Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
I. I NTRODUCTION
Cognitive radio (CR) is a novel approach for developing
intelligent and sophisticated wireless systems [1], [2], which
can require utilization of spectrum resources dynamically [3],
[4]. CR has a capability to exploit the spectrum utilization
due to its spectrum agility. The available spectrum can be
mainly in two forms; single band, i.e. whole spectrum, and
multiband, i.e. dispersed spectrum [5]-[8]1 . In the whole
spectrum utilization approach, the transmit signal for a single
CR user occupies a single band as illustrated in Fig. 1a,
whereas, in the dispersed spectrum utilization approach, it
occupies multiple bands (e.g. K number of adjacent or nonadjacent bands) simultaneously as shown in Fig. 1b. Note
that dispersed spectrum utilization is a method that realizes
frequency diversity in full extent in wireless systems.
Since whole spectrum utilization is the conventional way
of transmitting signal numerous technologies and transceiver
architectures have been developed for such approach. For
instance, cognitive positioning systems (CPSs) along with
fundamental limits of time delay estimation are studied considering whole spectrum utilization approach in [4], [13].
The dispersed spectrum utilization approach is rst discussed briey in [5] and investigated with details in [6].
In [6], a CR receiver architecture for the dispersed spectrum
utilization based on the idea of processing the receive signal
1 Note that another way to implement dispersed spectrum utilization approach is to employ orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)
technology, where the sub-carriers corresponding to the used and unused bands
are activated and nulled, respectively [6], [9]-[12]. However, such approach
is not considered in this study.
Huseyin Arslan
Electrical Engineering Department
University of South Florida
4202 E. Fowler Avenue, ENB-118
Tampa, FL, 33620
arslan@eng.usf.edu
B1
PSD
BK
0 B2
PSD
fc
where dl is the real data for lth symbol, p(t) is the pulse
signal with energy Ep and duration Tp , i.e., p(t) = 0 for
t [0, Tp ] and Ts is the symbol duration. The baseband signal
s(t) is transmitted over AWGN channel and the corresponding
baseband representation of receive signal r(t) is given by
r(t) = s(t ) + n(t) ,
(2)
h(t)
r(t)
ML Time
Delay
Estimation
n(t)
Fig. 2.
fc2
fcK
B1
B2
BK
s(t)
fc1
(3)
where di,l is the real data for the lth symbol of signal i,
and pi (t) represents a pulse with energy Epi and duration
Tpi , i.e., pi (t) = 0 for t [0, Tpi ]. The baseband signal
si (t) is transmitted and assuming that each signal experience
different AWGN channel and the corresponding baseband
representation of receive signal at ith branch ri (t) is given
by
(4)
ri (t) = i si (t ) + ni (t) ,
where i and are the path coefcient and delay for ith
branch, respectively, and ni (t) is independent white Gaussian
noise with spectral density of i2 . At the receiver side, ri (t)
at ith branch is used to perform ML time delay estimation.
For the fair comparison, we assume di,l = dl , which implies
that dl data in case of whole band is transmitted over each
dispersed band.
III. P ERFORMANCE A NALYSIS
In this section, ML, and exact and approximate CRLB expressions of time delay estimate for both whole and dispersed
spectrum utilization are presented.
Let = [ ] represent the vector of unknown signal parameters, where is assumed to be known. The observation interval
[0, T ] is considered and it can be expressed as T = N Ts ,
where N is the number of observation symbol. Then, the ML
Authorized licensed use limited to: Stanford University. Downloaded on February 16,2010 at 23:38:31 EST from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
s1(t)
r1(t)
h1(t)
n1(t)
s2(t)
r2(t)
h2(t)
sK(t)
SNRi =
n2(t)
rK(t)
hK(t)
nK(t)
Fig. 3.
r(t)s(t )dt ,
(5)
2 0
T
where E = 0 [s(t )]2 dt is the signal energy. Then, the
CRLB for unbiased time delay estimators is given by [14]
CRLB =
1
.
(6)
= T [s (t )]2 dt. Assuming that
where = 2 / 2 and E
0
the spectral density of p(t) is constant over the B, then the
approximate CRLB expression is given by [14]
CRLBwh =
1
4 2
2
3 SNRB
(7)
i=1
SNRi Bi2
(11)
i2 Ni d2l Epi
.
i2
(12)
K
2
2
i=1
K
2
2
CRLBdisp = CRLBwh , If
i=1 SNRi Bi = SNRB .
(13)
From the third condition in (13), it can be observed that
the same CRLB can be achieved theoretically by selecting the
appropriate SNR levels and absolute bandwidths B for both
technique. Some representative applications of (13) are given
as follows. This set of equation is useful for the selection of
the K, SN Ri , Bi parameters in dispersed spectrum utilization
techniques that can provide the same performance as whole
spectrum utilization techniques with SN R and B parameters.
It also can be useful to quantify the equivalent of K number
of dispersed bandwidth Bi as a whole bandwidth B for
given SN Ri and SN R, respectively. Finally, the conditions
in (13) is useful for the optimization mechanism in range
accuracy adaptation [5], [6], [13] which is a feature of the
CPSs. During the optimization of spectrum parameters, range
accuracy adaptation algorithm can select the optimal spectrum
parameters (e.g. K, B, SN R) using the conditions in (13).
IV. R ESULTS
K
ML Time
Delay
Estimation
4 2
3
2 N d2l Ep
.
2
(8)
2
i=1 i 0
The exact CRLB for dispersed spectrum utilization systems is
derived in [6],which has the following form,
CRLBdisp = K
i=1
i
i E
(10)
i = T [s (t )]2 dt. Assuming
where i = i2 /i2 and E
i
0
that the spectral density of p(t) is constant over the B, then
Authorized licensed use limited to: Stanford University. Downloaded on February 16,2010 at 23:38:31 EST from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
10
ML
Exact CRLB
Approx. CRLB
RMSE [m]
10
10
10
10
15
SNR [dB]
20
25
30
10
CRLBDispersed
CRLBWhole
MLDispersed
MLWhole
10
RMSE [m]
10
10
10
10
Fig. 5. ML and
utilization.
10
15
SNR [dB]
20
25
30
Authorized licensed use limited to: Stanford University. Downloaded on February 16,2010 at 23:38:31 EST from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
10
CRLBDispersed
CRLBWhole
MLDispersed
MLWhole
10
RMSE [m]
10
10
10
10
Fig. 6. ML and
utilization.
10
15
SNR [dB]
20
25
30
V. C ONCLUSIONS
10
CRLBDispersed
CRLBWhole
MLDispersed
MLWhole
10
RMSE [m]
R EFERENCES
10
10
10
10
Fig. 7. ML and
utilization.
10
15
SNR [dB]
20
25
30
Authorized licensed use limited to: Stanford University. Downloaded on February 16,2010 at 23:38:31 EST from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
Authorized licensed use limited to: Stanford University. Downloaded on February 16,2010 at 23:38:31 EST from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.