MIMO Fundamentals

Course Objectives:
Understand basic MIMO concepts.
Understand advantages of MIMO.
Understand MIMO transmission models.
Understand typical application of MIMO technology.
Contents
1 System Overview...........................................................................................................................................1
1.1 asic MIMO Concepts........................................................................................................................1
1.! MIMO Models in the "#$ %ystem......................................................................................................!
2 Basic Principles of MIMO............................................................................................................................5
!.1 MIMO %ystem Models........................................................................................................................&
!.! MIMO %ystem Capacity......................................................................................................................'
!.( )ey MIMO #echnologies....................................................................................................................*
!.(.1 %patial Multiple+ing.................................................................................................................*
!.(.! %pace ,iversity.......................................................................................................................1-
!.(.( eamforming..........................................................................................................................1.
!.(.. Uplin/ 0ntenna %election.......................................................................................................1&
!.(.& Uplin/ Multi1User MIMO......................................................................................................1'
3 MIMO Application.....................................................................................................................................19
(.1 MIMO Mode Overvie2.....................................................................................................................13
(.! #ypical 0pplication %cenarios...........................................................................................................!!
(.!.1 MIMO ,eployment................................................................................................................!!
(.!.! #ransmit ,iversity %cenarios.................................................................................................!(
(.!.( Closed1loop %patial Multiple+ing %cenarios..........................................................................!&
(.!.. eamforming %cenarios.........................................................................................................!&
4 MIMO System Performance Analysis......................................................................................................29
..1 MIMO %ystem %imulation 4esults 0nalysis.....................................................................................!3
..! MIMO %ystem %imulation 4esult %ummary....................................................................................(1
i
1 System Overview
Knowledge points
asic MIMO concepts
MIMO models in the "#$ system
1.1 Basic MIMO Concepts
Multiple1antenna technology is a significant brea/through in 2ireless transmission
technology in the mobile communications industry. 5enerally6 multipath effect is
regarded as a harmful factor as it causes fading. Multiple1antenna technology6 ho2ever6
utili7es multipath as a favorable factor.
Multiple Input Multiple Output 8MIMO9 technology is the use of multiple antennas at
both the transmitter and receiver by utili7ing multiple spatial paths6 as sho2n in :igure
1.1 11. MIMO enables diversity gain or multiple+ing gain by adopting space1time processing
technology6 ma/es full use of spatial resources6 and enhances spectrum utili7ation.
:igure 1.111 MIMO system model
In a 2ord6 the basic objectives of MIMO technology are to provide:
;igher space diversity gain: Combine the space diversity gains of the receive
diversity and transmit diversity to provide higher space diversity gain6 ensure
smoother e<uivalent radio channels6 reduce bit error rates6 and enhance system
capacity.
1
"#$=:,,=e>=C=1! "#$ MIMO ?rinciple
"arger system capacity: @hen the %ignal >oise 4atio 8%>49 is high enough and
4an/ A 1 on channels6 MIMO:
,ecomposes the user data into multiple parallel data flo2s.
#ransmits the data flo2s simultaneously on each antenna at the same fre<uency
2hile maintaining total transmit po2er.
Identifies the data flo2s by multi1element receive antenna arrays in light of the
space characteristics of each parallel data flo2 at the receiverB restores the
original data flo2s by utili7ing the multi1user demodulation technology.
1.2 MIMO Models in the !" System
In 2ireless communications6 the follo2ing transmission models are adopted: %ingle
Input %ingle Output 8%I%O9 model6 Multiple Input %ingle Output 8MI%O9 model6
%ingle Input Multiple Output 8%IMO9 model6 and MIMO model. :igure 1.! 1!sho2s
these transmission models.
:igure 1.!1! %chematic diagram of the typical transmission models
In a 2ireless communication system6 antennas are the first section to process signals at
the front end. $nhancing antenna performance and efficiency 2ill bring high gains to
the system. #he traditional antenna system has developed from %I%O to MI%O and
%IMO. #o 2ithstand the impact on signal transmission caused by time1varying
2
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multipath fading6 people /eep loo/ing for ne2 technologies. #ime diversity 8time
interleaving9 and fre<uency diversity 8spectrum e+tension9 are effective means to resist
multipath fading in a traditional %I%O system. %pace diversity 8multiple antennas9 is an
effective means to further resist fading in MI%O6 %IMO6 and MIMO systems. #he
fre<uently1used MIMO models in the "#$ system includes do2nlin/ %ingle1user
MIMO 8%U1MIMO9 models and uplin/ Multi1user MIMO 8MU1MIMO9 models.
%U1MIMO: 0 U$ e+clusively occupies all space resources in one time1fre<uency unit.
#he %U1MIMO precoding ta/es into account the performance of a single transmitting
and receiving lin/. :igure 1.! 1( sho2s the %U1MIMO transmission model.
