K

A
P
P
A

2
0
0
4

-
0
4
1
0
1
5
Wellbore Storage Influence
No Storage
C =0.0001
C =0.001
C =0.01 (ref)
C =0.1
C =1
E -3 0.01 0.1 1 10 10
100
1000
0000
Log-Log plot: dp and dp' [psi] vs dt [hr]
- Wellbore storage effect has a dramatic impact on the early time
response, but at long termwill not make difference in the pressure
response.
It is only a delaying phenomenon.
No Storage
C=0.0001
C=0.001
C=0.01(ref)
C=0.1
C=1
4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
3800
4000
4200
4400
4600
4800
5000
Semi-Log plot: p [psia] vs Superpositiontime

K
A
P
P
A

2
0
0
4

-
0
4
1
0
1
5
Skin and Well Radius Influence
Skin and Wellbore radius have equivalent impact.
A positive skin has the same effect as shrinking the wellbore
radius, and a negative skin will increase the apparent wellbore
radius.
Skin=0
Skin=1
Skin=5
Skin=20 (ref)
E -3 0.01 0.1 1 10 10
100
1000
10000
Log-Log plot: dp and dp' [psi] vs dt [hr]
rw=0.3ft (ref)
rw=1ft
rw=3ft
E -3 0.01 0.1 1 10 10
100
1000
10000
Log-Log plot: dp and dp' [psi] vs dt [hr]

K
A
P
P
A

2
0
0
4

-
0
4
1
0
1
5
Skin and Well Radius Influence
r
weq
= r
w
.e
-S
Equivalent radius:
Sensitivity: a larger radius or a smaller skin will reduce the
pressure drop of a fixed value
Skin=0
Skin=1
Skin=5
Skin=20(ref)
-2 -1 0 1 2
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
Semi-Log plot: p [psia] vs Superpositiontime
rw=0.3 ft (ref)
rw=1ft
rw=3ft
-2 -1 0 1 2
3800
4000
4200
4400
4600
4800
5000
Semi-Log plot: p [psia] vs Superpositiontime

K
A
P
P
A

2
0
0
4

-
0
4
1
0
1
5
Permeability and Viscosity
Influence
k =10md
k =33.33md(ref)
k =100md
-3 0.01 0.1 1 10 10
100
1000
10000
Log-Log plot: dp and dp' [psi] vs dt [hr]
mu=0.3cp
mu=1 cp (ref)
mu=3 cp
-3 0.01 0.1 1 10 10
100
1000
10000
Log-Log plot: dp and dp' [psi] vs dt [hr]
Permeability and viscositydramatically change the rate of the
pressure decline, and have an opposite impact.

K
A
P
P
A

2
0
0
4

-
0
4
1
0
1
5
Permeability and Viscosity
Influence
Sensitivity: multiplying by 2 the permeability
or
dividing by 2 the viscosity
will divide by 2 the long termpressure decline.
k =10 md
k =33.33md (ref)
k =100md
4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
Semi-Log plot: p [psia] vs Superpositiontime
mu=0.3cp
mu=1cp(ref)
mu=3cp
4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2
2000
3000
4000
5000
Semi-Log plot: p [psia] vs Superpositiontime

K
A
P
P
A

2
0
0
4

-
0
4
1
0
1
5
Compressibility and Porosity
Influence
ct =1.e-5
ct =3.e-5
ct =3.e-6(ref)
3 5 0 0
4 0 0 0
4 5 0 0
5 0 0 0
5 5 0 0
0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 1 0 0 1 2 0 1 4 0 1 6 0 1 8 0 2 0 0
History plot (Pressure [psia], Liquid Rate [STB/D] vs Time [hr])
Compressibility has the same effect as porosity :
It changes the volume of fluid in place at standard conditions, but
it does not affect the diffusion itself.
Phi =3%
Phi =10%(ref)
Phi =30%
3 8 0 0
4 3 0 0
4 8 0 0
5 3 0 0
0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 1 0 0 1 2 0 1 4 0 1 6 0 1 8 0 2 0 0
9 0 0
History plot (Pressure [psia], Liquid Rate [STB/D] vs Time [hr])
Decreasing Porosity Decreasing Compressibility

K
A
P
P
A

2
0
0
4

-
0
4
1
0
1
5
Compressibility and Porosity
Influence
Sensitivity:
a larger porosity or a larger compressibility will reduce the
pressure drop of a fixed value
ct =1.e-5
ct =3.e-5
ct =3.e-6(ref)
-2 -1 0 1 2
3800
4000
4200
4400
4600
4800
5000
Semi-Log plot: p [psia] vs Superpositiontime
Phi =3%
Phi =10%(ref)
Phi =30%
-2 -1 0 1 2
3600
4000
4400
4800
Semi-Log plot: p [psia] vs Superpositiontime

K
A
P
P
A

2
0
0
4

-
0
4
1
0
1
5
Production History Influence
-3 0.01 0.1 1 10 10
100
1000
10000
Log-Log plot: dp and dp' [psi] vs dt [hr]
3 8 0 0
4 2 0 0
4 6 0 0
5 0 0 0
0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0
9 0 0
History plot (Pressure [psia], Liquid Rate [STB/D] vs Time [hr])
This log-log derivative plot
exhibits a shape that can be
misinterpreted as a limit
effect.
The production before the
inital build was ignored and
the model was actually infinite
homogeneous.