UMTS Michael Quek 1

5 Air Interface
Objectives:
After this chapter the student will:
be able to understand the difference between phsical and transport
channels!
be able to understand the fra"e structure in UMTS# $%%!
&!1 'A%(O T'A)SM(SS(O) A)% '*+*,T(O) -$%%. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! /
Frequency bands and channel arrangement .................................. 2
Carrier spacing............................................................................. 2
TX RX frequency separation ....................................................... 2
Terminal service classes................................................................ 2
Receiver characteristics ................................................................ 2
Diversity characteristics ...............................................................
&!/ 0O1(+A0# ,23S(+A0 A)% T'A)S,O'T +2A))*0S !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 4
&!4 T'A)S,O'T +2A))*0S A)% ,23S(+A0 +2A))*0S -$%%. !!!!!!!!!!! 5
Transport channels! ...................................................................... "
Dedicated transport channel ......................................................... "
Common transport channels.......................................................... "
#hysical channels! ........................................................................ $
Dedicated uplin% physical channels............................................... $
Common uplin% physical channels ................................................ &
Do'nlin% physical channels .......................................................... (
Common physical channels ........................................................... )
*econdary Common Control #hysical Channel ............................. +
*ynchronisation Channel ............................................................ ,-
.apping of Transport Channels to #hysical Channels ................ ,-
&!5 S,'*A%()1 A)% MO%U0AT(O) !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 11
*preading and modulation /FDD0 ............................................... ,,
Code generation and allocation .................................................. ,,
.odulation ................................................................................. ,
&!& U, A)% %O6)0()7 'AT* !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 15
1plin% 2ariable Rate /3o DTX0 .................................................. ,"
Do'nlin% 2ariable Rate /DTX based0 ......................................... ,$
Do'nlin% 2ariable Rate /DTX based0 ......................................... ,$
&!8 MU0T(,0*9()1 A)% +O%()1 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 1&
.ultiple4ing5 channel coding and interleaving /FDD0 ................ ,$
*ervice multiple4ing .................................................................... ,+
&!: T'A$$(+ +AS*S !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! /;
Cell search.................................................................................. 2-
#ac%et 6ccess ............................................................................. 22
Common Channel #ac%et 6ccess................................................. 22
Dedicated Channel *ingle #ac%et Transmission .......................... 2
Dedicated Channel .ulti7#ac%et Transmission ........................... 2
'adio trans"ission and reception -$%%.
Frequency bands and channel arrangement
UT'A<$%% is desi=ned to operate in the followin= paired band:
1>/; 1>?; M2@
Mobile station trans"it
Aase station receive
/11; /1:; M2@
Mobile station receive
Aase station trans"it
#roposed frequency band for 1TR68FDD
Carrier spacing
The no"inal channel spacin= is & M2@# but this can be adjusted to
opti"ise perfor"ance in particular deplo"ent scenarios! The channel
raster is /;; k2@# which "eans that the carrier freBuenc "ust be a
"ultiple of /;; k2@!
TX RX frequency separation
The "ini"u" trans"it to receive separation is 14; M2@ when operatin=
in the paired band
Terminal service classes
A nu"ber of different service classes will be used to define the data rate
and code allocation for a UT'A<$%% ter"inal! ,ossible tpes of service
class profiles are 155 kbps# 4?5 kbps and /;5? kbps!
O utput po w e r d n a " ic s
The trans"itter uses fast closedCloop +arrier<(nterference based power
control and slow BualitCbased power control on both the uplink and
downlink!
Uplink -U0. %ownlink -%0.
,ower control steps Dariable ;!/&C1!& dA Dariable ;!/&C1!& dA
Mini"u" trans"it power C&; dA" E F dA"
,ower control ccles per second 1!& k2@ 1!8 k2@
,ower control dna"ic ?; dA 4; dA
9utput po'er dynamics for 1: and D:
Receiver characteristics
A 'ake receiver or an other suitable receiver structure usin= coherent
reception in both channel i"pulse response esti"ation# and code trackin=
procedures is assu"ed!
Diversity characteristics
Three for"s of diversit are available in UT'A < $%%:
Ti"e diversit +hannel codin= and interleavin= in both up link and down link!
MultiCpath diversit 'ake receiver or other suitable receiver structure with
"aGi"u" co"binin=! Additional processin= ele"ents can
increase the delaCspread perfor"ance due to increased capture
of si=nal ener=!
Space diversit Antenna diversit with "aGi"u" ratio co"bin= in the base
station and optionall in the "obile stations! ,ossibilit for
downlink trans"it diversit in the base station!
Diversity characteristics for 1TR68FDD
&!/ 0o=ical# phsical and transport channels
0 o = i ca l + h a nn e l:
A lo=ical channel is a radio bearer# or part of it# dedicated for eGclusive use
of a specific co""unication process! %ifferent tpes of lo=ical channel
are defined accordin= to the tpe of infor"ation transferred on the radio
interface!
, h s i ca l + h a nn e l:
(n $%% "ode# a phsical channel is defined b code# freBuenc and# in the
uplink# relative phase -(<Q.! (n T%% "ode# code# freBuenc# and ti"eCslot
define a phsical channel!
, h s i ca l c h a n n e l d a ta s trea ":
(n the uplink# a data strea" that is trans"itted on one physical channel!