:igure 1.!1( %U1MIMO
MU1MIMO: indicates that multiple U$s transmit signals using the same time1
fre<uency 4esource loc/ 849. $ach antenna uses one antenna. #he system receiver
performs joint test to the uplin/ mi+ed multi1user received signals and restores the
original transmitted signals of each U$ respectively. #he uplin/ MU1MIMO
technology is an important means to enhance uplin/ spectrum efficiency in the "#$
system6 but it cannot increase the uplin/ single1user pea/ throughput. :igure 1.! 1.
sho2s the MU1MIMO transmission model.
:igure 1.!1. MU1MIMO transmission model
#
2 Basic $rinciples o% MIMO
Knowledge points
MIMO system models
MIMO system capacity
)ey MIMO technologies
2.1 MIMO System Models
MIMO system adopts multiple antennas 8or array antennas9 and multiple paths at both
the transmitter and the receiver. MIMO aims at multi1path radio channels. :igure !.1
1&sho2s the functional bloc/ diagram of the MIMO system.
:igure !.11& :unctional bloc/ diagram of the MIMO system
#he transmitter is configured 2ith >t transmit antennas and the receiver is configured
2ith >r receive antennas.
+j 8j C 16 !DD>t9: indicates signals transmitted by >o.j transmit antenna
ri 8I C 16 !DD>r9: indicates signals received by >o.i receive antenna
hij: indicates channel fading factor from >o.j transmit antenna to >o.i receive
5
antenna
On the receiver6 the noise signal 8ni9 is an independent comple+ 7ero1mean 5aussian
variable. $very ni is separated from transmitted signals or ni at different time. $very
receive antenna receives the ni 2ith the same po2er6 that is6 E!. 0ssume the channels
are <uasi1static 4ayleigh flat fading channels.
#he signal model of the MIMO system can be e+pressed in the follo2ing figure.
Matri+: r C ;+ F n
#he MIMO system optimi7es the multi1path 2ireless channels6 transmitters6 and
receivers as a 2hole to achieve large communication capacity and high spectrum
utili7ation. #his is a best space1time diversities and interference cancellation.
2.2 MIMO System Capacity
%ystem capacity is one of the most important parameters and indicates the ma+imum
transfer rate of a communication system. #he 2ireless channel capacity is an integrated
inde+ to evaluate the performance of a 2ireless channel. It describes the reliable
transmission rate limit of a channel under the given %>4 and band2idth. #he
traditional %I%O system capacity is given by the %hannon formula6 2hile the MIMO
system capacity is the capacity of multiple antenna channels.
0ssume at the receiver6 the transmitted signals are independent and have a 5aussian
variable 2ith 7ero mean6 the total transmit po2er is defined as ?t6 and all signals
transmitted by all antennas have the same po2er >tG?t.
#he channel becomes a memoryless channel and the fre<uency response of transmitted
signals is flat due to their narro2 band2idth. On the receiver6 the noise signal 8ni9 is an
independent comple+ 7ero1mean 5aussian variable. $very ni is independent of
transmitted signals or ni at different time. $very receive antenna receives the ni 2ith
the same po2er6 that is6 E!. 0ssume the receive po2er of each antenna e<uals to the
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total transmit po2er6 then the mean %>4 of each antenna is given by: %>4 C ?t GE!.
#he channel capacity can be given by:
2here6 $ indicates the ;ermitian transpose and (et indicates the determinant. If the
logarithm base is !6 the channel capacity unit is bitGsG;7. If the logarithm base is e6 the
channel capacity unit is natsGsG;7.
y the singular value decomposition 8%H,9 theorem6 channel matri+ ; can be
decomposed as follo2s:
; C U,H
;

2here U> r + > r and H> t + > t are unitary matri+es6 namely6 the follo2ing conditions
are met:
UU
;
C I> r + > r
HH
;
C I> t + > t
, C IJ)K) -B--L J C diag 866D6 96 2here ) is the ran/ of the channel matri+.
M1 N M! N MN M/ N - is the non17ero eigenvalue of the correlated matri+ ;;
;
.
#herefore6 the channel capacity of an MIMO system can be further given by:
#he channel capacity does not hinge on 2hether the number of transmit antennas 8>t9
is larger than that of receive antennas 8>r9. 5enerally6 you can calculate the channel
capacity upper limit of a MIMO system6 because the number of non17ero eigenvalue of
channel correlation matri+ is ) and ) O min 8>r, >t9. @hen >r C >t6 the channel
capacity upper limit of the MIMO system is >r times 8>r C >t9 that of the %I%O
system.
:or the MIMO system6 if the receiver has accurate information of the channel matri+6
the MIMO channels can be divided into min 8>r6 >t9 independent parallel channels. Its
channel capacity is e<ual to the total channel capacity of min 8>r6 >t9 %I%O systems6
and increases in a linear manner as the number of transmit antennas and receive
&
"#$=:,,=e>=C=1! "#$ MIMO ?rinciple
antennas increases. @ith the MIMO technology6 the system channel capacity increases
in a linear manner as the number of antennas increases. @ithout increase in band2idth
or transmit po2er6 the spectrum utili7ation can be doubled.
