C v = k 2 2 ( ln Q

N ,V

dpdq

P2

+Cq 2 gq 3 f q 4
2m

)dq
n

n > 1

Cq 2 gq 3 f q 4

n +1,
y ndy = 1

+
n
1

2
2

1
h

=Q

2 m
=Q
h 2

y 2

I n = e

2 2 6 2 8
Cq 2
3
4

e
gq
f
q
g q + f q +L
+
+
+
1

Q=

2 m
h 2

Q=

2 m

2
h
c

3f

1 15 g 2 1o 5 f 2
+

2+
3+
2 4 +L
4 c 16 c
32 c

C v = k 2 2 ( ln Q )

)(

)(

= k + k 32c 3 2 12f c + 15g 2 16c 3 2

12f c +15g 2
5 g 2
2 3 f
C v = k 1+
k
k
T
=
+
+

8 c 3
2c 2 4 c 3

f g
.
:

exp

q =

exp

(
(

P2
dp
2m
P2
dp
2m

exp ( cq

exp ( cq

)
)

1+ gq 3 + f q 4 + L qdq

1+ gq 3 + f q 4 + L dq

2 m

exp ( cq 2 ) gq 4dq

3 g
3 kT

=
= g 2
2
2

4c

2m
2c

= q

-
:

1
1
E n = ( n + ) h x ( n + ) n = o ,1, 2,...
2
2
x
) ( x << 1
x
h
= u N

kT
:

1
1 4
1 1

C = N k ( 1 u 2 +
)u ) + 4x ( + u 2
12
24o
u 8o

:
1
1
E n = ( n + ) h x ( n + ) 2h , n = o ,1, 2,... , x << 1
2
2
2

n
h

Q 1 = exp h n + + x
2
n =o

u = h :

1
exp u n +
2

n+
2

Q 1 = exp ux
n =o

.

1+ ux
n =o

1
n
2

1
exp u n +
2

1
= exp u n + + ux
2 n =o
n =o

1

1

n + exp u n +
2
2

1
2

1
= exp u n + + x u
exp u n +
2
u n =o
2
2
n =o

n =o

exp u n +

Q1 =

1
2sinh

u
2

1
1
=
2 2sinh u
2

+xu

1
2
2
u 2sinh u
2

xu cosh 2
=
+
u 2 u
u
2sinh
2sinh 2
2
2

3u
2u
1 sinh 2 + 2sinh 2 cosh 2
=
+ xu

u 2
u
sinh 4
2sinh

2
2

2cosh 2
1 1
2
=
+ xu
+

u 2
u
3u
sinh
2sinh
sinh

2
2
2

2cosh 2

1
1 1
2
QN =
+ xu
+

u 2
u
3u
2sinh
sinh
sinh

2
2
2

2u
=
1 x u 1 2cot gh

u
2

2sinh
2

ln Q N = N ln ( 2sinh u ) + ln 1 x u 1 2cot gh 2
2

Cv=k 2

2

ln Q N = k 2

u u
= k 2

ln Q N
u u
u

2u

u
+

ln Q N

2
2
u

u
u
= h =

2
h
2
C v = k 2
+ ( h )
ln Q N
u 2
u

u = h

= ku

ln Q N
2
+ ku 2 2 ln Q N
u
u

u
cot gh

2u
2
x 1 2cot gh + 4xu
u
2u
2

sinh
ln Q N cosh 2
2
=
+
u

u
2u
sinh
1 xu 1 2cot gh
2
2

u
x << 1 1 ux ( 1 cot g h 2 ) 1
2
u

12u cot gh 2

2 ln Q N
4
u
u

2
= 1 2cot gh 2 + x

2
u
u
2 sinh 2
u

sinh 2

2
2

cot gh
1
u
u

2
CV Nku cot gh x 1 2cot gh 2 + 4xu
u
2
2
2
2

sinh
2

6u cot gh

4
u
u
2
+ Nku 2 1+ cot gh 2 + x
+
u
2u
2

sinh
sinh

2
2

u
u
u sinh cot gh
2
2
.


-
-
N ,o
.

= 1+ e

Q1 = e
n

Q N = Q 1 = 1+ e
N

A = k T ln Q N = N k T ln 1+ e

= N k ln 1+ e

N V

,T

N
A
S =
= N k ln 1+ e +

T 1+ e
T N ,V

-
:
- g 1

1
- g 2

2

:

P
P
) s = k P1 ln( 1) + P2 ln( 2
g1
g 2

P2 , P1

:
P1 + P2 = 1
( P
:

g
1+ ( 1) e x

g2

g
S = k ln g 1 + ln 1+ ( 2) e x

g1

2 1

= x

kT
g 1 = g 2 = 1
.
( S
.

( T o
S k ln g 1 .

E 1 E 2
.
g 1 g 2 E 1 E 2
:
P
P 'i = 1
i = 1, 2,...
,
g1
j = 1, 2,...

P2
g2

= P 'j

Pi g i + P j g j = 1

S = k Pr ln Pr
g1

g2

i =1

j =1

S = k P ' i ln P ' i k P ' j ln P ' j

S = k g 1P ' i ln P ' i + k g 2P ' j ln P ' j

P
P
P P
= k g 1 1 ln 1 + g 2 2 ln 2
g 2 g 2
g 1 g 1
P
P

S = k P1ln 1 + P2 ln 2

g1
g 2
g 2 x
e
g 1e
g 1e
g1
P1 =
=
=
1+ g 2 e x
g 1e E 1 + g 2e E 2
g 2
E1
g 1e
1+ e ( E 2 E 1)
g1
g1

E1

E1

g 2 ( E 2 E 1)
g 2 x
e
e
g 2e
g1
g1
P2 =
=
=
g 1e E 1 + g 2e E 2 1+1+ g 2 e ( E 2 E 1) 1+ g 2 e x
g1
g1
E 2

ln P1 = ln 1+ 2 e x
g1

ln

g
P1
= ln P1 ln g 1 = ln 1+ 2 e x
g1
g1

ln g 1

ln P2 = ln g 2 ln g 1 x ln 1+ 2 e x
g1

ln

P2
= ln g 1 x ln 1+ 2 e x
g2
g1

1
S = k
g 2 x
1+ e
g 1
g 2 x
e
g1
+
g
1+ 2 e x
g1

g x
ln g 1 ln 1+ 2 e
g1

g x
ln g 1 x ln 1+ 2 e
g1

g
ln 1+ 2 e x

g1
ln g 1
S = k

g
g
1+ 2 e x
1+ 2 e x
g1
g1

g x
ln g 1 2 e
g1

g
1+ 2 e x
g1

g 2 x g 2 x g 2 x
e ln 1+ e
e
g1
g1
g1

g
g
1+ 2 e x
1+ 2 e x
g1
g1
x

g 2 x

x g e
1

g
1+ 2 e x

g1

g
ln 1+ 2 e x

g1

g 2 x

1+ g e
1
S = k ln g 1
g
1+ 2 e x

g1

g 2 x
e

g1
+
g 2 e x 1+ g 1 e + x

g1
g2

S = k ln g 1 + ln 1+ 2 e x
g1

g 2 x
1+ e

g
g 1
1+ 2 e x

g1

x
+ g
1+ 1 e + x
g2

g
S = k ln g 1 + ln 1+ 2 e x
g1

g 1 = g 2 =1

x
+
+x
1+ e

if

g
S = k ln 1+ 2 e x
g 1
1 = o

E =x
k T

) (-
.

Q = g re E r = g 1e E 1 + g 2e E 2 = g 1e E 1 1+ 2 e x
r
g1

, x=

2 1
kT

ln Q = ln g 1 E 1 + ln 1+ 1 e x
g2

A = k T ln Q

g
A = k T ln g 1 E 1 + ln 1+ 1 e x

g2

ln Q
A
S =
= k ln Q + k T

T
T N ,V

g 2 ( 2 1) e
ln Q
1 ln Q
2
k
E
=
=

1
T
k T 2
g 1 1+ g 2 e x

g1

g
S = k ln g 1 E 1 + ln 1+ 1 e x

g2

g 2 ( 2 1)e
1

k
T
E
+

1
2
g 1 1+ g 2 e x
kT

g1

g
S = k ln g 1 E 1 ln 1+ 2 e x

g1

x g 2 x

1
g1
E 1+
+
g
k
T

1+ 2 e x

g1

x 2 e x

g 2 x
g1
S = k ln g 1 + ln 1+ e +
g

g1
1+ 2 e x

g1

x
S = k ln g 1 + ln 1+ 2 e x +
g

g1
1+ 2 e + x

g1

.
( .

S = k ln g 1

T o

N
-

E :


:

E cos

p 2
p 2 p 2
+
+
2m 2I 2I sin 2

I .

.

E << k T
H 2o
1o 851o 18 esu
1oo c o
.

:
=

P 2 P2
Pc2
+ +
2m 2I 2I sin 2

E cos

. E

Q1 =

1
dq
h5

o d e E cos sin

P2
2I sin 2

dP

P 2
2
exp
4 P dP
2
m

n +1
I n = e y y ndy = 1

n +1
2
2
d
= 4

d
2m

1
P 2
exp
dP
2
2m

3
2

2m
=

P2
2 I
exp
2I dP =

P2
exp
2I dP

P 2
2
exp
4 P dP
2m

n > 1

d
= 2

d
2m

2m

P2
exp
2I sin 2

2 I
sin
dP =

E cos
sin 2 = o d sin 2 1 E cos + 2 2E 2 cos 2 + L
o d e
2

E << k T

E
kT

<<1

. E
1

2
2
2 2 2
2
2
o d sin E o sin cos d + 2 E o sin cos d

1
+ 2 2E 2
2 2
8

Q1 =

3
2

VI 2m
2 2 2

+ E sin
h

2 16
3

.
.
3
2

VI
2
m
1 2 2 2
N

Q N = ( Q1 ) =

1+ E sin
h 5

3
3

V I 2m 2 1 2 2 2

A = k T ln Q N = k T N ln
1+ E sin
h 5 8

1 2 2

4 E
A
=
= k T N 1 2 2 2 sin
E
1+ E
8

2 2

kTN
E
= =P
1
sin
4V 1+ 2 2E 2
V
8

1 x

1
1+ x

kTN 2 2 1 2 2 2 kTN 2 2
E 1 E
E
4V
8
4V

= P = E , P

N2
4VkT
N 2
4V k T

=o + =o +

-
:
Pr, s =

N r E s

N r E s

r, s

: ln
ln Pr, s = N r E s ln e

N r E s

r, s

q = ln e

N r E s

r, s

ln Pr, s = N r E s q

s , r Pr , s
.

Pr, s ln Pr, s = Pr, s N r Pr, s E s q Pr, s

r, s

r, s

r, s

r, s

Pr, s ln Pr, s = N E q = ( N + E + q )
r, s

q ) (-- :
S = k Pr, s ln Pr, s
r, s

-


( V
:

Vo

V
Vo
N ( o ) N

= ) p ( 1,V

V V
! )N (o
= ) P ( N ,V
1
)(o
N ! N N !V o V o

: V

V
= 1 p
Vo

q = 1

p ( N ,V ) = 1

)N (o

N =o

! )N (o
N ( o ) N
N
p
p
1

(
)
! N ! N (o) N

= 1N = 1

)N (o

) ) = ( p + ( 1 p

)N (o

N =o

N =

N (o)

N P ( N ,V ) = N

N =o

N (o)

N =o

=p

N (o) !
N N
p
p q
(o)
N ! N N ! p

= pN

(o)
N (o) !
p N q N N
(o)
N ! N N !