(n the downlink# a data strea" that is trans"itted on one physical channel
in each cell of the active set.
Ac ti v e S e t:
Set of radio links si"ultaneousl involved in a specific co""unication
service between an MS and a UT'A)!
Tr a n s po rt c h a n n e l:
The channels that are offered b the phsical laer for data transport
between peer 01 entities are denoted as Transport +hannels! %ifferent
tpes of transport channels are defined b how and with which
characteristics data is transferred on the phsical laer# e!=! whether usin=
dedicated or co""on phsical channels are e"ploed!
Tr a n s po rt $o r" a t:
A co"bination of encodin=# interleavin=# bit rate and "appin= onto
physical channels!
Tr a n s po rt $o r" a t + o " b in a t ion (ndi ca t or -T $ + (. :
A label for a specific Transport Format within a Transport Format *et!
Tr a n s po rt $o r" a t S e t :
A set of Transport Formats! $or eGa"ple# a variable rate %+2 has a
Transport $or"at Set -one Transport $or"at for each rate.# whereas a
fiGed rate %+2 has a sin=le Transport $or"at!
&!4 Transport channels and phsical channels -$%%.
Transport channels!
Dedicated transport channel
%+ 2 C %e di c a t e d + h a n n e l
The %edicated +hannel -%+2. is a downlink or uplink transport channel
that is used to carr user or control infor"ation between the network and a
"obile station! The %+2 is trans"itted over the entire cell or over onl a
part of the cell usin= lobeCfor"in= antennas!
Common transport channels
A+ 2 C A ro a d c a s t + h a nn e l
The Aroadcast +hannel -A+2. is a downlink transport channel that is used
to broadcast sste"C and cellCspecific infor"ation! The A+2 is alwas
trans"itted over the entire cell!
$ A + 2 C $o rw a rd A c ce s s + h a n n e l
The $orward Access +hannel -$A+2. is a downlink transport channel that
is used to carr control infor"ation to a "obile station when the sste"
knows the location cell of the "obile station! The $A+2 "a also carr
short user packets! The $A+2 is trans"itted over the entire cell or over
onl a part of the cell usin= lobeCfor"in= antennas!
, + 2 C , a = i n= + h a nn e l
The ,a=in= +hannel -,+2. is a downlink transport channel that is used to
carr control infor"ation to a "obile station when the sste" does not
know the location cell of the "obile station! The ,+2 is alwas
trans"itted over the entire cell!
'A+ 2 C ' a ndo" A c ces s + h a n n e l
The 'ando" Access +hannel -'A+2. is an uplink transport channel that
is used to carr control infor"ation fro" a "obile station!
The 'A+2 "a also carr short user packets! The 'A+2 is alwas
received fro" the entire cell!
% S + 2 % o w n l ink Sh a re d + h a n n e l
The downlink shared channel -%S+2. is a downlink transport channel
shared b several U*s carrin= dedicated control or traffic data!
#hysical channels!
A phsical channel corresponds to a specific carrier freBuenc# code# and#
on the uplink# relative phase -; or </.!
Dedicated uplin% physical channels
There are two tpes of uplink dedicated phsical channels# the uplink
%edicated ,hsical %ata +hannel -uplink %,%+2. and the uplink
%edicated ,hsical +ontrol +hannel -uplink %,++2.!
The uplink %,%+2 is used to carr dedicated data =enerated for the
dedicated transport channel -%+2.! There "a be @ero# one# or several
uplink %,%+2s on each connection! The uplink %,++2 is used to carr
control infor"ation! The control infor"ation consists of known pilot bits
to support channel esti"ation for coherent detection# trans"it powerC
control -T,+. co""ands# and an optional transportCfor"at indicator -T$(.!
The transportCfor"at indicator infor"s the receiver about the instantaneous
para"eters of the different transport channels "ultipleGed on the uplink
%,%+2! There is one and onl one uplink %,++2 on each connection!
$ ra "e s tru c t u re
*ach fra"e of len=th 1; "s is split into 18 slots# each of len=th T
slot
H
;!8/& "s# correspondin= to one powerCcontrol period! A super fra"e
corresponds to :/ consecutive fra"es# i!e! the superCfra"e len=th is
:/;"s!
%,%+2
%ata
%,++2
,ilot T,+ T$+(
;#888 "s # 1;I/
k
bits -kH;!! 8.
Slot J1 Slot J/ Slot Ji Slot J1&
Tf H 1; "s
$ra "e J 1 $ra "e J / $ra "e J i $ra "e J
:/
Tsuper H :/; "s
Frame structure for uplin% D#DC;8D#CC;
The para"eter k deter"ines the nu"ber of bits per uplink
%,%+2<%,++2 slot! (t is related to the spreadin= factor S$ of the
phsical channel as S$ H /&8</
k
! The spreadin= factor "a thus ran=e
fro" /&8 down to 5! )ote that an uplink %,%+2 and uplink %,++2 on
the sa"e connection =enerall are of different rates# i!e! have different
spreadin= factors and different values of k!
The eGact nu"ber of bits of the different uplink %,++2 is et to be
deter"ined.