2.# Key MIMO !echnologies
#o meet the re<uirement of high1speed data rate and high system capacity6 the "#$
do2nlin/ MIMO technologies support ! + ! basic antennas configuration. ,o2nlin/
MIMO technologies include space diversity6 spatial multiple+ing6 and beamforming.
%ame as the do2nlin/ MIMO technologies6 the "#$ uplin/ MIMO technologies also
include space diversity and spatial multiple+ing. In "#$ system6 the uplin/ basic
antennas adopting MIMO technology are configured 2ith 1 + ! antennas6 that is6 one
transmitting antenna and t2o receiving antennas. In vie2 of the comple+ity in terminal
implementation6 that is6 one terminal cannot transmit signals by using t2o antennas in
the uplin/6 only single uplin/ transmission lin/ is considered. #herefore6 the uplin/
MIMO technologies only support t2o solutions including uplin/ antenna selection and
MU1MOMO.
2.#.1 Spatial Multiple'ing
%patial multiple+ing allo2s transmission of data streams on multiple mutually
independent spatial channels to improve the pea/ data transmission rate by using the
lo2 correlation among spatial channels. In "#$ system6 spatial multiple+ing includes
open1loop spatial multiple+ing and closed1loop spatial multiple+ing.
Open*loop spatial m'ltiple&in+: indicates spatial multiple+ing based on
multiple code 2ords. Multiple code 2ords indicate the multiple layers of data
used for spatial multiple+ing transmission comes from different data streams
that are channel coded independently. $very code 2ord can perform data rate
control independently.
Closed1loop spatial multiple+ing: indicates linear precoding.
,inear preco(in+: Convert antenna domain into beam domain. #he /no2n
spatial channel information is preprocessed at the transmitter to increase user
and system throughput. 0ccording to the 2ay to obtain precoding matri+es6 the
linear precoding includes non1codeboo/1based precoding and codeboo/1based
precoding.
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-on*co(e%oo)*%ase( preco(in+: ?recoding matri+es are obtained at the transmitter.
#he transmitter uses forecast channel state information to calculate precoding matri+es.
Common precoding matri+ algorithms include singular value decomposition and
uniform channel decomposition. #he %H, is the most commonly used algorithm. #he
transmitter has multiple 2ays to obtain spatial channel state information6 through direct
feedbac/ channels6 differential feedbac/ channels6 and channel symmetry in #,,
mode.
Codeboo/1based precoding: ?recoding matri+es are obtained at the receiver. #he
receiver uses forecast channel state information to select precoding matri+es in a
reserved precoding matri+ codeboo/ and then feed bac/ the selected precoding matri+
se<uence numbers to the transmitter. In "#$ system6 the adopted codeboo/
construction method is based on ;ouseholder1based codeboo/s currently.
:igure !.(11 sho2s the MIMO spatial multiple+ing schematic diagram:
:igure !.(1' MIMO spatial multiple+ing schematic diagram
In the current "$# protocol6 the %U1MIMO is used for do2nlin/ channels. #he
?,%C; and the ?MC; can transmit signals using the MIMO. #he rest do2nlin/
physical channels are not MIMO1capable and can only transmit signals using single1
antennas or transmit diversity. :igure !.(1! sho2s the schematic diagram of the "#$
spatial multiple+ing:
(
"#$=:,,=e>=C=1! "#$ MIMO ?rinciple
:igure !.(1P %chematic diagram of the MIMO spatial multiple+ing
2.#.2 Space )iversity
%pace diversity 2ith multiple transmitGreceive antennas is an effective 2ay to combat
transmission channel fading. %pace diversity includes transmit diversity6 receive
diversity6 and transmit1receive diversity.
2.#.2.1 !ransmit )iversity
#ransmit diversity uses multiple transmit antennas to transmit signals at the transmitter
and to achieve space diversity by coding signals transmitted by different antennas. 0
higher %>4 can be obtained than using a single antenna at the transmitter. #ransmit
diversity includes the %pace1#ime #ransmit ,iversity 8%##,96 the %pace :re<uency
#ransmit ,iversity 8%:#,96 and Cyclic ,elay ,iversity 8C,,9.
1. %pace1#ime #ransmit ,iversity 8%##,9:
?erform space1time coding for signals transmitted by different antennas to
achieve time and space diversities.
?erform joint coding of data streams at the transmitter to reduce symbol errors
caused by channel fading and noise.
%pace1time coding increases signal redundancy by joint coding at the
transmitter6 2hich allo2s signals to obtain space and time diversity gains at the
receiver. Communication lin/ reliability can be enhanced by e+tra diversity
gains. @ith the same reliability6 the data rate and spectrum utili7ation can be
improved by high order modulation.
:igure !.( 1* sho2s the structure of transmit diversity based space1time coding 8%#C9.