N (o)

N =o

(o)

( o ) N

N (o) !

N (o)
N N ( o ) N
=
+
p
q
p
p
q
(
)
p
N ! N (o) N !

( p +q )N

( o ) 1

= pN

(o)

(
N 2 = N

(o)

(o)
N !
p N q N N
(o)
N ! N N !

2
2 N
N 2
N
N
2 N 2
2 N
2
=

=
+Np N
p
N
p
N
p
N
(
N
1
)
p
,
N
p
p
2
2p
p
p

N =
2

N (o)

N =o

(o)

2
N
N (o) !
N (o) !
N
N N ( o ) N
2
+
p
p
N
p
q

2
(o)
N =o N ! N
N !
N ! N (o) N ! p

= p2

2
N (o)
+ pN
2 ( p +q )
p

N 2 N 2 = p 2N

( o )2

p 2N

(o)

p 2N

(o)

(o )2

= p 2N

= pN

(o)

(o)

(N

(o)

1 + pN

(o)

(1 p )
(

( N ) = pN

(o)

1
2

(1 p )

p ( N ,V ) =

(o)
N (o) !
p N q N N
(o)
N ! N N !

ln p = ln N

(o)

p = exp{ N

! ln N ! ln N

(o)

ln N

(o)

+ N ln p + N

(N )=N

(o)

ln N

(o)

+ N ln p + N

f (N ) = f ( N ) +

f
N

N ln N N

(o)

) (

N ln N

(o)

(o)

N ln q

N
(o)

f (N )
N

(o)

) (

N ln N

(o)

N N ln N

N ln q

(N N ) +
N =N

= ln N + ln N
N =N

N ! + N ln p + N

N ln q }

(o)

(o)

(o)

1 2f ( N )
2 N 2

( N N ) 2 + ...
N =N

N + ln p ln q

N = pN

(o)

f
N

= ln N + ln N
N =N

(o)

(1 p ) + ln p ln q

= ln pN

f
N

(N )=f

N =N

+ ln N

+ ln (1 p ) + ln p ln q = o

(o)

=o

N =N

2f

(o)

(o)

pqN

( N ) 2pqN1 ( N N )

(o)

(o)

f N ,V )
P ( N ,V ) = e (

1
p ( N ,V ) = exp f N
2pqN

( )

1
= C exp
2pqN

P ( N ,V ) dN = 1 , C =

p ( N ,V ) =

1
2 pqN

(o)

(o)

(o)

( N pN )
(o)

( N pN )
(o) 2

1
o
2 pqN ( )

1
exp
2pqN

(o) 2

(o)

( N pN )

( )

n
n ! 2 n
e

1
ln n ! = ln 2 n + n ln n n ln ne
2
=

1
( ln 2 + ln n ) + n ln n n n ln n n
2

p ( N ,V ) =

N (o) !
N ( o ) N
N
p
p
1

(
)
N ! N (o) N !

p o N , N =

if

N
, pN
p

1
(o) 2

(N

(o)

(o)

N !

(1 p ) N
p o

( o ) N

( 2 N )

( 2 ( N
(1 p )

P ( N ,V ) =

(o)

N (o)

pNN

))

N (o)

(o)

= N << N

(o)

N (o)

(o)

N ( o ) N

(o) N

= (1 p ) p = e N
(o) N

N!

e N

(N )
p ( N ,V ) =

e N

N!

-
:

( N r, E s )


Pr,s

Pr , s =

N E

e r s
z
N r E s =
e

Nr

E s

e
D

r, s

D = e

N r E s

r, s

N = N r N

.
E s
N
z e
z N Q N (V ,T )
s
=
P (N )=
D
D
:

V f (T )
Q
Q N (V ,T ) = 1 =
N!
N!
N

D = exp ( z V f (T

))

V f (T )
P (N )=
N !exp ( z V f (T
z

P ( N ) =e

z V f (T

))

) z V f (T )

N = z V f (T

N!

=e

N
N!

: .

N =N

N = N =
2

N
N

( )

(N )

N =o

( )

=N N

e N

N!
N 1

2
N

=e

N =o

(N )

N!

( )

2 = N ( N 1) N

N 2

N
2

( )
N

N =e
2

=N

(N )

=N

( )

N N

2+N

2 2N
N
N

(N )
N
2

( )

+N N

N!

N =o

( )

( )

N N
2
N

N
= e N N
+e N

2
N N =o N !
N N =o N !

= e N N

N =

( )

e N N

N =o

= e N N

2e

+ e N N

= e N N

N!

2
N
e =N +N
N

N =o

(N )

N!

eN =N

( N ) 2 = N 2 N 2 = N
:
N
V
S
( N ) 2 = k T
, d = dp dT
N
N
V ,T

d ( pV ) = pdV +V dp = pdV + N d + S dT

V p

p

=

=

V T N V T
V T
V T

2 p
N

=V

N V ,T
V N ,T
2

N 2
p

= V

V N V ,T
V N ,T
:

PV = N k T

NkT
P

=
V 2
V N ,T

V 2 p
V 2 NkT
kT

=

2
2
2 =+
N V N ,T
N V
N
N V ,T

kT
( N ) 2 = k T
=N
N

(N ) = N

-
:
H ( r1, r2 , p 1, p 2 ) =
Q 1(V ,T ) =

1
1
2
p 12 + p 22 + k r1 r2
2m
2

1
3
3
exp ( H ) d p d q
h3


p2 p2

1 1 2
Q 1(V ,T ) = 3 e 2m 2m d 3p 1 d 3p 2 e
h

p2

1 2m 3
Q 1(V ,T ) = 3 e
d p

r1 r2 = r

r1 + r2 = R

r1 =

r +R
2

r2 =

R r
2

k
2
r r
2 1 2 d 3r d 3r
1
2

k
2
r r
2 1 2 d 3r d 3r
1
2

d 3r1 d 3r2 = J d 3R d 3r

r1
r

r ,r
J 1 2 = det
r1
r, R
R

r2
r
r2
R

= det

p2
1 + 2mx 3
Q 1(V ,T ) = 3 e
d px
h

k 2
r
2

V 3
d r
8

1
2

1
2

1
2

1
2

1
2

p 2y
2m

d 3p y

p z2
2m

3
d pz

p2

V + 2mx 3
Q 1(V ,T ) = 3 e
d px

8h

o e

k 2
r

4 r 2dr

V 3 2m
V 4 m 2 2
=
=

3
8h 3
h 3 k
k 2

QN

(Q (V ,T ) )
(V ,T ) = 1
N!

3
4
2

m
2

3
h

=
N!

4
V Z m

h3

D = z QN =
N
N =o
N =o

3 N

3
4
2

2
V
Z
m

= exp

h3
k

q = ln D =

3
2

ZV m 2

h3
k
4

kT
ZkT V 4 m 2 2
p=
ln D =

V
V
h 3 k

N =z

3
2

V m 2

q =z
ln D =

z
z
h 3 k
4

3
4
2

V
Z

m
2

k
exp
h3

A = k T ln N = k T ln

N
z
z

= N k T ln z k T

3
2

zV m 2

h3
k
4

3z V 4 m 2 2
U =
q (V ,T , z ) =

h3
k

-
:

:
3
V
Q 1 = 3 ( 2 m k T ) 2
h

1
:( j = )
2

Q1 =

.
1
2

exp ( B gm H ) = exp B gH + exp B gH

m =

1
2

1
= 2cosh B gH
2

= cosh ( B H

g =2

:
Q1 =

V
( 2 m k T
h3

3
2 2cosh

( BH )

1 2V
Q N (V ,T , N ) =
( 2 m k T
N ! h 3

3
2 cosh

z N 2V
D = z QN =
( 2 m k T

N =o
N =o N ! h

2z V
xN
= e x D = exp 3 ( m k T

N =o N !
h

A = k T ln

( BH )

3
2 cosh

( BH )

) 2 Cosh ( B H )

D
zN

2z V
= k T 3 ( 2 m k T
h

) 2 cosh ( B H ) N

ln z

:( --)

2z V
A
M =
= k T ( B ) 3 ( 2 m k T ) sinh ( B H
h
H T ,N

:
2 z V
M = B 3 ( 2 m k T
h

) 2 sinh ( B H )

:
f

Q = i HdM

. V T
dM =

2 B z V
( 2 m k T
h3
o

Q = H

) 2 ( B ) cosh ( B H ) dH

2 B z V
( 2 m k T
h3

3
2

) ( B ) cosh ( B H ) H dH

1
2 B2 z V ( 2 m k T
3
h

) 2 o

cosh ( B H ) H dH
H

o cosh ( B H ) H dH = H sinh ( B H )
B
o
H

sinh ( B H ) dH

1
sinh ( B H )
=
cosh ( B H ) 1
B

-
:

N o N
:
N
N o!
N o!
a (T )
QN =
N !( N o N ) !
N !( N o N )!

. a (T

A = k T ln Q N
= k T [ N o ln N o N o + N N ln N
( N o N ) ln ( N o N ) + ( N o N ) + N ln a (T )
A
= k T [ ln N + ln ( N o N ) + ln a (T ) ]
N V ,T

( N o N ) a (T )

= k T ( ln N ln ( N o N ) a( T ) ) = k T ln

D=

z QN =
N

N =o

N =o

N o !( z a (T

N !( N o N ) !

q = ln D = N o ln (1+ z a (T
N =z

))

a (T )
q
= N oz
z
1+ z a (T

N
N
+
z a (T ) = z a (T
No No

= (1+ z a (T

))

No

) ) = N o ln 1+ z a (T )
)
N
(1+ z a (T
No

) ) = z a (T )

N
N
= z a (T ) 1

No
No

N
N
N o 1
a (T
No

=z

kT

= ln z

kT

z =e

N
( N o N ) a (T

= k T ln z = k T ln

. N :
) (

Q1 = e

!N o
!N o
= Q 1N
e N
! ) N !( N o N
! ) N !( N o N

= QN

= e

No

N o ! z e

(
! ) N !( N N

= 1+ z e

= N o ln 1+ z e

No

= z QN
N

N =o

N =o

=D

q = ln D = ln 1+ z e

e
N
z e
q (V ,T , z ) = z N o

=
z
1+ z e
N o 1+ z e

N =z

N
1+ z e = z e
No

z e ( 1 ) = z =

z e
1

: P = Z k f ( T ) : ( 5 4 4)

p=

e k T f (T ) =

g (T

)
-
:

:
(grand canonical ensemble) :

Pr, s =

e N r E s
N r E s
N r E s , D = e
r, s
e
r, s

N r Es e

N E = r, s

N r E s

1

D
z
z
D

1
1

= z
D
=
z
D
D D

z z D ln D

1
D

z z D U

ln D
E
E
= D z z D + D z D z E = E z z + z z

E
U N
NE =N E +z
NE = N E +z

N T ,V z T ,V
z T ,V

z =e

ln z =

kT

kT

dz

1
kT
=

=
z
kT
dz z d

U k T N
NE N E =z

N T ,V z T ,V
U N
=kT

N T ,V T ,V

( N )
NE N E = kT
kT

= N
N T ,V

N E = N r E s Pr , s =

N r Es z
z

Nr

r ,s

z
D

z z , V

T , V

T ,V

(14 5 4)
Nr

E s

r ,s

r, s

) UN

e E s

D =Z

Nr

E s

r, s

ln D
U =

NE =

z
D

=
,z

1 D

D V

NE =
,z

z
( DU )

D z
T ,V

D
U

U +D

z T ,V
z T ,V

z D
U
U

U +z
=N E +z

D z V ,T
z T ,V
z T ,V

NE N E = z

z V ,T
z =e

ln Z

= z
V , z z V ,T

ln D z

z T

z
U
= e = z =
z

N T ,V

ln D
NE N E = z

z V ,T z T ,V
2

U
= z
ln D N =( N

V ,T

V ,T

T ,V

) 2 N

-
J = E N =T S pV

E N

( E N )2

E N

= J2 J

+ N 2 2 2 N E

(E

( J )2

:
2

2 N E E

+ 2 E

)
U

N V ,T

( N )2

= E 2 +2 N

( )+
2

( J )2

2 N

E2 E

( J )2

2 ( N E E

( E )2 + 2 ( N )2

) ( -
) ( -- :

( J )2

( J )
2

= k T CV +
2

( N )

T V ,T

U
+ 2 ( N ) 2 2 ( N ) 2

N T ,V

=kT C V +
2

( N )

( J ) = k T CV + ( N )
2

T V ,T

T V

,T

mn

x .
z )-
( .