Common uplin% physical channels
, h s i ca l ' a ndo" A cces s + h a n n e l
The ,hsical 'ando" Access +hannel -,'A+2. is used to carr the
'A+2! (t is based on a Slotted A0O2A approach# i!e! a "obile station can
start the trans"ission of the ,'A+2 at a nu"ber of wellCdefined ti"eC
offsets# relative to the fra"e boundar of the received A++2 of the current
cell! The different ti"e offsets are denoted access slots and are spaced 1!&
"s! (nfor"ation on what access slots are available in the current cell is
broadcast on the A++2!
1!& "s
Access slot J1
'ando"Caccess burst
Access slot J/
'ando"Caccess burst
Access slot Ji Offset of access slot Ji
'ando"Caccess burst
Access slot J?
'ando"Caccess burst
$ra"e boundar
6ccess slot.
The rando" access burst consists of two parts# a preamble part of len=th 1
"s and a message part of len=th 1; "s! Aetween the prea"ble part and the
"essa=e part there is an idle ti"e period of len=th 1!& "s -preli"inar
value.! The idle ti"e period allows for detection of the prea"ble part and
subseBuent onCline processin= of the "essa=e part!
, rea " ble p a rt
The prea"ble part of the rando"Caccess burst consists of a si=nature.
There are a total of 18 different si=natures!
Mes s a = e p a rt
The "essa=e part of the rando"Caccess burst has the sa"e structure as the
uplink dedicated phsical channel! (t consists of a data part# correspondin=
to the uplink %,%+2# and a control part# correspondin= to the uplink
%,++2! The data and control parts are trans"itted in parallel! The data
part carries the rando" access reBuest or s"all user packets! The spreadin=
factor of the data part is li"ited to S$ K/&8# 1/?# 85# 4/L correspondin=
to channel bit rates of 18# 4/# 85# and 1/? kbps respectivel! The control
part carries pilot bits and rate infor"ation# usin= a spreadin= factor of /&8!
The rate infor"ation indicates which channelisation code -or rather the
spreadin= factor of the channelisation code. is used on the data part!
The rando"Caccess burst consists of the followin= fields -the values in
brackets are preli"inar values.:
Mobile station identification! The MS (% is chosen at rando" b the
"obile station at the ti"e of each rando"Caccess atte"pt!
'eBuired Service! This field infor"s the base station what tpe of
service is reBuired -short packet trans"ission# dedicatedCchannel setC
up# etc!.
An optional user packet
A +'+ to detect errors in the data part of the rando"Caccess burst!
MS (% 'eB! Ser! Optional user packet +'+
*tructure of random7access burst data part
Do'nlin% physical channels
%e di ca te d ph s ic a l c h a n n e ls
There is onl one tpe of downlink dedicated phsical channel# the
%ownlink %edicated ,hsical +hannel -downlink %,+2.!
6ithin one downlink %,+2# dedicated data for the dedicated transport
channel -%+2.# is trans"itted with control infor"ation -known pilot bits#
T,+ co""ands# and an optional T$+(.!
$ ra "e s tru c t u re
The fi=ure shows the fra"e structure of the downlink %,+2! *ach fra"e
of len=th 1; "s is split into 1& slots# each of len=th T
slot
H ;!888 "s#
correspondin= to one powerCcontrol period! A super fra"e corresponds to
:/ consecutive fra"es# i!e! the superCfra"e len=th is :/; "s!
%, ++2 %,%+2
, ilot T, + T$+( %at a
;#888 "s# /;I/
k
bit s -kH;!!8.
Slot J1 Slot J/ Slot Ji Slot J1&
T
f
H 1; "s
$ra"e J1 $ra"e J/ $ra"e Ji $ra"e J:/
T
super
H :/; "s
Frame structure for do'nlin% D#C;
The para"eter k deter"ines the total nu"ber of bits per downlink %,+2
slot! (t is related to the spreadin= factor S$ of the phsical channel as S$ H
/&8</
k
! The spreadin= factor "a thus ran=e fro" /&8 down to 5!
The eGact nu"ber of bits of the different downlink %,+2 fields is et to
be deter"ined!
)ote that connectionCdedicated pilot bits are trans"itted also for the
downlink in order to support the use of downlink adaptive antennas!
6hen the total bit rate to be trans"itted on one downlink connection
eGceeds the "aGi"u" bit rate for a downlink phsical channel# "ultiCcode
trans"ission is e"ploed# i!e! several parallel downlink %,+2s are
trans"itted for one connection usin= the sa"e spreadin= factor!
(n this case# the control infor"ation is put on onl the first downlink
%,+2! The additional downlink %,+2s belon=in= to the connection do
not trans"it an data durin= the correspondin= ti"e period!
Common physical channels
, ri" a r + o " "on + on t ro l ,h s ic a l + h a n n e l -++ , +2 .
The ,ri"ar ++,+2 is a fiGed rate -4/ kbps# S$H/&8. downlink phsical
channels used to carr the A++2!
The fi=ure shows the fra"e structure of the ,ri"ar ++,+2! The fra"e
structure differs fro" the downlink %,+2 in that no T,+ co""ands or
T$+( is trans"itted! The control infor"ation is the co""on pilot bits
needed for coherent detection!