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:igure !.(1* %##, schematic diagram
0ccording to a certain design principle6 in a physical aspect6 the %#C uses orthogonal
and <uasi orthogonal e+isting in space domains and time domains to:
$venly map the coding redundancy information into a t2o1dimensional space1
time plane.
Mitigate side effects of space and time selective fading caused by radio
multipath propagation.
Implement high reliable and high speed data transmission on radio channels.
:igure !.( 13 sho2s the %#C schematic diagram.
:igure !.(13 %#C schematic diagram
#ypical %#C includes the %pace1#ime #rellis Code 8%##C9 and the %pace1#ime loc/
Code 8%#C9.
1. %pace :re<uency #ransmit ,iversity 8%:#,9:
#he %:#, and the %##, are similar and their difference lies in the fact that the
%:#, performs fre<uency domain and space domain coding for the transmitted
signals.
11
"#$=:,,=e>=C=1! "#$ MIMO ?rinciple
Carry the same pac/et data over different subcarriers to obtain fre<uency
diversity gains.
:igure !.(1& sho2s the %:#, diagram 2ith t2o antennas.
:igure !.(11- %:#, schematic diagram
esides the %:#, 2ith t2o antennas6 the "#$ system also supports the %:#, 2ith
four antennas and gives a construction method. #he %:#, re<uires the transmitted
antennas are as independent as possible to obtain diversity gains to the greatest e+tent.
!. Cyclic ,elay ,iversity 8C,,9
,elay diversity6 a common time diversity method6 can be generally understood
li/e this: the transmitter intentionally ma/es multipath for the receiver. In the
"#$ system6 the adopted delay diversity6 not only a simple linear delay6 uses the
Cyclic ?refi+ 8C?9 to perform cyclic delay operations. 0ccording to the
properties of ,iscrete :ourier #ransform 8,:#96 the signal cyclic shift 8delay9 in
the time domains is e<ual to linear phase deviation in the fre<uency domains.
#herefore6 the "#$ C,, is implemented in the fre<uency domains. :igure !.(1'
sho2s the e<uivalent schematic diagrams of time domain cyclic shift and
fre<uency domain linear phase deviation of a do2nlin/ transmitter.
:igure !.(1' sho2s the C,, schematic diagram.
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8a9
8b9
:igure !.(111 C,, schematic diagram
#he "#$ protocol supports a large1delay C,, 2hich jointly 2or/s 2ith do2nlin/
spatial multiple+ing. #he large1delay C,, e+tends C,, from an antenna port to an
%U1MIMO spetial multiple+ing level and greatly increase the delayed time. #a/ing the
#,, 2ith t2o antennas as an e+ample6 the delayed time can reach half symbol1period
81-!. #s9.
Currently the "#$ protocol supports the C,, 2ith t2o antennas or four antennas. #he
C,, re<uires the transmitted antennas are as independent as possible to obtain
diversity gains to the greatest e+tent.
1#
"#$=:,,=e>=C=1! "#$ MIMO ?rinciple
2.#.2.2 *eceive )iversity
4eceive diversity indicates that multiple antennas receive multiple independent signal
copies from multiple channels and carrying the same information.
#he signals cannot stay deep fading simultaneously6 so at any given time6 at least a
signal copy 2ith enough strength can be offered to the transmitter to enhance the
signal1to1noise ratio for receiving signals.
:igure !.(1P sho2s the schematic diagram of the receive diversity.
:igure !.(11! %chematic diagram of the receive diversity
2.#.# Beam%orming
#he beamforming mode in MIMO system is similar to that in the smart antenna
system. #he transmitter 2ill 2eight the data vector to be transmitted to form a pattern.
0fter the pattern reaches the receiver6 the receiver beamforms the received uplin/
signals and inhibits noise and interference.
Unli/e the regular smart antennas6 the original do2nlin/ beamforming targets only one
antenna but no2 it targets multiple antennas. y means of do2nlin/ beamforming6
signals are strengthened in the direction of U$s. y means of uplin/ beamforming6
U$s have stronger anti1jamming and anti1noise capabilities. #herefore6 li/e the
transmit diversity6 the MIMO system can improve the reliability of the communication
lin/ by using the e+tra beamforming gains. It can also improve the data rate and
spectrum utili7ation by using higher order modulation in the same reliability.
#he beamforming schematic diagram is sho2n as follo2s.
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:igure !.(11( eamforming schematic diagram
#he typical beamforming can be classified into the follo2ing t2o types:
1. Classification according to the signal transmission mode:
#ypical beamforming: @hen there is only one eigenvalue or one receiving
antenna6 transmit all the po2er to along the eigen1channel to implement
beamforming.
$igen1beamforming: ?erform eigenvalue decomposition on the channel matri+
to convert a channel into multiple parallel channels and transmit data on each of
these channels separately.