:
-
.


= 1

1
,
o

=o

= x
1
1

='

1
2
1

' , ' =
= = =
2
o
'= 1

2
1 1

2 1

1 1

2 1

= +

H = B .B = B B z z = B B u T zu

1
2

( z)
1

1
2 1

1 o

1
o 2

1 1

1
e H
= B
=
H
+ e B
) e
T r (e

e B

1
2 o
=
1 1

2
o
e B

1

o

- )

(-

[ ]=

1
2

B
+e

1
2cosh

1
1
2 tanh

1 e B

1 o

(
(

cosh
B

sinh
B

tanh
1

o
e

)
)

( )
cosh ( )

sinh

1
1

z = T r ( z ) = T r
2 tanh

B
(-

tanh
1

= tanh
B

- )

) ( q q

) , q
q

) (i h ,q
q e B H q exp H
q

(i h
H q

. )(q q
.
:
(
(

: q .

) ' + q ' l ( q ' ) = E l l ( q

' i q

' q ' e H q ' = q ' e H l l q ' = q ' l l e H l l q

l

) ' = e E l l ( q ' ) * ( q
l

) ' , e H l ( q ' ) = e E l l ( q

Hn
!n

) e H = (
n =o

) " q ' e H q " = e H l ( q ' ) * ( q ' ) = e H ( q ' q

l

) i k . ( x x

d 3k

) ( 2

= ) " ( q ' q

x ' e

P2
2m

( 2 ) 3

x " =

h 2 2 i k . ( xx ) 3
exp
d k
2m x '2 e

( 2 ) 3

h 2k 2
3
exp 2m + i k . ( x x ) d k

m
m
2
exp
x x )
=
2
2(
2 h
2 h

)
H

=e

)
H

E n E n
n

q e H q ' = q e H E n
n

E n q

= e H n ( q ) * ( q ) = e H ( q q ' )
n

n (q ) =

3e
L2

ik r

* (q ) =
n

3e
L2

ik r

i k . r-r
e ( ) d 3k
3
( r - r ) =
( 2 )

P2
H =
2m

q e H q ' = e H ( q q ' ) =

e H

( 2 )

i k . ( r-r )

d 3k

.
3
2

m
m
2
=
exp
) r - r
2
(2
2 h
2 h

m 2
r d 3r =V
2
2 h

)
H

r = r e

)
H

q ' = r e

)
H

T r( e H ) = q e

- (
.
) (-
.

) p2
) )
)
=H
, H E = E E , p p = p p , H , p = o
2m

) ( p - p

p '2
2m

p2
2m

p ' = e

p2
p '2
p 2

1
4
3
2
2
2
2
m
m
' m dp

e
d p '= 3 p ' e
=T r e
=

h3
h

)
H

p e

Tr e

4 P '2
4
1
2
e
dp ' = 3

= 2

3
2
h o
h

2 m 2
=

T r e H

2m

p =

Tr (p )

Tr e

H =

p p ' = e

ln T r e

)
H

3
2

2 m
p p ' =

p '2
2m

p '2
2m

3
2

2 m

2
h

( p p ')

= 3 ln 2 m

2 m
2

3
3
= 2 m = k T
2
2

p p'

h h

. (
) p
1
H=
+ m 2q 2
2m 2
2

n , n '= o

n =o

p e H p ' =

n ( p ) =

E
p n n e H n ' n ' p ' = e n n ( p ) *n ( p ' )

px
h dx

i
1
n ( x )e

2 h

1
4

m
n ( x ) =

m
x 1 mx 2
h 2 h
e

Hn

( 2 n !)
n

1
2

. H n

n ( x ) =

1
4

1 m

2 h h

( 2 n !)
n

1
2

px m x 2
i

h
2h

H
e

m
x dx
h

Hn

m
x
h

mx 2
2h

e
=

n u
( 2iu ) e

2+2i u

du , =

mu
x
h

1 m 4

2 h h

n ( x ) =

*n

px m x 2
i

h
2h

( p ' ) = n

p ' =

1
4

n ( x ') =

2n n !

1
2

mx 2
h

( 2iu )

p 'x '
h

i
1
e

2 h

e u

2+2i u

du dx

( x ' ) dx '

m
x 1 x '2
h 2m h
e

Hn

( 2 n !)
n

1
2

*n

( p ') =

1 m 4

2 h h

dx 'e

p ' x ' m x '

+
2h
h

2n n !

1
2

( 2iu ) e
n

( u 2+2i

m
x 'u )
h

du

:( ) * , n
n

n =o

1
h n +
2

2 h
2

1
2

1
m
dx e

h n!

( 2uv )
1
2

dx 'e

p e

)
H

dx 'e

px ' m x '2
i

2h
h

m
m
2
x u v 2+2i
xv
u +2i

du dv

1 m
e
2
2 h h

px m x 2
i

2h
h

h
2

px ' m x '2
i

2h
h

( 2uv )

dx e

n =o

px m x 2
i

2h
h

h 2( 2v u ) n

n!

m
m
2
x u v 2+2i
xv
u +2i

du dv

p ' =

1
2 h

dx dx

px
px '

i
i

h
h

'e

1 m 2 2h ( x 2+ x '2 )
e
e
h
1

m
m
2
x u v 2+2i
x 'v 2uv e h
u +2i

du
e

m
m
2
h
=
( x + x ' ) tan
exp

2
4
2 h sin ( h )

dv

h
2

2
h
+ ( x x ' ) cot
2

p e H p ' = p x x e H x ' x ' p ' dx ' dx

' e H x

px
' p 'x
i
h e
h x

dx dx 'e

1
4 h

-
. ) (--
) (-- .

1

!N

:
H

T r e H

)
=e

= r1 , r2 ,..., rN e H r '1 , r ' 2 ,..., r ' N

= r1, r2 ,..., rN E e E E r '1 , r ' 2 ,..., r ' N
E

= E ( r1 , r2 ,..., rN ) e E * ( r '1 , r ' 2 ,..., r ' N

E

2
1
3

=, k

h 2k 2 h 2
=
k 2 + k 22 + ... + k 2N
2m
2m 1

) ( 2) ... u E N ( N

=E

det E ( r1 , r2 ,..., rN ) = u E (1) u E

1

r1 , r2 , r3 ,..., rN e H r1, r2 , r3 ,..., rN

= u E ( 1) u E ( 2)...u E ( N ) e
1

( 2 )

r1 , r2 ,..., rN e

h2
2m

( k 12 + k 22 + ... + k N2 )

u * E ( 1) u * E ( 2) ... u * E
1

(N )

d 3k

r '1 , r ' 2 ,..., r ' N =

( 2 )

u E
1

uE =
1

1
2

3N

u E 1 (1)u * E1 (1) e

( 2)u * E 2 ( 2) e
2

h2 2
k

2m 1 d 3k

h2 2
k
2m

d 3k 2000

exp ( ik .1)

u E1 (1)u * E1 (1) e

h2 2
k

2m 1 d 3k

1
h2 2 3
exp ik 1 (1-1' ) 2m k 1 d k 1
1=
V

r1 , r2 ,..., rN e

m
m
1
2
2 3
1-1' )
exp
2
2(
V
2 h
2 h

r '1 , r ' 2 ,..., r ' N =

( 2 ) 3N

1 2 3N
V N ( )

3N
2

2
2 h

.
3N
2

m
= Q N ( ) = T r e H = r1 , r2 ,..., rN e H r '1 , r ' 2 ,..., r ' N
2
2 h

3N
2

m
= r1 , r2 ,..., rN
2
2 h

T r e H = d 3r1 d 3r2 ... r1 , r2 ,..., rN e H

3N

= T r e H

h
2 m k T

N
-

:

) Z N ( V ,T

1
N ! 3N

= ) Q N ( V ,T

3N

V s ( rij ) dr

i<j

Z N ( V ,T ) = exp(

) Vs(r ) (--

.

) (--:

2 r
V s ( r) = k T ln 1 exp( 2

N
.

Q N ( V ,T ) =

N !

3N

f ij f ji + f ij f jk f k i 000 d 3N r
1 i
i < j <k
<j

Q N ( V ,T ) =

N !

3N

f ij f ji d
1 i
<j

3N

r2
f ij = f ( ri r j ) , f ( r) = exp ( 2 ) f ij f

ji

= exp (

2 rij2

Q ( V ,T ) =
N

Q ( V ,T ) =
N

N ! 3N
1

N !

3N

1
N ! 3N

1
N !

3N

1
N !

3N

2 rij 2 3N
) d r
1 exp(
2
i < j

V s ( rij ) d 3N r
exp i
<j

2 rij2
k T ln 1 exp ( 2 )
exp i

<j

ln[ 1 e
exp ( i
<j

( 1 e
i
<j

2 r 2
ij
2

2 r 2
ij
)
2

) d 3N r

]) d 3N r

3N
d r

.
2 rij2

000

2 rij2

) = 1 e

i<j

2 rij2

) ( 1 e

2 rij2

) = ( 1 e

( 1e

i<j

.
2 rij2

) 1 e

2 rij2

i<j

) d 3N r

2 r 2
ij
)
2

) d 3N r

2 r 2
ij
2

( 1 e
i
<j

e
( 1 i
<j

N ! 3N

1
3N

N !

( 1 e

i<j

= ) Q N ( V ,T

= ) Q N ( V ,T

) n3 (degeracy discriminant
-
N.T.P


.

<< 1

n
3

2 m k T 2

h2

n
=
na

= n 3

<< 1
:

5
2

h2 2 p

2 m ( k T

p
= pV = N k T n
kT

2/ 6871o 25
6/ 7871o 32

1/ o131o 5
1/ 38o 1o 23 273 / 15

2
23
27
2 4 / oo 31/ 661o 1/ 331o 273 / 15
2

6/ 6251o 39

n
=
na

2/ 6871o
1/ 5341o 32

25

25

2/ 6871o

3
31/ 998 2

6/ 7871o 3o

4 / oo 3

n
=
na

3
2

Tf
= 2/ 6871o 25 T f = 6/ 841o 2 ok
6/ 7871o 3o

273 / 15

:
3

32

Tf
2
= 2/ 6871o 25 T f = 8 / 551o 3 ok
1/ 5341o

273 / 15

-
N
.

1
) E ( p ,q
) ( d 3N q d 3N p
e
N ! h 3N

= ) Q N ( V ,T

1/ 3

ro .