,ilot
%at a
;!888 "s
Slot J1 Slot J/ Slot Ji Slot J1&
T
f
H 1; "s
$ra"e J1 $ra"e J/ $ra"e Ji $ra"e J:/
Tsuper H :/; "s
Frame structure for #rimary Common Control #hysical Channel
*econdary Common Control #hysical Channel
The secondar ++,+2 is used to carr the $A+2 and ,+2! (t is of
constant rate! 2owever# in contrast to the ,ri"ar ++,+2# the rate "a be
different for different secondar ++,+2 within one cell and between
cells# in order to be able to allocate different a"ount of $A+2 and ,+2
capacit to a cell! The rate and spreadin= factor of each secondar ++,+2
is broadcast on the A++2! The set of possible rates is the sa"e as for the
downlink %,+2!
,ilot %at a
;!888 "s# /;I/
k
bit s -kH;!!8.
Slot J1 Slot J/ Slot Ji Slot J1&
T
f
H 1; "s
$ra"e J1 $ra"e J/ $ra"e Ji $ra"e J:/
T
supe r
H :/; "s
Frame structure for *econdary Common Control #hysical Channel
The $A+2 and ,+2 are "apped to separate Secondar ++,+2s! The
"ain difference between a ++,+2 and a downlink dedicated phsical
channel is that a ++,+2 is not power controlled! The "ain difference
UMTS Michael Quek 1;
between the ,ri"ar and Secondar ++,+2 is that the ,ri"ar ++,+2
has a fiGed predefined rate while the Secondar ++,+2 has a constant
rate that "a be different for different cells# dependin= on the capacit
needed for $A+2 and ,+2! $urther"ore# a ,ri"ar ++,+2 is
continuousl trans"itted over the entire cell while a Secondar ++,+2 is
onl trans"itted when there is data available and "a be trans"itted in a
narrow lobe in the sa"e wa as a dedicated phsical channel -onl valid
for a Secondar ++,+2 carrin= the $A+2.!
*ynchronisation Channel
The Snchronisation +hannel -S+2. is a downlink si=nal used for cell
search! The S+2 consists of two sub channels# the ,ri"ar and Secondar
S+2!
,ri"ar S+2
T
slot
H /&8; chips
chips
cp
/&8 chips
cp cp
i#/
c
i#18
Secondar S+2 c
s
i#1
c
s s
c
p
: ,ri"ar Snchroni@ation +ode
Tfra"e H 18ITslot
c
s
i#k
: One of 1: possible Secondar Snchroni@ation +odes
i#/ i#18
-c
s
i#1
# c
s
# !!!# c
s
. encode cell specific lon= scra"blin= code =roup i
*tructure of *ynchronisation Channel /*C;0
The ,ri"ar S+2 consists of an unmodulated ortho=onal code of len=th
/&8 chips# the ,ri"ar Snchronisation +ode# trans"itted once ever slot!
The ,ri"ar Snchronisation +ode is the sa"e for ever base station in
the sste"!
The Secondar S+2 consists of repeatedl trans"ittin= a len=th 18
seBuence of unmodulated ortho=onal codes of len=th /&8 chips# the
Secondar Snchronisation +odes# trans"itted in parallel with the ,ri"ar
Snchronisation channel!
The seBuence on the Secondar S+2 indicates which of the 4/ different
code =roups the base station downlink scra"blin= code belon=s! 4/
seBuences are used to encode the 4/ different code =roups each containin=
18 scra"blin= codes! (t is used to uniBuel deter"ine both the lon= code
=roup and the fra"e ti"in=!
.apping of Transport Channels to #hysical Channels
The fi=ure su""arises the "appin= of transport channels to phsical
channels!
Transport Channels Physical Channels
A++2 ,ri"ar +o""on +ontrol ,hsical +hannel -,ri"ar ++,+2.
$A+2 Secondar +o""on +ontrol ,hsical +hannel -Secondar ++,+2.
,+2
'A+2 ,hsical 'ando" Access +hannel -,'A+2.
+,+2 ,hsical +o""on ,acket +hannel -,+,+2.
%+2 %edicated ,hsical %ata +hannel -%,%+2.
Snchronisation +hannel -S+2.
%S+2 ,hsical %ownlink Shared +hannel -,%S+2.
Transport7channel to physical7channel mapping
&!5 Spreadin= and Modulation
*preading and modulation /FDD0
U plink sprea din= a nd "odul a tion
Sp rea d i n=
Uplink %edicated ,hsical +hannels -uplink %,%+2<%,++2.
The uplink %,%+2 and %,++2 are "apped to the ( and Q branch
respectivel! The ( and Q branch are then spread to the chip rate with two
different channelisation codes c
%
<c
+
and subseBuentl co"pleG scra"bled
b a "obileCstation specific co"pleG scra"blin= code!
$or "ultiCcode trans"ission# each additional uplink %,%+2 "a be
trans"itted on either the ( or the Q branch! $or each branch# each
additional uplink %,%+2 should be assi=ned its own channelisation code!
Uplink %,%+2s on different branches "a share a co""on
channelisation code!
, ' A + 2
The spreadin= and "odulation of the "essa=e part of the rando"Caccess
burst is basicall the sa"e as for the uplink dedicated phsical channels!
The uplink %,%+2 and uplink %,++2 are replaced b the data part and
the control part respectivel! The scra"blin= code for the "essa=e part is
chosen based on the baseCstationCspecific prea"ble code# the rando"l
chosen prea"ble seBuence# and the rando"l chosen access slot -rando"C
access ti"eCoffset.! This =uarantees that two si"ultaneous rando"Caccess
atte"pts that use different prea"ble codes and<or different prea"ble
seBuences will not collide durin= the data part of the rando"Caccess bursts!