!. Classification according to the channel information feedbac/:
Instantaneous channel information feedbac/
Channel mean feedbac/
Channel covariance matri+ feedbac/
2.#.+ ,plin- .ntenna Selection
:or the :re<uency ,ivision ,uple+ 8:,,9 mode6 there e+ist t2o solutions of antenna
selection6 including open1loop solution and closed1loop solution. #he open1loop
solution is #ime %2itched #ransmit ,iversity 8#%#,9 in the Universal Mobile
#elecommunications %ystem 8UM#%9. In the open1loop solution6 the uplin/ shared data
channel transmits signals alternately among antennas to obtain the space diversity and
avoid deep fading of the shared data channel. In the closed1loop solution6 U$ must
1/
"#$=:,,=e>=C=1! "#$ MIMO ?rinciple
transmit reference symbols from different antennas to measure channel <uality at the
U$ side in advance. %ite selection can provide the antennas 2ith higher received signal
po2er for subse<uent shared data channel transmission. #he selected antenna
information is re<uired to be fed bac/ to the target U$ through the do2nlin/ control
channel. #he U$ adopts the selected antenna to perform uplin/ data channel
transmission.
:or the #ime ,ivision ,uple+ 8#,,9 mode6 uplin/ antennas can be selected based on
the do2nlin/ MIMO channel estimate by ta/ing advantage of the symmetry bet2een
the uplin/ and do2nlin/ channels.
5enerally6 the optimal antenna selection principles can be classified into t2o types:
One is improving the transmission <uality by using the diversity provided by the
optimi7ed multi1antenna. #he other is improving the transmission efficiency by using
the capacity provided by the optimi7ed multi1antenna.
Compared 2ith the traditional single antenna transmission technology6 the uplin/
antenna selection technology provides more diversity gains 2ithout increasing
comple+ity. #his technology essentially improves the channel capacity at the cost of
increasing feedbac/ reference symbols.
2.#./ ,plin- Multi0,ser MIMO
0ssume that each U$ has only one antenna for the "#$ system uplin/. @e can
combine the antennas of t2o U$s to form as a pair so that both U$s can share this
antenna pair and use the same timeGfre<uency resources. #he t2o U$s and the e>ode
constitute a virtual MIMO system6 2hich improves the uplin/ system capacity. 0s U$s
cannot communicate 2ith each other in the "#$ system6 this solution must be
scheduled uniformly by the e>ode. U$ pairing is an essential and uni<ue part of the
uplin/ multi1user MIMO. #he e>ode selects t2o or multiple single1antenna U$s to
transmit data in the same timeGfre<uency resource bloc/. 0s signals come from
different U$s and pass through different channels6 U$s e+perience different levels of
mutual interference. #herefore6 only an effective U$ pairing process can minimi7e the
interference bet2een U$ pairs6 effectively obtain multi1user diversity gains6 and ensure
the reliability and robustness of radio lin/ transmission. #he current pairing strategies
are as follo2s:
Orthogonal pairing: Choose t2o U$s 2ith the largest orthogonality and pair
them up. #his method can reduce the pairing interference bet2een U$s but has a
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great comple+ity due to large calculation amount in search of orthogonal U$s.
4andom pairing: #his method is <uite popular currently due to its simplicity6
lo2 comple+ity6 and small calculation amount 8U$ pairs are formed randomly9.
"arge channel correlation6 ho2ever6 may cause great interference to the
randomly paired U$s.
?ath loss and slo2 fading se<uencing based pairing: %e<uence the sums of path
loss and slo2 fading and then pair up adjacent U$s. #his method is simple. #he
slo2 motion of U$s and slo2 changes of path loss and slo2 fading 2ill reduce
the user re1pairing fre<uency. :or U$ pairs6 the sums of path loss and slo2
fading are appro+imate to each other6 2hich reduces the >ear1:ar effect bet2een
U$s. #he channel correlation and interference bet2een U$ pairs may be great.
#o sum up6 the application of MIMO transmission solution can be generali7ed as in the
follo2ing table:
#able !.(11 MIMO transmission solution application
#ransmission
solution
4an/ Channel ran/ Mobility ,ata rate ?osition in the cell
#ransmit ,iversity
8#,9
1 "o2 ;ighGMedium
speed motion
"o2 Cell edge
Open1"oop spatial
multiple+ing
!G. "o2 ;ighGMedium
speed motion
MediumG"o2 Cell centerGedge
,ual stream
precoding
!G. "o2 "o2 speed
motion
;igh Cell center
Multi1user MIMO !G. "o2 "o2 speed
motion
;igh Cell center
Codeboo/1based
beamforming
1 ;igh "o2 speed
motion
"o2 Cell edge
>on1codeboo/1based
beamforming
1 ;igh "o2 speed
motion
"o2 Cell edge
#heoretically6 the virtual MIMO technology can greatly improve system throughput6
but the actual pairing strategy and resource allocation for U$ pairs 2ill significantly
affect system throughput. #herefore6 2e need to stri/e a balance bet2een performance
and comple+ity to fully e+ert the advantages of the virtual MIMO technology.