V

N

.
1

) 2 [ K ,U ]+O (
= T r e K e U e 2

( K +U

Q N (V ,T ) = T r e H = T r e

N
h2 2
h2
i ,U ( r1 ,..., rN ) =
2iU + 2 iU . i
2m
2
m
i =1

[ K ,U ] =
i =1

h2 2

ih
=
iU + Fi . Pi
m
i =1 2m

Pi = i h i

Fi iU

Pi Fi .
U ' ih
[ K ,U ] = 2 + Fi . Pi
m
U .
h2 N 2
U '
U
2 2m i =1 i
.
.
.

Q N (V ,T ) = d 3N r 1,..., N e H ..., N

) (1,... N ) k (1,... N

h 2k 2

h

+U +U ' + i
F.hk
2m
*
2m

d 3N r e
k

=
k

R=

1
...
N ! k1 k 2 k N

2h 2
2m

1 V N d 3k

N ! ( 2 ) 3N

p2

1
(U +U ' ) 1
3N
3
Q N (V ,T ) =
d r e
d P e 2m
N!
h 3N

p f ( r1 p r1 R ) ... f ( rN p rN R )
p

.( --)

1+ f ij f ji (1 f
p

i<j

i<j

Q N (V ,T )

(U ' +U " )

2
i, j

) =e

U i2, j
i, j

1
3N
3N
d p d r e
N ! h 3N

e U

p2
i +U
i 2m

(U ' +U " )

1
: e

Q N (V ,T )

(U ' +U " )

1
H ( p ,r )
d 3N p d 3N r e
3N
N !h

( --)
-
.

:( --)

h
1
2 = H
2m q
2

h2 2
P2
1
1

=
P 2 =
T r( p p 2)
2
2m q
2m 2m
2m

1
2m

n P 2 n =
n

1
2m

P 2 m m P 2 n

n ,m

P =i

P2=

m h
a a
2

m h 2
a a a aa + a 2
2

m a n = n m ,n 1 m a 2 n = m aa n = n m a n 1
m a 2 n = n ( n 1) m ,n 2
2

m a n = n + 1 m ,n +1 m a n =

m aa n = ( n + 1) m ,n

( n +1)( n + 2) m ,n +2

m aa n = n m ,n

m h

m P 2 n =

( n +1)( n + 2) m ,n +2 n m ,n

( n +1) m ,n n m ,n + n ( n 1) m ,n 2

1
1
P 2 =
2m
2m

m h
2

n ,m

n ,m

( n +1)( n + 2) m ,n +2 n m ,n

( n + 1) m ,n n m ,n + n ( n 1) m ,n 2
=

4 n ,m

( n +1)( n + 2) n ,m m ,n +2 ( n +1) n ,m m ,n
n ,m

n n ,m m ,n
n ,m

n ,m

h
1
P 2 =

2m
4 n

n ( n 1) n ,m m ,n 2

( n +1)( n + 2) n ,n +2 ( n +1) n ,n
n

n n ,n + n ( n 1) n ,n 2

n
n

n ,m = n

T r e H

1
e E m
H

=
n m
n
e
m
T r e H
T r e H

n ,m =

m + h
2

T r e H

n ,m

n , n + 2 = n , n 2 = o

1
h
h
P 2 =
( n +1) n ,n n n ,n = ( n +1) + n n ,n

2m
4 n
4 n
n

n + h
2

1
h
h
e
P 2 =
( 2n +1) n ,n = ( 2n +1)
2m
4 n
4 n
T r e H

n + h
2

n + h
2

1
1
e
1 e
1

=
n
n + h

H
H
2n
2
2 n Tr e
2
Tr e

1
1
1
n H n = T r ( H ) = H
2n
2
2

1
1
P 2 = H
2m
2

 - -

S = k n + 1 ln n + 1 n ln n

S = k 1 n ln 1 n n ln n

)p (n) ln p (n

S = k

. ) ) p (n n

.
:

q(z, V, T) = 1/ a l n( 1+ aze )

n =

1
1

z e +a

, z = e

1q
s=k
(Tq) = k 2

,V

= k2

2 2
a( )e ( )
( ) ( )
+ a) + 1
(e
ln e

a
1+ ae ( )

e ( ) =

,V

1
1/ a l n( 1+ ae )

S = k

S=

( ) = ln
a
n

1
a
n

k
( )

( ) + ln e ( ) + a a ( )
+a
a
e

1
1

k
a + ln
+ a n ln
a

ln

n
n

a
n

= k / a ln
a a n 1 ln n

a = 1

1+ n

S = k ln

n 1 ln n

) (

S = k n + 1 ln

) (

S = k n +1 ln

n + 1 n ln n ln n + ln n

n +1 n ln n
a =1

1 n

a = 1 S = k ln

n 1 ln n

S = k 1 n ln 1 n n ln n

S = k

p (n) ln p (n)

for Fermions
S = k p ( o ) ln p ( o ) + p ( 1) ln p ( 1)

S = k 1 n ln 1 n n ln n

For Bosons

p (n) ln p (n) =

n
1

n =o

+1 n

n +1

n +1 ln

n +1

n +1

ln n

+1

n ln n (n +1) ln( n + 1)
+ 1

n
n =o

n
n

ln n +1
+1

n =o

n
n

+ 1

n

n =o

n
n

= n +1
+1

n
n

= n
+ 1

n +1

p (n) ln p (n) = n ln n n ln n +1 ln n + 1
n =o

= n ln n n + 1 ln n +1
S = k

{
n

p (n) ln p (n)

n2 n

) P (n

n
2
n2 n = kT

T
) (--

:
N

N = kT
=z

ln D = z
z
z

2

)-

( N )2 = N 2 N
(-

)F. D : n = p (1
1

n 2 = n 2 p ( n ) = p ( o ) o + 1 p (1) = p (1) = n

n =o

n 2 n 2 = p (1) p 2 (1) = n n 2 = n 1 n

n n
= ) B .E : p ( n
; x = n
n + 1 n +1

x
1+ x

= , X

n =o

1
1+ x

) (1+ x

n =o

n
n

1
1+ x

= n +1

)( x +1

n =o

= ) p (n

1
1
1
1+ x

1+ x 1 X 1+ x 1+ x x

n =o

p (n) =1

n =o

nx

n =o

(1+ x )

n =

1
1+ x

1
X
1+ x ( 1 X

1
1+ x

nX

)2

n =o

n =o

1
1+ x

X 1 X

=x

n 2x n
1
=
n +1
1+ x
( 1+ x )

n =

1
1+ x

X
X
X n =o

n =o

n =o

n 2x n
1
=
n
1+ x
( 1+ x )

1
1+ x

n 2X

n =o

= 2x 2 + x
X
X

X X 1 X
2

n 2 n 2 = 2x 2 + x x 2 = n 2 + n = n + n = n 1+ n

2 = n 2 n 2

n 1+ n

2 = n

n 1 n

B .E
M .B

F. D
:

n 2 n

n
= kT

T

)

) ( e
2

) 1+ e (

=
2

F. D : n 2 n 2 = n 1 n
1

) ( 1+ e

) (

1+ e

=
)(

1
) (

1+ e

= n = n

) ( e
= n

) 1+ e (

) ( e
= n
2

) 1+ e (

)(

n 2 n 2 = k T

) ( 1 ) ( 2 .

-

2

3
) ( -
.

1 3k T 3
E = m
= kT
2 m 2

1
E = m v 2
2
3k T
m

= v 2

( E ) = E 2 E 2
2

1
E 2 = m 2 v 4
4

mv 2

m 2 6 2k T
. v 4 = o v 4f ( v ) dv = 4
dv
v e
2 k T o

m = 2r , r > o I 2r

r =3 I6

( 5)!!
=

( 2r 1)!!
=
2r +1

2
2r +1

2
7
24
3

m 2 15
2k T 2
v = 4

2 k T 16
m
4

15 m 2 2k T 2 2k T 2
=

4 2k T m m
2

15 k T
kT
4
v = . 4
v = 15

4 m
m

( E ) 2 = E 2 E 2 =

( E ) 2 =

3
(kT
2

15
(kT
4

9
4

3
2

)2 ( k T )2 = ( k T )2

3
2
E = k T k T = E
2
3

( E ) 2 =

2
E
3

u = o u f ( u ) du
mu 2

m 2 2k T 3
= f ( u ) du
d u
e
2 k T

mu 2

m 2 2k T
u 4 u 2 du

e
k
T

u = o

mu 2

m 2 2k T 3
u du
= 4
e
2 k T o
2

= o e y y 3dy

mu 2
2k T u 3du

o e

m
u=y ,
=
2k T

1 3 +1

2 2
2

= I = o e y y 3dy

1
) ( 2k T
= ) ( 2
= I
m
2m 2
2

2k T

.
1

( k T ) 2 = 2 2k T

1 1
2 2

3
22

3
2

= ) ( 2k T
m
u = 4

2m 2
2 k T
2

)(
3

mu 2

1
m 2 2k T
= 4
u du
e
u
2 k T o
3

1
m 2
2m 2
= 4
= ) m ( 1

2 k T 2
kT

2k T

)( 2

1
1
2k T 2 2m 2 4

u 1
( 1), ( 2) u = 2

=

u
u
m k T

-
T

.
) I (
.

mc 2 ( ) 2
o
I( ) exp

2
2
kT

m
.

o v x
.
:

vx
ov x
= o +
c
c

o
o

= o 1+

c ( o ) = ov x v x = c

n :

( v x2 +v 2y +v z2) dv y dv x

exp 2k T

m 2 +
I ( )n

2 k T

m v x2
m v x2
m 2
exp

exp
I
=n

(
)

2 k T
2k T
2k T

m c 2 2
o
I ( ) exp

2k T o

m c 2 ( )2
o

I ( ) exp
2
2 k T

o
- N
m L .
) (g
L,N

.

.

:
H =

p
+mg z
2m

1
Q1 = 3
h

o dp o

sin d

m g z

dz e

p2
2m

d 3p

2m 2
4 1
R 2 + m g z
Q1 = 3

dz
e
2
2
h 2

3
2

Q1 =

R 2m 1 + m gz
e

h 3 m g

Q1 =

R 2m 1
1
+

3
h m g m g

1
e m gz
mg

3
2

R 2 2m 2 2
R 2 2m 2
Q1 = 3
=

h m g m 2gh 3
Q1 =

R2
[ 2 m k T
m 2gh 3

QN =

5
2

, QN =

1 R2
( 2 m k T

N ! m 2gh 3

)2

1 N
Q
N! 1

U =

ln ( Q N

5 5
R2
ln Q N = ln N ! + N ln 2 3 ( 2 m ) 2 2
m gh

5
5 R2
2 2

2
m
(
)
5
5
2 m 2gh 3
= N 1 = N k T
U =N
2
5 7
2
2
R
2
2
2
3 ( 2 m )
m gh

CV =

U 5
= Nk
T 2

5
CV = N k
2

1 R 2
A = k T ln Q N = k T ln
2 3 ( 2 m k T
N
!
m gh

B=

5
2

5
R2
2

m
(
)2
m 2gh 3

1
A = k T ln
B ( kT
N
!

5N
2

= k T ln N ! + N ln B ( k T

A
S =
,

T N ,V

)2

A
P =

V N ,T

U
C p =T
(U + PV
=
T T

N V

,T

p p + d p
u u + d u dN p = n f ( p ) dp
dN v = nf ( u ) du

.

.
m gz
kT

n ( r ) = n oe

C V C V T g
.
)(
-

.
.
)(

PV PV
.