Code generation and allocation
+ h a n n e li s a t ion c od e s
The channelisation codes are the sa"e tpe of codes as for the downlink!
$or the uplink# the restrictions on the allocation of channelisation codes are
onl valid within one "obile station!
*ach connection is allocated at least one uplink channelisation code# to be
used for the uplink %,++2! (n "ost cases# at least one additional uplink
channelisation code is allocated for a uplink %,%+2! $urther uplink
channelisation codes "a be allocated if "ore than one uplink %,%+2 are
reBuired!
As different "obile stations use different uplink scra"blin= codes# the
uplink channelisation codes "a be allocated with no coCordination
between different connections! The uplink channelisation codes are
therefore alwas allocated in a preCdefined order! The "obileCstation and
network onl need to a=ree on the nu"ber and len=th -spreadin= factor. of
the uplink channelisation codes! The eGact codes to be used are then
i"plicitl =iven!
S c ra " blin= c od e s
*ither short or lon= scra"blin= codes should be used on uplink!
Sho rt s c ra " b li n= c ode
The short scra"blin= code is a co"pleG code cM
scra"b
H c
(
Njc
Q
# where c
(
and
c
Q
are two different codes of len=th /&8!
The network decides the uplink short scra"blin= code! The "obile station
is infor"ed about what short scra"blin= code to use in the downlink
Access 1rant "essa=e that is the baseCstation response to an uplink
'ando" Access 'eBuest!
The short scra"blin= code "a# in rare cases# be chan=ed durin= the
duration of a connection!
0 o n = sc ra "blin= c o d e
The lon= uplink scra"blin= code is tpicall used in cells without "ultiC
user detection in the base station! The "obile station is infor"ed if a lon=
scra"blin= code should be used in the Access 1rant Messa=e followin= a
rando"Caccess reBuest and in the handover "essa=e!
'a ndo" ac ce ss c ode s
, rea " ble s p rea d i n= c o d e
The spreadin= code for the prea"ble part is cell specific and is broadcast
b the base station! More than one prea"ble code can be used in a base
station if the traffic load is hi=h! The prea"ble codes "ust be code
planned# since two nei=hbourin= cells should not use the sa"e prea"ble
code! The code used is a /&8 chip code! All /&8 codes are used in the
sste"!
, rea " ble s i= n a t u re
The prea"ble part carries one of 18 different si=natures of len=th 18# O,
;
#
,
1
# !!!# ,
1&
P! The base station broadcasts which si=natures are allowed to be
used in a cell!
+ h a n n e li s a t ion c od e s f or the " e s sa = e p a rt
The si=nature in the prea"ble specifies one of the 18 channelisation!
Since the control part is alwas spread with a known channelisation code
of len=th /&8# it can be detected b the base station! The rate infor"ation
field of the control part infor"s the base station about the spreadin= factor
used on the data part! 6ith the help of prea"ble si=nature and the rate
infor"ation# the base station knows which channelisation code is used for
the data part!
This structure allows for si"ultaneous detection of "ultiple rando" access
"essa=es arrivin= in the sa"e access slot# as lon= as different si=natures
are used!
S c ra " blin= c ode f or t he " es s a = e p a rt
(n addition to spreadin=# the "essa=e part is also subject to scra"blin=
with a 1; "s co"pleG code! The scra"blin= code is cellCspecific and has a
oneCtoCone correspondence to the spreadin= code used for the prea"ble
part! )ote that althou=h the scra"blin= code is the sa"e for ever access
slot# there is no scra"blin=Ccode collision proble"s between different
access slots due to the 1!/& "s ti"e shifts between the access slots!
.odulation
M odul a t in= c hip ra te
The "odulatin= chip rate is 4!?5 Mcps! This basic chip rate can be
eGtended to :!8? or 1&!48 Mcps!
% ownl ink s prea din= a nd "odula t ion
Sp rea d i n=
%ata "odulation is Q,S7 where each pair of two bits are serialCtoCparallel
converted and "apped to the ( and Q branch respectivel! The ( and Q
branch are then spread to the chip rate with the sa"e channelisation code
c
ch
-real spreadin=. and subseBuentl scra"bled b the sa"e cell specific
scra"blin= code c
scra"b
-real scra"blin=.!
$or "ultiCcode trans"ission# each additional downlink %,+2 should also
be spread<"odulated! *ach additional downlink %,+2 should be assi=ned
its own channelisation code!
+ ode =e ne ra tion a nd a ll oca tion
+ h a n n e li s a t ion c od e s
The nu"ber of available channelisation codes is not fiGed but depends on
the rate and spreadin= factor of each phsical channel!
The channelisation code for the A++2 is a predefined code which is the
sa"e for all cells within the sste"!
The channelisation code-s. used for the Secondar +o""on +ontrol
,hsical +hannel is broadcast on the A++2!
The channelisation codes for the downlink dedicated phsical channels are
decided b the network! The "obile station is infor"ed about what
downlink channelisation codes to receive in the downlink Access 1rant
"essa=e that is the baseCstation response to an uplink 'ando" Access
reBuest! The set of channelisation codes "a be chan=ed durin= the
duration of a connection# tpicall as a result of a chan=e of service or an
interCcell handover! A chan=e of downlink channelisation codes is
ne=otiated over a %+2!