1&
# MIMO .pplication
Knowledge points
MIMO application in the "#$ system
#ypical application scenarios of MIMO
#.1 MIMO Mode Overview
"#$ systems support P modes 8Modes 1P9 as follo2s:
#able (.11! P MIMO modes
#ransmission
mode
,CI format %earch space ?,CC; transmission scheme
corresponding to ?,%C;
Mode 1 ,CI format 10 Common and
U$ specific by C14>#I
%ingle1antenna port6 port -
,CI format 1 U$ specific by C14>#I %ingle1antenna port6 port -
Mode ! ,CI format 10 Common and
U$ specific by C14>#I
#ransmit diversity
,CI format 1 U$ specific by C14>#I #ransmit diversity
Mode ( ,CI format 10 Common and
U$ specific by C14>#I
#ransmit diversity
,CI format !0 U$ specific by C14>#I "arge delay C,, or #ransmit diversity
Mode . ,CI format 10 Common and
U$ specific by C14>#I
#ransmit diversity
,CI format ! U$ specific by C14>#I Closed1loop spatial multiple+ing or
#ransmit diversity
Mode & ,CI format 10 Common and
U$ specific by C14>#I
#ransmit diversity
,CI format 1, U$ specific by C14>#I Multi1user MIMO
Mode ' ,CI format 10 Common and
U$ specific by C14>#I
#ransmit diversity
,CI format 1 U$ specific by C14>#I Closed1loop spatial multiple+ing using a
single transmission layer
Mode P ,CI format 10 Common and
U$ specific by C14>#I
If the number of ?C; antenna ports is
one6 %ingle1antenna port6 port - is used6
other2ise #ransmit diversity
19
#ransmission
mode
,CI format %earch space ?,CC; transmission scheme
corresponding to ?,%C;
,CI format 1 U$ specific by C14>#I %ingle1antenna portB port &
#he characteristics of the P modes are as follo2s:
Mode 1: %ingle1antenna mode
Mode !: 0lamouti code transmit diversity scheme
Mode (: Open1loop spatial multiple+ing 8applicable to the high speed mode9
Mode .: Closed1loop spatial multiple+ing 8applicable to the lo2 speed mode9
Mode &: %upport MU1MIMO of t2o U$s.
Mode ': Closed1loop transmit diversity of 4an/1 2ith better coverage.
Mode P: eamforming scheme
#he application of the P MIMO modes on do2nlin/ physical channels is as follo2s:
#able (.11( 0pplication of MIMO modes on do2nlin/ physical channels
P#ysical c#annel Mo(e1 Mo(e 2 Mo(e3 . Mo(e /
?,%C;
?C;
?C:IC;
?,CC;
?;IC;
%C;
Modes 1! are applicable to do2nlin/ physical channels such as ?,%C;6 ?C;6
?C:IC;6 ?,CC;6 ?;IC;6 and %C;. Modes (P are applicable to the ?,%C;.
MIMO system mode selection description:
Mode ! 8transmit diversity9: is mainly used for anti1fading to improve the signal
transmission reliability and applicable to cell edge users.
Mode ( 8open1loop spatial multiple+ing9: aims at improving the pea/ rate for
cell center users and is applicable to high speed motion scenarios.
Mode . 8closed1loop spatial multiple+ing9:
,CI format !: indicates the high pea/ rate6 2hich is applicable to cell center
users.
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,CI format 10: increases the cell po2er and suppresses the interference6 2hich
is applicable to cell edge users.
Mode & 8multi1user MIMO9: improves the system capacity and is applicable to
uplin/ transmission and indoor coverage.
Mode ' 8closed1loop ran/C1 precoding9: improves the cell po2er and cell
coverage6 2hich is applicable to service1intensive areas 8for e+ample6 urban
districts9.
Mode P 8single1antenna port6 port &9: non1codeboo/1based beamforming6 2hich
is applicable to #,,. #his mode improves the cell po2er and suppresses the
interference6 2hich is applicable to cell edge users.
%ome environmental changes need U$s to adopt adaptive MIMO modes. #hese
changes are as follo2s:
1. Mobility changes: Mode ! and Mode ( are applicable to high speed motion
environments 2ithout re<uiring the U$ to feed ?MI bac/. Modes .QP are
applicable to lo2 speed motion environments 2ithout re<uiring the U$ to feed
?MI and 4I bac/. Mode ! and Mode ( are adopted for change from lo2 to high
speed motion. Mode . and Mode ' are adopted for change from high to lo2
speed motion.
!. 4an/ changes:
"o2 correlation environment: If ran/ N !6 adopt large1delay C,, and dual
stream precoding.
;igh correlation environment: If ran/ C 16 adopt codeboo/1based beamforming
or the %:C.
Channel correlation change: If the channel correlation changes from lo2 to high6
adopt %:C and codeboo/1based beamforming. If the channel correlation
changes from high to lo26 adopt dual stream precoding.