.
1

) m u 2+ ( r
2

) e ( r x :

=e

f ( r , u ) e

f ( r , u ) e ( r )f ( u )
3

u2

m 2 2m k T
f ( r , u ) = n ( r)
e
2 k T

n ( r) = d u f ( r , u ) = n o e
3

( r)
kT

. ( r) = m gz

f ( z ,u ) = n o e

m gz
kT

u2

m 2 2m k T

e
2 k T

1
P = n pu ,
3

1
P ( z ) = n oe
3

mg z
kT

1
= n oe
3

mg z
kT

m gz

1
P = n ( r ) pu
3

1
m u . u = n oe
3

mg z
kT

m u 2 , u 2 =

m u 2

3k T
m
m gz

m gz

1
3k T
= n o k T e k T P ( z ) = Po e k T
P ( z ) = n oe k T m
3
m

Po = n ok T

PV = PoV o = cte ; PA = ( P + dP ) A + gA dz
m g = V g = A dz g

PA = PA + A dP + gA dz

dP = gdz

PV = N k T

dp =

N =

PV
kT

, n=

N
P
=
V
kT

mN
m pgdz
dp
mg

=
gdz =
dz
V
kT
p
kT

m gz
p ( z ) = p ( o ) exp

kT
(
1

p V = cte , V =

c
p
V 1 =
p
c
1

dp
M
p
= g =
g = M g
dz
V
c

p V = p oVo c = p oVo
1

p dp =

M
1

gdz

:
dp
mg
=
dz
p
kT
1
p 11/
11/

po

M
= 1/ z g
c

z
o

1 M
1

1/

po V o

1
M
pV
o o

po

1 M g
p(z ) = p o +
z
1

p o V o

)(
-

.

PV = const

3a + 2

3a
.

)(

3a + 2

3a

) ( .
:
vo )z

( vi vo )z = ( vf

= v irel

) (v
rel
f

( v f ) z = ( v i ) z + 2v o
) (--:

P =n

v z >o

=n

p z v z f

( v ) d 3v

3
2( p z m v o ) v z f ( v ) d v

v z >o

1
P = n p v nm v o 2 f
3

( v )v 2 d v v o2 sin d cos
--)

n
1
n p v m v o v
3
4

(
:

= t A n v

m v 2f + v 2i v z f
z >o
2

= t A n v

1
z >o 2

( v ) d 3v

m 4v z v o 4v 2o v z f

( v ) d 3v

1
n
= t A n p v v o = Pv V P V
3
3

.

Pv

K trans = N =
2

K trans
" inst "
K trans
E

1
n
" inst "
= K trans
= Pv V
3a
a


2
3a

= const

pv

o
2
3
o

1
N
3

B,A

2 V Pv V
=
=
3a V Pv o V o
Pv

2 +1
= 3

Pv

PV

2
3

pv

2
3
o

1N
3V

PB , PA

T A TB
.
- .

B
)(PA , TA
-
B,A

A
)(PA , TA

P = PB
A

PA T A 2
=
.

PB T B

) (-- ) (-- A
B

*
1

R A mU z A = 2 PA
*
R AU z A PA

*
R BU z B PB

*
1
R B mU z B = PB
2

A B
B A
:
R A PA
=
R B PB

*
zA

=U

*
zA

P zA = P zA

) (-- ).(--
1

R A T A 2 PA

=
=
R B T B PB

1
2

1
kT
R = n U = n

4
2 m

-
T
To

.
]
[


2
.
]

[


( ur ) dr
:
2
4 r ( u r ) dr. n f ( u ) du

S ( u . r ) n f ( u ) du = S u x + u y + u z n f ( u ) du

u x n f ( u ) du + u y n f ( u ) du + u z n f ( u ) du

1
= S
2

T i T f

3
R = S n u
4

1
1
) u (T ) u (T o
= u
CV
CV

= T

u .
1

T
1 3 2k T 2 3

=
. n
) k (T T o
t
CV 4 h m 2

dT
n 3 2k T 2 3
=
n
k dt
T T o
CV 4 h m 2

Tf

T i

N
9
8
k
T

) (T f T i ) = (T i T o ) exp C V 8 m c ( t t o

V(r) = Vo e 2(r ro) / a 2e 2(r ro) / a

Vo = 710 12erg ro = 810 9cm a = 510 9cm

.


.

) ( r ro
a

2e

) 2( r ro
a

V ( r) =V o e

) 2( r% ro
) ( r% ro

Vo
a
=o
2e
+ 2e a = o , r% = ro
a

r = r%

) 2( ro ro
) ( ro ro
Vo
2V
a
= 2 4e
2e a = 2o
a
a

2
o

2 = 625o K

1/ o 5451o 27
4 71o 12
=
1/ 38o 51o 16 1/ 673431o 24 51o 9

= o / 54eV n + , T 3oo oK
2

r = ro

dV
dr

d 2V
dr 2

h2
= l ( l + 1) K r
2I

rot
)n = l ( l + 1

1/ 38o 51o 23
)75 / 21oK l ( l + 1) = o / oo 65eV l ( l +1
=
19
1/ 6o 21o

T 3oo oK
.

-
R L
.
.
.
T
.

H = H L
H L
.

:
1

h3

P2
+ L , Q1 = e H
2m
P2

+L
2m

d 3 p d 3q

1
e
h3

= H

= Q1

L = r p = p sin

.
p2

4
Q 1 = 3 p 2e 2m e sin p d d dz
h

p2

8 2L
=
p 2e 2m e p sin d dp
3
h

p2

8 2L
pe 2m e R p 1 dp
=
3
h

p2
p2

R p

8 2L

m
m
2
2
=
pe
dp pe
dp
3
h

=
2m

= R

pe

=u
p+
2

dp = du

p 2 p

dp = e

=e

2
4

2
4

pe

2
p +

dp

ue u du

u 2
dp
e
2 o

()

=e

3
5
1
2

2 2
8

1
2

1
+
2

=
o

1 p 2
e
2

p
dp =
pe

)(

8 2L 2 / 4 3

= Q1
2

3 e
4
h
8

N
P
,
=
=n
V
kT

PV = nk T

ln Q o
V

p = kT

p p + dp
. n ( p ) dp

( --) ( --)
-
( --)
.

:
PV
z ne n
z n 2 V

=
=
( 2m ) 3 / 2 o e n 1/ 2d
3
kT
n
n h
n
n

I = o e
n =t

1
2d

d =

dt
n
1

1
1
3

I = ( ) 3 / 2 o dt e t t 2 = ( ) 3 / 2 ( )
n
n
2

I =(

1 3/ 2 1 1
1

)
( ) = ( ) 3/ 2
2 2 n
2
n

2V
PV
zn
zn V
3/ 2
2
=
m
=
( )
5/ 2 3 ( 2 m k T
3/ 2
kT
h3
2
h
n n (n )
n n

) 3/ 2

176

h
2 m k T

PV
zn V
= 5/ 2 3

kT
n n
()
1
z e
x
N = 1 =
=

1 1 z e
z e
1 x
x = z e

1
=x
1 x n = o

= x ( 1+ x + x 2 + ....) =

x n = z ne n

n =1

n =1

dE

n n

z e

2 V ( 2m )
=z
h3

1
n 1/ 2
d =
e

V ( 2 m k T ) 3 / 2
z
n 3 / 2h 3
n =1

zn
3
3/ 2
n =1 n

N =

()

3/ 2

1/ 2e n d =

3/ 2

( 3 / 2)

V
n =1 n

N =

3 3/ 2

zn

3 n =1 n 3 / 2

2V ( 2m ) 3 / 2
z
h3

1/ 2d

177

N 3 z n
z2 z3
N 3
= 3 / 2 = 1+ 3 / 2 + 3 / 2 +
V n =1 n
V
2
3

)(

=x

z2 z3
z2
0000
)
(
+
+
+
a
z
+
+ 000) 2 +
2
3/ 2
3/ 2
3/ 2
2
3
2

z = a1x + a2x 2 + ..... = a1 ( z +

a1
+ a = o a 2= 3 / 2
23 / 2 2
2

a1 = 1

a1
2
1 1
+ a 3 + a2 3 / 2 = o a 3 = 3 / 2
3/ 2
4 3
3
2
1
+ ) x 3 +
4

1
3/ 2

)x 2 + (

1
3/ 2

1 1
x 2 + ( 3 / 2) x 3 + .....
4 3

z = x + (

1
3/ 2

z =x

) (

1
N

.
n

1
1 1

x 3 / 2 x 2 + ( 3 / 2) x 3 + .....

PV
V
4 3
2

=
5/ 2
N k T n =1 N 3
n
1
1 1
V

x 3 / 2 x 2 + ( 3 / 2) x 3 + ....
3
4 3
2
N

1
1
V

x 3 / 2 x 2 + ....
3 5/ 2
2
N 2

178

N 3

V

= x :
2

3
1 N 3
1 1 N
+ 3/ 2
+ 5/ 2
V
4 3 V 2

PV
N 3
= 1 3 / 2
NkT
2 V

2 N 3
1 N 3 2
5/ 2 3/ 2
+
(
) + 000

2 2 V 35 / 2 V
N3


V
N3

.
V

1
PV
N 3 1
= 1+
3 / 2 + 5/ 2

NkT
V 2
2
2

N 3 1 1
2
1
+
3 / 2 5 / 2 3 / 2 + 5 / 2 + .....
2 2
2
V 4 3
2

N 3
PV
1 N 3 1 2
= 1+


+
+ ....
NkT
V 4 2 V 2 9 3

3 l 1
)

= .

( = al
l =1

l 1

N 3
= al

l =1
V

179

:( --) ( --)
P
1
= 3 g 5 / 2( z )
kT

N
1
= 3 g 3 / 2( z )
V

zl
n
l =1 l

g n(z ) =

3
PV
= al

N k T l =1

l 1

3N
P N
=
a

l
kT V
l =1

g 5 / 2( z )

1
N
V
, n=
,=
n
V
N

l 1

l 1

3N
=
al
1
e =1

3 g 3 / 2( z )

zl
l 1
3/ 2
3 1 zk
l =1 l
= al 3 3/ 2
z n
l
k =1 k

5/ 2
n =1 n

zl zn
1 zk
3/ 2 = 5/ 2 a l 3 3 3 / 2
l =1 l
n =1 n l
k =1 k

l 1

180

a1 = 1
a1
a
1
1
1
a 2 + 31/ 2 a2 = 5 / 2 3 / 2 =
3/ 2
4 2
2
2
2
2

= a2 +

a2
a
a
1 2
+ 32/ 2 + a 3 + 31/ 2 a 3 =
3/ 2
2 9 2
2
2
3

1
5/ 2

1
5/ 2

) C v 2 g 1/ 2( z
)
) 3 / 2N k g 3 / 2( z

(=

C p C v
Nk

T c
.