S c ra " blin= c ode
The total nu"ber of available scra"blin= codes is &1/# divided into 4/
code =roups with 18 codes in each =roup! The =roupin= of the downlink
codes is done in order to facilitate a fast cell search! The downlink
scra"blin= code is assi=ned to the cell -sector. at the initial deplo"ent!
The "obile station learns about the downlink scra"blin= code durin= the
cell search process!
The scra"blin= codes are repeated for ever 1; "s radio fra"e!
S n c h r o ni sa ti on c o d e s
The ,ri"ar and Secondar code words# +
p
and K+
1
#Q#+
1:
L respectivel#
consist of pair wise "utuall ortho=onal codes of len=th /&8!
&!& Up and downlink rate
1plin% 2ariable Rate /3o DTX0
10
ms
1-
rate
1/2-
rate
1/4-
rate
0-
rate
Variable
rate
R =
1
: DPCCH (Pilt!"PC!RI#
: DPDCH (Data#
R =
1/2
R = 0 R =
0
R = 1/2
Do'nlin% 2ariable Rate /DTX based0
1-rate
1/2-
rate
1/4-
rate
0-rate
0$%%% ms
:DPCCH-&art
(Pilt!"PC!RI#
:DPDCH-&art (Data#
Do'nlin% 2ariable Rate /DTX based0
1-rate
1/2-rate
0-rate
10 ms
Variabl
e
rate
R = 1 R = 0 R = 1/2 R = 1
:DPCCH-&art
(Pilt!"PC!RI#
:DPDCH-&art (Data#
&!8 MultipleGin= and codin=
.ultiple4ing5 channel coding and interleaving /FDD0
Tr a n s po rt Cc h a n n e l c odi n= < "ul t ipl e Gin=
The fi=ure illustrates the overall concept of transportCchannel codin= and
"ultipleGin=! The followin= steps can be identified!
+hannel codin=# includin= optional transportCchannel "ultipleGin=
Static rate "atchin= (nterCfra"e
interleavin= TransportCchannel
"ultipleGin= %na"ic rate
"atchin=
(ntraCfra"e interleavin=
The different steps are described in detail below
T+ T+
T+ T+
+hannel codin= N
optional T+ "ultipleG
Static rate "atchin=
(nner interleavin=
-interCfra"e.
'ate
"atchin=
(nterleavin=
-optional.
TransportCchannel
"ultipleGin=
MultipleG
%na"ic rate "atchin=
-uplink onl.
(nner interleavin=
-intraCfra"e.
'ate
"atchin=
(nterleavin=
Coding and multiple4ing of transport channels
The output after the inner interleavin= is tpicall "apped to one %,%+2! Onl
for the ver hi=hest bit rates the output is split onto several %,%+2s# i!e! "ultiC
code trans"ission!
,ri"aril# transport channels are coded and "ultipleGed as described above# i!e!
into one data strea" "apped on one or several phsical channels!
+ h a n n e l c od i n=
+hannel codin= is done on a perCtransportCchannel basis# i!e! before transportC
channel "ultipleGin=!
+odin= N
interleavin=
+odin= N
interleavin=
'ate
"atchin=
(nterleavin=
-optional.
+onvolutional
codin=
'eedCSolo"on
codin=
Outer
interleavin=
+onvolutiona
codin=
Turbo
codin=
ServiceCspecific
codin=
Channel coding in 1TR68FDD
+ on v olu t ion a l c odin=
+onvolutional codin= is tpicall applied for services that reBuire a A*'
in the order of 1;
C4
! +onvolutional codin= is also# in concatenation with 'S
codin= N outer interleavin=# applied to services that reBuire a A*' in the
order of 1;
C8
!
Tpicall# rateC1<4 convolutional codin= is applied to dedicated transport
channels -%+2s. in nor"al -nonCslotted. "ode while rate R convolutional
codin= is applied to %+2s in slotted "ode!
O ut e r ' e e d C S o l o"on c o d in= a nd out e r int e rlea vi n =
'eedCSolo"on codin= N outer interleavin=# is# in concatenation with inner
convolutional codin=# tpicall applied to transport channels that reBuire a
A*' in the order of 1;
C8
! The 'SCcodin= is of approGi"ate rate 5<&!
T u rbo c odin=
The use of Turbo codin= for hi=h data rate -above 4/ kbps.# hi=h Bualit
services# is currentl bein= investi=ated within *TS(! Turbo codes of rate
1<4 and R -for the hi=hest data rates.# have been proposed to replace the
concatenation of convolutional and 'eedCSolo"on codes! *TS( is awaitin=
further results of si"ulations illustratin= the perfor"ance of Turbo +odes!
(nfo
bits
(nterleaver
+onstituent
*ncoder J1
+onstituent
*ncoder J/
,arit
Aits
,arit
Aits
,uncture
<loc% diagram of a Turbo code encoder
(f Turbo codes are shown to =ive an i"proved $*+ for hi=h Bualit
services# co"pared with the eGistin= proposal# then the basic $*+ codin=
for the UT'A<$%% will be as shown in.