(. 4elative position changes bet2een users and cells:
Cell center: #he %>4 is relatively high. 0dopting dual stream precoding can
ma+imi7e system capacity.
Cell edge: #he %>4 is relatively lo2. 0dopting single stream precoding can
provide cell coverage.
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"#$=:,,=e>=C=1! "#$ MIMO ?rinciple
4elative position changes bet2een users and cells: If the user moves from the
cell center to the edge6 adopt the single stream precoding6 for e+ample6 the
%:C and codeboo/ based beamforming. If the user moves from the cell edge to
the center6 adopt dual stream precoding 8ran/ A 19.
#.2 !ypical .pplication Scenarios
#.2.1 MIMO )eployment
:igure (.!11 sho2s several typical MIMO deployment scenarios.
:igure (.!11. MIMO deployment
%cenario 0:
0pplicable to 2ide coverage areas such as rural areas or high2ays.
0pplicable to simple multipath environments.
0dopt mode ' 8codeboo/1based beamforming9.
0dopt four transmitting antennas 2ith a half12avelength clearance.
Increase about . d lin/ budgets.
%cenario :
0pplicable to urban districts6 suburban areas6 hotspot areas and multipath
environments.
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:ocus on transmitting capabilities other than coverage.
0dopt !G. cross1polari7ed transmitting antennas.
"o2 mobility: Mode . 8closed1loop spatial multiple+ing9.
;igh mobility: Mode ( 8closed1loop transmit diversity9.
%cenario C:
0pplicable to indoor coverage.
0dopt mode & 8multi1user MIMO9.
:or indoor coverage6 the multi1user MIMO principle is similar to the %,M0
principle.
Multiple users can use the same radio resources on different floors due to the
lo2 correlation bet2een different floors.
#.2.2 !ransmit )iversity Scenarios
:igure (.!1! sho2s the antenna selection solutions in the MIMO system.
:igure (.!11& 0ntenna selection solutions in the MIMO system
0ntenna selection solutions in the MIMO system:
Case 1:
2#
"#$=:,,=e>=C=1! "#$ MIMO ?rinciple
Meet basic re<uirements of the "#$ system.
0pplicable to most conditions such as high1 or lo21speed motion and high1 or
lo21correlation channel fading.
?oorer performance than case !.
0pplicable to modes !&.
Case !:
0pplicable to hotspot areas and multipath environments.
Improve system capacity.
,ifficult to install6 especially 2hen the fre<uency is lo2er than ! 5;7.
0pplicable to modes . and &.
Case (:
0pplicable to all modes.
Compared 2ith t2o1antenna ports6 the greatest advantage of four1antenna ports
is that the they can improve uplin/ coverage.
Occupy large space for installation.
Case .:
0pplicable to mode '.
0pplicable to 2ide coverage areas such as rural areas.
%ubject to the type of selected "#$ antennas.
#o sum up6 in the primary stage of "#$ development6 case 1 is a favorable choice since
it can drive "#$ net2or/ development in most cases. Case ! is applicable to the urban
areas and comple+ multipath environments 2ith higher data rate re<uirements. Cases (
and . are applicable to the secondary stage in "#$ development and can improve the
uplin/ net2or/ coverage.
In simple multipath environments6 for e+ample6 rural areas6 use high1correlation
antennas 8case .9 to increase the cell radius. In comple+ multipath environments6 for
e+ample6 urban areas6 use lo21correlation antennas 8case 1G!G(9 to increase the pea/
rate.
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Chapter rror! "se t#e $ome ta% to apply 1 to t#e te&t t#at yo' want to appear #ere. rror! "se t#e $ome ta%
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#.2.# Closed0loop Spatial Multiple'ing Scenarios
:igure (.!1( sho2s implementation principles of the closed1loop spatial multiple+ing.
:igure (.!11' Implementation principles of the closed1loop spatial multiple+ing
Closed1loop spatial multiple+ing is applicable to:
"o21speed U$.
and2idth1limited system 82ith high %>46 especially in the cell center9.
U$ feeds bac/ ?MI and 4I.
Comple+ multipath environments.
"o2 correlation antennas 8antenna clearance: 1.- 9.
1ote2
?recoding Matri+ Indicator 8?MI9 is an indication from a U$ about the optimum
precoding matri+ to be used in the e>ode for precoding of the ?,%C; channel of the
U$ in the closed1loop spatial multiple+ing transmitting mode.
4an/ Indicator 84I9 is an indication of the 4an/ related to channel impulse response
8;9 in open1 and closed1loop spatial multiple+ing transmitting modes. 4I C 4an/ 8;9.
#.2.+ Beam%orming Scenarios
:igure (.!1. sho2s the beamforming scenarios.
2/
"#$=:,,=e>=C=1! "#$ MIMO ?rinciple
:igure (.!11P eamforming scenarios
"o2 correlation antennas:
"arge antenna clearance and different polari7ation directions.
0ntenna 2eights include phase and amplitude.
?erform phase rotation of transmit signals to compensate the channel phase and
ensure phase consistency of received signals.