(U + PV
T

= CP

3
5

= ) ( pV + PV
pV
T 2
T 2
p

= CP

3
, U = PV
2

)p

)(
)(

) (z

3/ 2

kTV

= PV

) V g 3 / 2( z
N

= 3

N
1
) = 3 g (z
V
3/ 2
)(

) g (z
kTNV
g ( z ) PV = N k T 3 / 2
V g ( z ) 4/ 2
) g (z
3/ 2

3/ 2

p
1
) = 3 g 3 / 2( z
kT

= ( 1), ( 2) PV

181

:( )
Cp=

5
( PV
2 T

)p =

g (z )
5
N k T 5/ 2
g (z )
2 T
3/ 2

g (z )
5
C p = N k 5 / 2 +T
2
g 3 / 2( z )

z
g 5 / 2( z ) z
g 3 / 2( z )
g 3 / 2( z )
g ( z )] p
z
T
z
T 5/ 2

g 23 / 2( z )

:( )

g 5 / 2( z ) =

P
P
=

kT
kT
3

2 m k T

h 3p

5
g (z ) =
T 5/ 2
2 k ( 2 m k

3/ 2

, g 5 / 2( z ) =

(z )

5/ 2

1
g (z )
z 3/ 2

(z ) = z
T
T
g (z )
g

5/ 2

5/ 2

p=

k ( 2 m k T

1 1
1
= 5 / 2g ( z )
5/ 2
/
5
2
T
T
T

5
1

g (z ) = g (z )
/
/
5
2
5
2
T
2
T
g

h3

g (z ) = g (z )
3
/
2
T
z 1/ 2

5 z g 5 / 2( z )
2 T g 3 / 2( z )

3/ 2

p
T

182

5 z g 5 / 2( z )
1
1
T g 3 / 2( z )(
g (z ) g (z )

z 1/ 2
2T g ( z ) 3/ 2
g 5 / 2( z ) + z
3/ 2
g (z )

3/ 2

C p = Nk
2

5 z g 5 / 2( z ) g 5 / 2( z )

2 T g ( z ) g ( z ) g 5 / 2( z )

3/ 2

3/ 2

g 2 (z )
3/ 2

g ( z ) 5 g ( z ) 5 g 52/ 2( z ) g ( z )
5
5/ 2
1/ 2

+
C p = N k 5/ 2
2
2
g 3 / 2( z )
g 3 / 2( z ) 2 g 3 / 2( z ) 2

Cp=

g (z )
15
5 g 5 / 2( z ) g 1/ 2( z )
N k 5/ 2
1+

4
3
g (z )
g 3 / 2( z )

3/ 2
g (z )g (z ) g (z ) 5 g (z )
15
5/ 2
3/ 2 +

N k 5 / 2 2 1/ 2
4
3
(z )
(
)
(z )
g
g
z
g

3/ 2
1/ 2
3/ 2

g ( z ) g ( z ) 9 g ( z ) 15 g ( z )
5
5/ 2
5/ 2

= N k 5 / 2 2 1/ 2
+
(
)
(z )
3
4
4
g 3 / 2( z )
g
z
g

1/ 2
3/ 2

5
g (z )g (z ) C V
C p = N k 5 / 2 2 1/ 2
g 3 / 2( z )
Nk
3

183

C P 5 g 5 / 2( z ) g 1/ 2( z )
=
CV 3
g 32/ 2( z )
C p C V
Nk
C p C V
Nk
C p C V
Nk

C P C P 5 C V g 5 / 2( z ) g 1/ 2( z ) C V

.
Nk Nk 3 Nk
g 23 / 2( z )
Nk

C V g 1/ 2( z ) 5 g 5 / 2( z ) g 3 / 2( z ) 4 9
=

N k g 3 / 2( z ) 3 g 3 / 2( z ) g 1/ 2( z ) 9 4

4 C V g 1/ 2( z ) 15 g 5 / 2( z ) 9 g 3 / 2( z )

9 N k g 3 / 2( z ) 4 g 3 / 2( z ) 4 g 1/ 2( z )

C p C V C V 2 g 1/ 2( z )
=

Nk
3 / 2N k g 3 / 2( z )
-
-
C v
.

1 C v
(
)=
N k T
1 45 g ( z ) 9 g ( z ) 27 { g ( z )} 2 g ( z )
1/ 2
3/ 2
5/ 2
3/ 2

g 1/ 2( z )}
T 8 g 3 / 2( z ) 4 g 1/ 2( z ) 8
{

=
45
5

( )
3
2
8T

f orT >T c
f orT <T c

--) ( D 9)
.(

:
C V 15 g 5 / 2( z ) 9 g 3 / 2( z )
=

N k 4 g 3 / 2( z ) 4 g 1/ 2( z )

T >T c

1 C V 15 g 5 / 2( z ) 9 g 3 / 2( z )
=

N k T
4 T g 3 / 2( z ) 4 T g 1/ 2( z )

15 g 5 / 2( z ) z 9 z g 3 / 2( z ) z

4 T g 3 / 2( z ) T 4 T g 1/ 2( z ) T

1
1

1 C V 15 z g 3 / 2( z ) g 3 / 2( z ) z g 1/ 2( z ) g 5 / 2( z ) 3 z g 3 / 2( z )
=
2T g ( z )
N k T
g 23 / 2( z )
4
1/ 2

1
1

9 z g 1/ 2( z ) g 1/ 2( z ) z g 1/ 2( z ) g 3 / 2( z ) 3z g 3 / 2( z )

2T g ( z )
4
g 21/ 2( z )
1/ 2

1 C V 15 3 g 3 / 2( z ) 15 3
=
+

N k T
4 2T g 1/ 2( z ) 4 2T
9 3 g (z ) 9 3
+ ( )( ) 3 / 2 +
4 2T g 1/ 2( z ) 4 2T

g 5 / 2( z )

g 3 / 2( z )

2
g 1/ 2( z ) g 3 / 2( z )

g 31/ 2( z )

184

185

) 45 g 3 / 2( z ) 45 g 5 / 2( z ) 27 g 3 / 2( z
) 8 g (z ) + 8 g (z ) + 8 g (z
1/ 2
3/ 2
1/ 2

C C V 1

N k T T
2
) 27 g 1/ 2( z ) g 3 / 2( z

3
8

) g 1/ 2( z

) 1 C V 1 45 g 5 / 2( z ) 9 g 3 / 2( z ) 27 g 23 / 2( z ) g 2 1/ 2( z
=

N k T T 8 g 3 / 2( z ) 4 g 1/ 2( z ) 8
) g 31/ 2( z

C v 15 5
) (=
Nk 4 2 3
( 2 m k T ) 3 / 2
h3

=3

1
1 C v 15 5
=
= ( )

4 2 T 3
N k T

3/ 2

3 1

2T 3
45V
) ( 5 / 2
8T

T <T c

if

1
3

) 3 / 2 3T 1/ 2 T
2

( 2 m k T ) 3 / 2
T
=
3
h3
1

1 ( 2 m k T

=
h3
T 3

1 C v 15 5
3
= ( )
N k T
4 2 2T 3

-
. = o
1
.

186

) >> 1

k T co

(
1
K T co

) << 1

Tc
2/ 3
= 1
e
o
) ( 3 / 2
Tc

k T co

1/ 2
T c 1 2/ 3
24/ 3 1
1+
) (=

T co 2 3 (3) k T co
2

] :
) g 3 / 2( ) ( D 9

[.

:
N
1
1
) = 1 + 1 ( +
1 1
V
1 z e
z e
2
N
a ()d
a ()d

) = o 1 + o 1 ( +
( 2m ) 3 / 2 1/ 2
3
1 1
V
h
z e 1
z e

= )a (

x = :
2 ( 2m ) 3 / 2 1/ 2d
1/ 2d

+
o 1
o ( z e 1) 1e +1
h3
z e 1

2 ( 2m ) 3 / 2 3 / 2 x 1/ 2dx
x 1/ 2dx

+
o 1 x

o
h
( z e 1) 1e x + 1
z e 1

187

( 2 m k T ) 3 / 2
[ g ( z ) + g 3 / 2( z e 1)]
3
3/ 2
h
.

N ( 2 m k T )
=
V
h3

3/ 2

(z )

3/ 2

.
T
N
= ( co ) 3 / 2
V
Tc

3
2

( ) + g 3 / 2( e c

if

k T co

>> 1

1
o
Tc
e k Tc
= 1+
3
T co
( )

if

1)

3
( )
2

g ( e co1)
Tc

( o ) = 1+ 3 / 2

( 3 / 2)
Tc

1
k T co

2
3

co 1
<< 1

1 and co =

(e

3/ 2

1
o
o
c 1
) e k Tc

3/ 2

1
o
3
e k Tc
1
3 ( 3 / 2)

<< 1 g n ( ) = ( 1 n )

n 1

( 1) i
+
(n i) i
i!
i =o

. = ln z

188

1/ 2

= 2 1 o
kTc

1/ 2

1
= 1 o
2 k TC

1/ 2

3
) 1 1 o
2 kTc

co1

1
4

k T co

1+
)3 ( 3 / 2

2/ 3

(e

3/ 2

2 1 o
Tc
k Tc
=

1
) ( 3 / 2
T co

( ) ( grand
-

Z T
.
.
(
n
p s s
.
n s .

n
Nk
s

= ) , C v( T

sU
n V

=p

n
) ( +1
n n
Nk
( C v)T =T = ( +1) s
n
c s
c
) (
s

189

n
n 2 (s )
( C v)T =T ( C v)T =T = ( )
Nk
c ( n 1)
c
c+
s

C
n +s n
n
n
( p )T =

( + 1) ( 1) / 2( )
C v c+
n
s
s
s

n
( + 1) N k
C v
n 2n
(
)T = ( ) ( + 1) s
n
T c s s
( ) T c
s

n
n

2n
C v
C v
n 2 N k (s )
n ( s ) ( s 2)
(
) (
)
=( )
+

n
T T c T T c + s T c ( n 1) s
2( 1)
s
s

(
( = pc )
.

ln D = ln ( 1 z e ) ln D = o a( ) ln( 1 z e ) d

1
1
A
d 2pd 2q = 2 ( A ) p 2 = 2 ( 2m )
2
h
h
h

a( ) =

2 m A
h2
2m A
2

ln D = o

ln( 1 z e ) d =

2 m A
h2

190

)
ln( 1 z e

ze

1 z e

x = . A
:

ln D =

2 m A k T
h2

x dx
2 m k T
=
( 2) g 2( z )
z e 1
h2
1 x

2 m A k T
g 2( z )
h2

N 2 m
=
A
A

o z 1e 1 =

( 2) = 1! = 1
2 m k T
h2

dx

o z 1e x 1

N 2 m k T
g 1( z )
=
A
h2
g 1( z ) = ln( 1 z ) g ( 1) =

.
(
=Aps

() =

n /s
V n n /2
1
n
n
d
pd
q
=

h2
h n ( n / 2)! A

o < p < ( / A )

1/ 2

191

a () =

d () n
n /2
n / s 1
= Vn
n
d
s
h n ( )!A n / 2
2

n /2
n
h n ( )!A n / 2
2

PV
n
= ln D = V n n / s 1ln ( 1 z e ) d ln( 1 z )
kT
s
n /s
1
ln( 1 z e )

(n / s)
(n / s)
n
= V n

ln( 1 z )
ln D =V n

n / s

n /s

dx

o z 1e 1 =V n

n /s

n / s z e d
1 z e

n
( + 1) g n / s +1( z ) ln( 1 z )
s

(I)
N N o N
=
Vn
s

n / s 1d

n n / s

1
z e 1 s

x n / s 1dx
z 1e x 1

n
n
n
n / s ( ) g n / s ( z ) = n / s ( +1) g n / s ( z )
s
s
s

(II)

ln D

U =
=

z ,V

n
U = V n
s

( n +1)
s

192

n / s
(z )
( + 1) g
V n
1
/
n
s
+
s
z ,V

n
(z )
( +1) g
n / s +1
s

P = ( n / s +1) ( n / s +1) g n / s +1 ( z )
n
U = V np
S
P=

s V
nVn

. ( ) ( I )

P
N g n / s +1( z )
=
k T V g (z )
n /s

U =

g
(z )
n
N k T n / s +1
s
g (z )
n /s

U =

n
NkT
s

U = V n

n
n
n
( k T ) ( n / s +1) ( +1) ( + 1)
2
s
s

T = Tc

193

n
U
n / s
CV =
( n / s +1) ( n / s + 1) K ( n / s + 1)
= V n
s
T V

n n
= +1 N k
s s

U =

n
s

( +1)
n
s

( )

g
(z )
n
n
n / s +1
V n n / s ( n / s + 1) k T g
(
z
)
N
k
T
=

n / s +1
s
s
g (z )
n /s

(z )
g

n
z g n / s +1( z )
U
+1
/
n
s

=
+

CV =
N
k
T
(
)

g (z )
T z g (z )
T V s
n /s
n /s

: ( )

T
T

n /s

g n / s ( z ) = o

n T n /s
g n / s ( z ) +T
s T

N g n / s (z ) z
g (z ) = o
+

s
T
T T n / s
(z )
n z g n /s
z
=
(z )
sT g
T
n / s 1

n /s

g (z ) = o
T n / s

194

(z )
(z )
(z )
(z )
g
+1 n g
n
1 1 g n / s 1 g n / s +1
n
s
n
s
/
/

CV = N k
z

(z )
(z )
(z ) 2
s
s g
[g
]
z z
g n / s

n / s 1
n /s

(z )
g
n
n g n / s ( z ) n g n / s +1( z )
n
s
+
1
/

CV = N n

+
(z )
(z )
s
s g
s g n / s(z )
g n / s
n / s 1

CV

T+

n
( n / s +1)
(n / s)
n /s
N k ( n / s +1)
s
(n / s)
( n / s 1)

(n / s)
n
=
Nk
T s
( n / s 1)

2

CV

T+

C V

-
2/ 7 k
.