A*' H 1;
C4
+onvolutional
codin=
+hannel
interleavin=
A*' H 1;
C8
ServiceCspecific codin=
Turbo
codin=
+hannel
interleavin=
F=C coding for 1TR68FDD 'hen turbo codes are used
S e rv ic e s p ec ifi c c odin=
The serviceCspecificCcodin= option allows for additional fleGibilit of the
UT'A 0aer 1 b allowin= for additional codin= sche"es# in addition to
the standard codin= sche"es listed above! One eGa"ple is the use of
uneBualCerrorCprotection codin= sche"es for certain speechCcodecs!
(nn e r int e rC f ra " e i n te rle av i n =
(nner interCfra"e bit interleavin= is carried out on a perCtransportCchannel
basis on those transportCchannels that can allow for and reBuire
interleavin= over "ore than one radio fra"e -1; "s.! The span of the inner
interCfra"e interleavin= can var in the ran=e /; "s to 1&; "s!
'a te " a tc h in=
Two tpes of rate "atchin= is carried out:
Static rate "atchin= carried out on a slow basis# tpicall ever ti"e a
transport channel is added or re"oved fro" the connection!
%na"ic rate "atchin= carried out on a fra"eCbCfra"e -1; "s. basis
St a t ic ra te " a tc hin=
Static rate "atchin= is used for two different reasons:
to adjust the coded transport channel bit rate to a level where "ini"u"
trans"ission Bualit reBuire"ents of each transport channel is fulfilled
with the s"allest differences in channel bit ener=
to adjust the coded transport channel bit rate so that the "aGi"u" total
bit rate after transport channel "ultipleGin= is "atched to the channel
bit rate of the uplink and downlink dedicated phsical channel
The static rate "atchin= is based on code puncturin= and uneBual
repetition!
)ote that# althou=h static rate "atchin= is carried out prior to transportC
channel "ultipleGin=# the rate "atchin= "ust be coCordinated between the
different transport channels!
% n a " i c ra te " a tc h i n=
%na"ic rate "atchin= is carried out after the "ultipleGin= of the parallel
coded transport channels and is used to "atch the total instantaneous rate
of the "ultipleGed transport channels to the channel bit rate of the uplink
%,%+2! %na"ic rate "atchin= uses uneBual repetition and is onl
applied to the uplink! On the downlink# discontinuous trans"ission -%T9.
is used when the total instantaneous rate of the "ultipleGed transport
channels does not "atch the channel bit rate!
Tr a n s po rt Cc h a n n e l " u lt ip le Gin=
The coded transport channels are seriall "ultipleGed within one radio
fra"e! The output after the "ultipleGer -before the inner interleavin=. will
thus be accordin= to
1; "s -one radio fra"e.
T+C1 T+C/ T+CM
Transport channel multiple4ing
As an option# transport channels "a be "ultipleGed within the channelC
codin= unit# tpicall after outer 'S codin= but before outer interleavin=!
(nn e r int ra Cf ra " e i n te rle av i n =
(nner intraCfra"e interleavin= over one radio fra"e -1; "s. is applied to
the "ultipleGed set of transport channels!
*ervice multiple4ing
(n a sa"e connection# "ultiple services could be treated with separate
channel codin=<interleavin= and "appin= to different basic phsical
channels -slot<code.! (n this wa QoS can be separatel and independentl
controlled!
+odin=<
interleavin=
Service 1
,arallel
services
*ervice multiple4ing /a0
+odin=<
interleavin=
+odin=<
interleavin=
Service /
Service )
UMTS Michael Quek /;
A second alternative is ti"e "ultipleGin= at different points of the channel
codin= sche"e!
Ti"e
MuG
Outer
codin=<interl
!
Ti"e (nner
MuG
codin=<interl!
,arallel
services
Ti"e
MuG
Outer
codin=<interl
!
Ti"e
(nner
Ti"e
MuG
Service 1
Service /
MuG
codin=<interl!
Service n
*ervice multiple4ing /b0
After service "ultipleGin= and channel codin=# the "ultiCservice data
strea" is "apped to one or# if the total rate eGceeds the upper li"it for
sin=leCcode trans"ission# several resource units!
&!: Traffic cases
Cell search
(ni t ia l ce ll s ea rc h
%urin= the initial cell search# the "obile station searches for the base
station to which it has the lowest path loss! (t then deter"ines the downlink
scra"blin= code and fra"e snchronisation of that base station! The initial
cell search uses the snchronisation channel -S+2.!
,ri"ar S+2
T
slot
H /&8; chips
chips
cp
/&8 chips
cp cp
Secondar S+2
c
s
i#1
c
s s
c
p
: ,ri"ar Snchroni@ation +ode
T
fra"e
H 18IT
slot
c
s
i#k
: One of 1: possible Secondar Snchroni@ation +odes
-c
s
i#1
# c
s
i#/
# !!!# c
s
i#18
. encode cell specific lon= scra"blin= code =roup i
*tructure of synchronisation channel /*C;0
This initial cell search is carried out in three steps:
St e p 1: S l ot s n c h ron i s a ti on
%urin= the first step of the initial cell search procedure the "obile station
uses the pri"ar S+2 to acBuire slot snchronisation to the stron=est base
station!
This is done with a sin=le "atched filter -or an si"ilar device. "atched to
the pri"ar snchronisation code c
p
which is co""on to all base stations!
The output of the "atched filter will have peaks for each ra of each base
station within ran=e of the "obile station! %etectin= the position of the
stron=est peak =ives the ti"in= of the stron=est base station "odulo the
slot len=th! $or better reliabilit# the "atchedCfilter output should be nonC
coherentl accu"ulated over a nu"ber of slots!