0llocate larger po2er to antennas 2ith favorable channel conditions.
0dopt mode P 8non1codeboo/1based beamforming9.
;igh correlation antennas:
%mall antenna clearance.
%ame antenna 2eight and channel fading for different antenna ports.
4eversal of different phases to the U$ direction.
0pplicable to large area coverage.
4esist channel fading through enhancing received signal strength.
0dopt mode ' 8codeboo/1based beamforming9.
eamforming is a process in 2hich the transmitter 2eighs the data vector to be
transmitted to form a pattern and then sends the pattern to the receiver.
26
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?rovide cell edge rates in do2nlin/: Increase signal transmit po2er and suppress
interferences.
>on1codeboo/1based beamforming: is a techni<ue for an e>ode to calculate
the control phase and relative amplitude allocated to each transmitter signal
based on measurement directions and uplin/ channel conditions.
Codeboo/ based beamforming: is same to the precoding for 4an/ C 1 MIMO.
U$ chooses an appropriate precoding vector from the codeboo/ and reports the
?MI to the e>ode.
eamforming %cenarios
;igh correlation antennas.
0pplicable to simple multipath environments such as rural areas.
Compared 2ith spatial multiple+ing6 beamforming is applicable to small
interference environments.
2&
+ MIMO System $er%ormance .nalysis
Knowledge points
Understand the system performance in different MIMMO modes.
+.1 MIMO System Simulation *esults .nalysis
Case 1 simulation conditions:
One transmitting antenna and t2o receiving antennas6 namely I#!4.
4eceiving antenna configuration: -.& .
:re<uency domain band2idth: 1- M;7.
:re<uency reuse 1.
Marco I%, &-- m.
:igure (.!11 sho2s Case l simulation results.
:igure ..111* Case 1 simulation result
Case ! simulation conditions:
#2o transmitting antennas and t2o receiving antennas6 namely !#!4.
29
e>ode antenna configuration: cross polari7ation.
U$ antenna configuration: -.& .
4an/ adaptive: 4I C 1 8single stream9B 4I A 1 8dual stream9.
:igure (.!1! sho2s Case ! simulation results.
:igure ..1113 Case ! simulation result
Case ( simulation conditions:
:our transmitting antennas and t2o receiving antennas6 namely .#!4.
e>ode antenna configuration: 1- R bet2een t2o cross polari7ation pairs.
U$ antenna configuration: -.& .
4an/ adaptive: 4I C 1 8single stream9B 4I A 1 8dual stream9.
:igure (.!1( sho2s Case ( simulation results.
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:igure ..11!- Case ( simulation result
:igure (.!1. sho2s MIMO simulation result comparison in three scenarios. MIMO
simulation can be configured based on actual application scenarios and needs.
:igure ..11!1 MIMO simulation result comparison
+.2 MIMO System Simulation *esult Summary
#able ..!11 summari7es MIMO system simulation results in different simulation
conditions.
#able ..!1. MIMO system simulation result summary
#1
"#$=:,,=e>=C=1! "#$ MIMO ?rinciple
%imulation Conditions :re<uency
4euse
:actor
Cell 0verage
#hroughput
%pectral
$fficiency
Cell $dge
4ate
Cell $dge
%pectral
$fficiency
0ase 1 .(dmG0ntenna Macro I%,
C&--m61-6!S!MIMO64an/
0daptive6!-d6 (/mGh
1 *.&'(1 1.&PP. -.!P&1 -.-&-P
0ase 2 ((dmG0ntenna Macro I%,
C &--m6.#+:6%ingle
%tream6!-d6 (/mGh
1 1(.3PP( !.&P.P -.313& -.1'3.
0ase 3 ((dmG0ntenna Macro I%,
&--m6.#+:precoding6
,ual %tream6!-d6 (/mGh
1 1(..(-* !..P.1 -.*3(& -.1'.'
0ase 1 .(dmG0ntenna Macro I%,
C &--m6!S!MIMO64an/
0daptive6!-d6 (/mGh
( !1.P1.! 1.(((( 1.-*.! -.-'''
0ase 2 ((dmG0ntenna Macro I%,
C &--m6.#+:6%ingle
%tream6!-d6 (/mGh
( 1*.'-*P 1.1.!' 1.3-!* -.11'*
0ase 3 ((dmG0ntenna Macro I%,
C
&--m6.#+:6precoding6,ual
%tream6!-d6 (/mGh
( !*.'3(! 1.P'13 !.!(-( -.1(''
:re<uency reuse factor C 16 can be seen as the interference restricted environment.
$specially at cell edges6 beamforming improves U$ receiver po2er and suppresses
interference. In this case6 beamforming has better technical performance than the
MIMO precoding.
:re<uency reuse factor C (6 can be seen as the band2idth restricted environment.
$specially at cell edges6 dual stream MIMO improves pea/ rates better than single
stream MIMO. In this case6 MIMO has better performance than the beamforming.
32