U()d =

h d
c e h 1
3

2 3

U
h
d
= 2 3 o h
V c
e
1
3

x = h dx = h d d =

x
h

dx k T
=
dx
h h

195

U =

d
hV
hV
= 2 3
2 3 h
1 c
c e
3

hV 1
= 2 3
c h

U =

(x / h)3

e x 1

dx
h

x 3dx
e x 1

h V ( k T ) 4 x 3dx V ( k T ) 4 x 3dx
=

2c 3h 4 e x 1 2c 3h 3 e x 1

x dx

e x 1 = 6/ 494
x 3dx
e x 1 = 2/ 44

g()d =

d
2

2 3

d n = g()d < n >

< n > =

1
e

2d
V 2 d
V
d n = 2 3 h
N = 2 3 h
c (e
c e
1)
1

196

x
=

h
2

dx
= x = h dx = h d d
h
dx
3
2
h V ( k T ) x dx
=

e x 1
2c 3h 3 e x 1

(x / h)2

2c 3

= N

V (k T )4
x 3dx
x
2 3 3
6/ 494
V
= c h 3 e 2 1 = k T
= 2/ 7k T
x dx
2/ 4o 4
) N V (k T
2c 3h 3 e x 1

58oo k o

. 1/ 41o m
9

1/ 51o11 m .

w
- )
m2

.
-

.
-
.

:
R = 1/ 51o11 m

D = 1/ 41o 9 m

T = 58oo K

1U
c = T
4V

W
m2

= 5o 67o 1o 8 W / m 2k 2 T 4 = 5 / 67o 1o 8 ( 58oo ) 4 = 6/ 41o 7

197

( 4 r )T
2

r .

:
2

18
r
7 o / 491o
= 14oo W / m 2
= 6/ 41o
22
2/ 251o
R

( 4 r ) = T
2

4 R 2

- ) (

W
Pow er Fc
= S = 14oo 2 , S
=
A rea
A
m
c

F
A

.:

s = Pc
S 14oo
N
=
) = 4 / 671o 6 2 ( pascal
8
c
31o
m

=P

14oo
T e 396/ 4 K
5o 671o 7
) (- ) C v( T T
-
. ) ( C v

= Te 4 = S a Te 4

} o {C v( ) C v( T ) dT

. .

198

( ,T ) g ( ) d

, U = o

U
= CV

T V

U .
) ( ,T
g ( ,V , N ) d
)(
T

CV = o

h
h
+ h / k T
2 e
1

= ) ( ,T
)(

T ( ,T ) k T .

( k T ) g ( ,V , N ) d
T

C = o
)(

k
) g ( , N ,V .

o g ( ,V , N ) d

)(


.

o C V ( V ,T , N ) C V ( V ,T , N ) dT

o [ T { k T ( ,T )} g ( ,V , N ) dT d

= o

199

)g ( ,V , N ) d = o ( , o) g ( ,V , N ) d ( 5

= T

] ) ( ,T

T =o

[kT

= o

) ( ( , T) = 1/ 2h
) (
) U(V, o , N
) U(V, T, N ) (
.

9
N k D
8

3
k D
8

3
h = k D
4

:
1
h g()d
2
f or D

> D

E = o

1
E o( ) = h
2

9N 2
3

g() = D

1 D 9N 2
9N h 1 4 D 9
=
d

= N hD
2h o
2 D3 9 o
8
D3
9
E = N k D
8

k D
h

=E

= D

200

-

) (--


.

PV
= ln D
) = ln( 1 e ) = ln( 1 e k T
kT

n1h
1

n = o ,1, 2,........

n =o

= Q1

)e h ( n1+ n 2+...

n1,n 2 ,.....

.....

1
1

= ....
h 1
h 2
1 e
1 e

n1 h 2

= Q = Q 1Q 2Q 3.......

n =o

n1h 1

n1=o

= Q
h i
i 1 e

1
1

ln Q = ln
h i = ln
h i
i
1 e

i 1 e
1
kT

= = ln( 1 e h w i ) , E = h ,
i

) ln Q = ln( 1 e E / k T

201

-


)( .

.

1
) exp( h i
2
=
) 1 exp( h i

( n + 1) h
i
2

kT

Qi = e
n =o

1
1
) 2sinh ( h i
2

= Qi

N
:
1
i =1
h i
2sinh

= Q N = Q i

hi

ln 2sinh

i =1

A = k T ln Q N = k T

(ln 2sinh
) g()d
2

= o D ( ,T ) g ( ) d

N ,V

A =kT

A
U = T 2

T T

( ,T ) =

U = o

202

h
h h
h
cot gh (
)=
+ h
2
2
2 e
1

9N h 3
h 3
D 9N

+
d
o 3 e h 1d
D3 2
D

9
9N h D 3
= N hD + 3 o
d
8
D
e h 1

e h
D h
U
Cv =
=
o k T ( e h 1) 2 g ( ) d = 3N k D ( x o)

T V , N

D ( x o) =

xo=

3
x o3

xo

3x
x 4e x dx
12
= x o + 3
x
2
( e 1)
e o 1 x

xo

x 3dx
e x 1

hD
kT

12 6
Cv =
Nk
5

T o

=
T
o

-
:
N
g
= 3 f 3 (z )
V
2

f n ( z ) = ( 1) l 1
l =1

zl
z2 z3
=
z

+
+L
ln
2n 3n
3

N
( 2 m k T ) 2
f 3( z )
=g
V
h3
2
T = T o z =1
3

N g ( 2 m k ) 2 32
=
T o f 3 ( 1)
V
h3
2

Nh 3

T o2 =

gV ( 2 m k ) 2f 3( 1)
2

N = o F a( ) d

N =

4 gV 3
pF
3h 3

211

N =

3
4 gV
2
(

)
2
m
F F = kTF
3h 3

N =

3
3
4 gV
2T 2
(
)
2
m
k
F
3h 3

T o2 =

3
4 gV
2
2
m
k
(
)
3
3h

h3

3
3

gV ( 2 m k ) 2 f 3( 1)

T F2

2
3

3
2

To
4
1

=
3 f 3( 1)
TF
2

2
4

To =
TF

(
)
f
3
1
3

-
:

u + d u , u
:

f (u )d u
1
N 1
gV d 3p
g d 3p
= =
= 1
ns
V V
h3
z e +1 h 3
z =e /kT

 212

N
g
d 3p
= 3 (E ) / k T
+1
V
h e

E=

p2
m dE
dp =
2m
2m E
2m dE

m dE

3
2
d p = 4 p dp = 4 2m E 2m E = 2 2m E 2m E

= 2 ( 2m 3) 3 / 2 E 1/ 2dE
.

3 / 2 1/ 2
h 3 z 1e +1 2 ( 2m ) E dE

.
1
2E
E = m V 2 +U =

2
m
2E
U =

E 1/ 2 =

1/ 2

= ( 2/ m )1/ 2 E 1/ 2

2 ( 2m ) 3 / 2g
h3

EdE

o e (E ) / k T

1/ 2

E 1/ 2E 1/ 2dE 2 ( 2m ) 3 / 2g
=
e ( E ) / k T +1
h3

2 ( 2m ) 3 / 2g
=
h3
+1

EdE

o e ( E ) / k T +1

213

x = E E =

E 1/ 2

1/ 2

dx

x /

dE

3/ 2
= 2 ( 2m ) g x dx
o e x z 1 +1
z 1e x + 1
h 3 2

2 ( 2m ) 3 / 2g
=
( 2) f 2 ( z )
2h 3

1
=
u

dE =

2 ( 2m ) 3 / 2g
=
h3

u = ( 2/ m )

1
2

1/ 2

1
2E
m

2
=
m

1/ 2

1/ 2

2 ( 2m ) 3 / 2g
8 m g
( 2) f 2 ( z ) = 2 3 ( 2) f 2( z )
2 3
h
h

1
m
E 2
2

2 ( 2m ) 3 / 2g
=
h3

E 2E 2dE 2 ( 2m ) 3 / 2g
=
z 1e E +1
h3

dE

o z 1e E +1

x = E dx = dE

1
2

1
2

2 ( 2m ) 3 / 2g
h3

dx /
2 ( 2m ) 3 / 2g
=
z 1e x + 1
h 3

2 ( 2m ) 3 / 2g
=
( 1) f 1( z )
h3

dx
z e +1
1 x

 214
1
1
m
m
2 ( 2m ) 3 / 2g
4 m 2g
(
1
)
f
(
z
)
= ( )1/ 2 E 2 = ( )1/ 2

=
( 1) f 1 ( z )
1
u
2
2
h 3
h 3

(ln z )1
(
)
f
z
=
[ 1+ ]
1
(
)
2

f 2( z ) = ln( z ) [ 1+ ]
( 3)

1
32 2g 2m 3
=
( 1) ( 2)
u
3h 6

2 k T 2
ln( z ) = F 1

12

1
32g 2 2m 3 ( 1) 2 2 2 k T 2
=
1 ( )
u
3h 6 ( 2) F 12 F

2 1

3 2 F2

2 k T 2
1 ( ) 2
12 F

215

g 2 2m 3 F2 ( 1) 2 k T 2
= 32
1 ( )
h6
z ( 3) 12 F

2 2 k T 2
1+ 2 2 1 ( )
3 F 12 F

:( kT) 2

1 16 2m 2g 2 F2 2( k T ) 2
=
1+

u
h6
12 F

F3

h 2 3N 2/ 3
h 6 3N
(
) =
=

3
2m 4 V
8m V

1 16 2m 2g 2h 6 3N
2
2
1
=
+

6
3
2 (k T )
u
h 8m
V 12 F

2
9 mN 2
2
= g2
+
1
2
2 (k T )
8
V
12 F

: u = c

1
c

c =1

1
1
u

-
:

 216

T =

1 U

V P N ,T

1
1
=
V P
V
N ,T

5 2 k T

U 3 5 2 k T 2
3
= F 1+
( ) + .... U = N F 1+
( ) + ....
N 5
12 F
5
12 F

5 2 k T 2
2N
5 2 K T 2
2U 2 N
F 1+
F 1+
=
( ) + .... =
(
)
3V 5 V
12 F
12 F

5 V

KT
2U
2N
2N
=P =
F +
F
3V
5V
5V
F

3N
3N 2/ 3 h 2
F =(
)
F =

4 gv
2m
4 g
2 3N
P= N

5 4 g
P =AV

5/ 3

2/ 3

+ BV

h2
V
2m

1/ 3

5/ 3

2/ 3

h2
V
2m

2/ 3

3N
2 5 2
+ N
(k T )2

5
12
4 g

2/ 3

2m
V
h2

1/ 3

217

5
P
= AV

3
V N ,T

8/ 3

5
P
V
= AV

V N ,V 3

1
1
T =
V P
V
N ,T

1
BV
3

5/ 3

4/ 3

1
+ BV
3

= 5AV
3

1/ 3

5/ 3

B
+ V
3

1/ 3

-
:

N
g
= 3 f 3 (z )
V
2
h

( 2 m k T ) 2
f n() =

2 1
7 4 1
1
1
1
2
3
n
(
n
)
n
(
n
)(
n
)(
n
)
+

+L

2
4
6
36o
( n + 1)

= ln z , z << 1
3

N
g (ln z ) 2 3 3 2 1
= 3
1+ 1
V
3 + 1 2 2 6 (ln z ) 2

 218

3 3 3 3 7 4 1
+ 1 2 3
+L
4
2 2 2 2 36o (ln z )

N
( 2 m k T ) 2 (ln z ) 2 2
2 7
1
(ln
z
)
(ln z ) 4 + L
=g
+
+

3
5
V
8
64o

h

2

3
5
1 31

= 2+ = 2 =
4
2
2 2
(

(k T

3
ln z ) 2

-)

N
V
3

4 g 2m 2 2
2 7
(ln
z
)
(ln z ) 4 + L
1
+
+

2
3 h
8
64o

= k T ln z

z = e kT

3N 3 h 2

4 gV 2m
3

3N h 2 2 2
2 7
1
(ln
z
)
(ln z ) 4 + L
=
+
+

8
64o
4 gV 2m

3
2

3
2

3
2
(ln z ) 2 +
= F2 1+

7 4
(ln z ) 4 + L
64o

219

4
2

2 7
(ln z ) 4 + L
= F 1+ (ln z ) +
8
64o

ln z =

kT

3
2

o = F
:

2 k T 2
2 k T 2
= 1
1 = F 1

12 F 12 F

2 k T 2 4 k T 4
2 = F 1
+

12 1 72o 1

2
2

2
kT
kT

2 2
2

= ( k T ) 1 = ( k T ) F 1

12

F
1

kT
=

1
2

2 kT 4 kT
1
+

6 F 144 F

1
1 x
1+ x

 220
2

2 kT
2 kT
x=
+

6 F 144 F

2
k T

6 F

= ( k T ) 2 F 2 1+

2
2
2
2
4
kT kT 2 kT kT 2 kT

=
1+
=
+

6
6 F

F F
1 F
4

kT


1
:
4
2 k T 2
kT
4
4
4 4

= ( k T ) 1 = ( k T ) F 1+

3 F

2 kT
+

3 F

kT
=
F
:
4

kT kT

1 F

221

2
4
4

2 k T 2 k T 4 k T

= F 1
+
+
+
L

12 F

6 F 72o F

2 k T 2 4 4 k T 4

+
+
+
L
= F 1

12 F 72 72o F

2 k T 2 4 k T 4
= F 1


12 F 8o F

3
V

U = 2 k T g 3 f 5( z )
2

g
N
V = 3 f 3( z )
2

f 5( z )
3
U = NkT 2
f 3( z )
2
2
5

( ln( z ) ) 2 1+ 5 5 1 2
(z ) =

5
2

5
+ 1
2

2 2

2
6 ( ln( z ) )

5 5 5 5 7 4
1

+ 1 2 3
2 2 2 2 36o ( ln( z ) ) 4

 222
3

3
2

( ln( z ) ) 2 1+ 3 3 1 2
(z ) =
3
+ 1
2

2 2

2
6 ( ln( z ) )

3 3 3 3 7 4
1

+ 1 2 3
4
2 2 2 2 36o ( ln( z ) )

1 5 31
15
5
7

+ 1 = = 3 + =
3
2
8
2
2
2

3
3
5
1 31

+ 1 = = 2+ = 2 =
4
2
2
2 2
2 k T 2 4 k T 4
= F 1


12 F 8o F

4
5 2

2 7
(ln z )
(ln z ) 4
1+

U 3
3
2

8
384

= kT 2
= k T ln z
2
4
N 2
f 3( z ) 2
5

2 7
4
(ln z ) +
(ln z )
1+
2
8
64o

f 5( z )

2
4
U 3 2 k T 4 k T
= 1

N 5 F 12 F 8o F

223

5 2 k T 2 33 4 k T 4
1+

8 F
384 F

2
4
2 k T 61 2 k T
1+
+

8 F 192o F

2
4
U 3 2 k T 4 k T
= 1

N 5 F 12 F 8o F

5 2 k T 2 33 4 k T 4
1+

8 F
384 F

2 k T 2 61 4 k T 4 2 k T 4
1

+

8 F 192o F 64 F

2
4
U 3 5 2 k T 4 k T
= 1+

N 5 F
12 F 16 F

-
:
f (z )
2 f n (z )
C V n n ns + 1
n
s
= + 1

Nk s s
f n ( z ) s f n 1( z )
s

 224

C p C V
Nk

(z )
2f
sC V ns 1
=

N k n f n (z )
s

= e kT

T >> T F

if

z o o

z
z

z 1 n + n + L
f n( z )
2 3
=1
=
f n( z ) z 1 z + z + L

n
n
2 3

CV n n n n
= + 1 =
Nk s s s s
C p C V
Nk

if

T << T F

f n 1( z ) =

sC s C s n
= V = V = =1
Nkn n Nk n s

z o

f n(z )
ln z
:

CV n n
= +1
Nk s s

f n (z)
s

+1

n

(z) s

f
ln z ns +1

f n( z )

f (z)
ln z ns

n
n

s + 1 f n +1( z ) s f n ( z )
s
CV
n

s
=

Nk s
f n (z )
f n (z )
1

s
s

225

2
n
n

+1
2
n n
s
+
+
+
z
1
ln
1
1
)

(
( ln z ) + L
CV
n s

s 6
s

=
2
n

Nk s
n
n
n

2
ln z ) s 1+ 1 ( ln z ) + L
s (
s s 6

n n 2
2
1 ( ln z ) + L
ss 6

2
n

1
2
n
n n

1 ( ln z ) s 1+ 1 2 ( ln z ) + L
s
6
s s

n
( ln z
s

CV
n
=
Nk s

Nk

n
n
+1
s
( ln z ) n s ( ln z
n
1
s
s

n
= ln z
s
n
s

C p C V

) s 1+

n
s

) = ln z 1+ n s
s
n
1
s

n
1
s

sC
= V
Nkn

n (z )
1
s

f n (z )
s

n
1 ( ln z
2
2
s CV s
=

n
n Nk
ln
z
( )s

n
1
s

 226

=
n
s

n
1
s

n s
s 1 n
ln z

=
n

z
ln

-
:
2

k T
2 ln a ( )

F 1

6 ln = F
F

CV

k 2T a ( F

1
L d 3 pd 3q
3
h

( p ) =

V 4 3
p
h3 3

1
p2
=
p 2 = 2m p = ( 2m ) 2
2m

( ) =
a ( ) =

3
V 4
2

2
m
(
)
h3 3

( ) = V 4 ( 2m ) 32 3 12
3
d

1
3
2 V
ln a ( ) = ln 3 ( 2m ) 2 + ln 2
h

227

ln a ( ) 1
=
ln
2

2 1 k T 2
F 1

6 2 F

3N 2 h 2
F =

4 gV 2m
1

3 3N
3 h
3N 3
2V
2 V
=
a ( F ) = 3 ( 2m ) 2
2
m

1
h
h2
4 gV ( 2m ) 2
4 gV

CV

k T a ( F ) =
2

2
3

kT

2 2 V
2

3
2m 2 V 3N
2
CV = k T 2

h 3N 4 gV

2m
= 2k T 2
h

CV
Nk

3
Nk

2 V 2 1 3

Nk
3N 2g

1 4 gV 3 2m
kT

2 3N h 2
2

3N 3
( 2m )

4 gV

 228

CV
Nk

2 kT
2 F

s
Nk

( p ) =

n
2

1
V
L L d nq d n p = n
pn
3
h
h n
!
2
1

s
p =

ps = ps
n

V 2 s
( ) = n n
h

!
2
a ( ) =

( ) = V
d

n
2

n
1
S

n 1
n s
!
2

n
2

n S
a ( ) = n

h n
s

!

2

n
n
1
V 2 n
s
ln a ( ) = ln n
+ ln

h n ! s

ln a ( ) n
n s
= 1=
ln
s
s

229

2 n s

F 1
6 s

CV

2
kT

n
2

V
n F s
kT 2 n

3
h n s
!

2

n =3
2 k T 2

s = 1 F 1 2

6 F

CV

3
2

3 F
kT

3 3
3
h
!

2

2V

n =3
2 1o k T 2

s = 2 F 1
6
2

CV

3
2

V
3 F 2
kT 2 3

3
h 3 2
!

2

n =2
2 k T 2

s = 1 F 1 1

 230

CV

kT

2 F

h 1!

2V

n =2
2 k T 2

s = 2 F 1 o
=
F F
6

,C V

V
F 3
kT
kT 2 2

=
2
3
3
h ( 1) !
h

2V

-
:

M
2 n 2
=
V B o (x N )
x

N
g
= 3f
V

3(z )=
2

3
2

x=

1
2

(z )

ln z ) 2 1+
1(

3 2

( ln z ) 2 + L

N 4 g 2m 2
=

( k T ln z
V
3 h2

) 2 1+

( ln z ) 2 + L

: T o

231

.
3

N 4 g 2m 2
=

( k T ln z
3 h2
V

)2
2

= k T ln z

3N 3 h 2
=F

4 gV 2m

3N x 3 h 2
g =1 o (N x ) =

4 V 2m

o ( N x
x

23 3N 3 h 2 4
=
=

1
3 4 V 2m 3 F
x=
2

2n * 2 3 n * 2 3 * 2
1
=
= n
4
2 k T 2
2 F
2
F
F 1

3
12 F

N
g
= 3f
V

3
2

3
2 F

(z )

3(z
2

*2

2 k T 2
1+
= o
12 F

N 3
f 3(z )=
gV
2

o ( N x ) = k T ln

2 k T 2
1+

12 F

xN 3

 232

o ( N x
x

3
2

(z )

z
z 1 3

22

)
x=

1
2

= 2k T =

z2

3
22

z2
3
22

n *2
kT

N 3
=
gV

N 3
=

gV

z
ln z + ln 1 3

22

N 3
= ln
, ln (1 x

gV

N 3 z
ln z = ln
+ 3
gV 22
N 3
z
= k T ln z = k T ln
+kT 3
gV
22
Nx 3 kT Nx 3
+ 3
gV 22 gV

( N x ) = k T ln

3
2

= k T ln z

N 3
z =
gV

233

( N x )
1 kT N 3
= kT + 3
x
x
gV
22

( N x
x

= 2k T +
x=

1
2

2 * 2n
1 N 3

2k T 1+ 5
22 gV

= 1

1 n 3

5
g
2
2

kT N 3
3
gV
22

2 * 2 n
1 3
1 5 n

2k T
g
2
2