Ti"in= "odulo T
slot
Tslot
Two ras fro" AS
i
One ra fro" AS
j
.atched7filter search for primary synchronisation code to slot synchronisation /timing
modulo the slot length0.
St e p /: $ ra " e s n c h roni s a t ion a nd c od e C= roup i d e nt if ic a tion
%urin= the second step of the initial cell search procedure# the "obile
station uses the secondar S+2 to find fra"e snchronisation and identif
the code =roup of the base station found in the first step! This is done b
correlatin= the received si=nal at the positions of the Secondar
Snchronisation +ode with all possible -18. Secondar Snchronisation
+odes! )ote that the position of the Secondar Snchronisation +ode is
known after the first step! The outputs of all the 1: correlators for 18
consecutive secondar S+2 locations are used to for" the decision
variables!
The decision variables are obtained b non7coherently su""in= the
correlator outputs correspondin= to each 18 len=th seBuence out of the 4/
possible seBuences and its 18 cclic shifts =ivin= a total of &1/ decision
variables! )ote that the cclic shifts of the seBuences are uniBue! Thus# b
identifin= the seBuence<shift pair that =ives the "aGi"u" correlation
value# the code =roup as well as the fra"e snchronisation is deter"ined!
St e p 4: S c ra "b l in = Cc ode i d e nti fica tion
%urin= the third and last step of the initial cellCsearch procedure# the
"obile station deter"ines the eGact scra"blin= code used b the found
base station! The scra"blin= code is identified throu=h s"bolCbCs"bol
correlation over the ,ri"ar ++,+2 with all scra"blin= codes within the
code =roup identified in the second step! )ote that# fro" step /# the fra"e
boundar and conseBuentl the start of the scra"blin= code is known!
+orrelation "ust be carried out s"bolCwise# due to the unknown data of
the pri"ar ++,+2! Also# in order to reduce the probabilit of
wron=<false acBuisition# due to co"bat back=round noise<interference#
avera=in= the correlator outputs over a seBuence of s"bols -diversit.
"i=ht be reBuired before usin= the outputs to deter"ine the eGact
scra"blin= code!
Matched
filter -c
p
.
SlotCwise
accu"ulation
$ind
"aGi"u"
After the scra"blin= code has been identified# the ,ri"ar ++,+2 can be
detected# superCfra"e snchronisation can be acBuired and the sste"C and
cell specific A++2 infor"ation can be read!
(dle "ode ce ll s ea rc h
6hen in idle "ode# the "obile station continuousl searches for new base
stations on the current and other carrier freBuencies! The cell search is
done in basicall the sa"e wa as the initial cell search! The "ain
difference co"pared to the initial cell search is that an idle "obile station
has received a priorit list fro" the network! This priorit list describes in
which order the downlink scra"blin= codes should be searched for and
does thus si=nificantl reduce the ti"e and effort needed for the
scra"blin=Ccode search -step 4.! Also the co"pleGit in the second step
"a be reduced if the priorit list onl includes scra"blin= codes
belon=in= to a subset of the total set of code =roups! The priorit list is
continuousl updated to reflect the chan=in= nei=hbourhood of a "ovin=
"obile station!
Ac ti v e "ode c e l l s e a rc h
6hen in active "ode# the "obile station continuousl searches for new
base stations on the current carrier freBuenc! This cell search is carried
out in basicall the sa"e wa as the idle "ode cell search! The "obile
station "a also search for new base stations on other carrier freBuencies
usin= the slotted "ode!
#ac%et 6ccess
The reBuire"ents for packet access is fast access and an efficient use of
the radio resources! This would "ean that the connection setCup should be
fast and closed loop power control for lar=e packets and a s"all overhead
for s"all packets! The packets should also be able to be scheduled!
S"all freBuentl sent packets sent on the co""on channels! 6hile
freBuentl or lar=e packets should use the dedicated channels!
Common Channel #ac%et 6ccess
Access
re'(est
)ser
&ac*et
Arbitrar+ time
Access
re'(est
)ser
&ac*et
Cmmn C,annel (RACH/-ACH#
Common Channel #ac%et 6ccess
$or s"all packets and "ediu" data rates the co""on channel
'A+2<$A+2 would be used! %urin= the ti"e there are no packets to
trans"it there will be no link "aintenance! Open loop power control!
Dedicated Channel *ingle #ac%et Transmission
Access
re'(est
Arbitrar+ time
Access
re'(est
Cmmn C,annel (RACH/-ACH#
)ser
&ac*et
De.icate. C,annel (D"CH#
Dedicated channel *ingle #ac%et transmission
)ser
&ac*et
$or sin=le# scheduled packet trans"ission each new packet is preceded
with a rando" access reBuest! %urin= the packet trans"ission closedCloop
power control is used!
Dedicated Channel .ulti7#ac%et Transmission
/c,e.(le. &ac*ets
0n-sc,e.(le.
&ac*et
Access
re'(est
)ser
&ac*et
)ser
&ac*et
Access
re'(est
)ser
&ac*et
De.icate. C,annel (D"CH#
1in* maintenance (&ilt2 "PC#
$or scheduled and nonCscheduled packet access the link will be "aintained
and closedCloop power control is used durin= the trans"ission! After a
defined ti"eCout period has been reached the link is released!