Introduction To Economic Integration Organization

P
a
g
e
1
2
International Institution WTO, IMF IBRD & UNCTAD
Lecture notes prepared for MBA final ear students ! "o#al $in%& C&au&an Assitt' (rofessor )CMT Bi*nor
For #ore lecture notes feel free to #ail at +o#al'ra*poot,%#ail'co# or -isit +o#alsin%&c&au&an'.e!s'co#
M
e#!e rs
Me#! ers, duall
represented ! t&e /U
O!ser-ers
Non0#e#!ers
Formation 1 2anuar 1334
Headquarters Centre Willia# Rappard, 5ene-a, $.it6erland
Membership 143 #e#!er states
718
Official languages /n%lis&, Frenc&, $panis&
798
Director-General (ascal La#
Budget
13: #illion $.iss francs ;appro<' 9=3 #illion U$>? in
9=11'
7@8
Staff :A=
7A8
Website .to'or%
P
a
g
e
1
2
WTO .as esta!lis&ed on 1st 2anuar 1334' In April 133A, t&e Final Act .as si%ned at a #eetin% in
Marra+es&, Morocco' T&e Marra+es& Declaration of 14t& April 133A .as for#ed to stren%t&en t&e .orld
econo# t&at .ould lead to !etter in-est#ent, trade, inco#e %ro.t& and e#plo#ent t&rou%&out t&e
.orld' T&e WTO is t&e successor to t&e 5eneral A%ree#ent of Tariffs and Trade ;5ATT?' India is one of
t&e founder #e#!ers of WTO' WTO represents t&e latest atte#pts to create an or%anisational focal point
for li!eral trade #ana%e#ent and to consolidate a %lo!al or%anisational structure to %o-ern .orld affairs'
WTO &as atte#pted to create -arious or%anisational attentions for re%ulation of international trade'
WTO created a Bualitati-e c&an%e in international trade' It is t&e onl international !od t&at deals .it&
t&e rules of trades !et.een nations'
$o#e of t&e i#portant functions and o!*ecti-es of WTO are C0
Functions of WTO
T&e for#er 5ATT .as not reall an or%anisationD it .as #erel a le%al arran%e#ent' On t&e ot&er &and,
t&e WTO is a ne. international or%anisation set up as a per#anent !od' It is desi%ned to pla t&e role of
a .atc&do% in t&e sp&eres of trade in %oods, trade in ser-ices, forei%n in-est#ent, intellectual propert
ri%&ts, etc' Article III &as set out t&e follo.in% fi-e functions of WTOD
;i? T&e WTO s&all facilitate t&e i#ple#entation, ad#inistration and operation and furt&er t&e o!*ecti-es
of t&is A%ree#ent and of t&e Multilateral Trade A%ree#ents, and s&all also pro-ide t&e fra#e .or+ for
t&e i#ple#entation, ad#inistration and operation of t&e plurilateral Trade A%ree#ents'
;ii? T&e WTO s&all pro-ide t&e foru# for ne%otiations a#on% its #e#!ers concernin% t&eir #ultilateral
trade relations in #atters dealt .it& under t&e A%ree#ent in t&e Anne<es to t&is A%ree#ent'
;iii? T&e WTO s&all ad#inister t&e Understandin% on Rules and (rocedures 5o-ernin% t&e $ettle#ent of
Disputes'
;i-? T&e WTO s&all ad#inister Trade (olic Re-ie. Mec&anis#'
;-? Wit& a -ie. to ac&ie-in% %reater co&erence in %lo!al econo#ic polic #a+in%, t&e WTO s&all
cooperate, as appropriate, .it& t&e international Monetar Fund ;IMF? and .it& t&e International Ban+
for Reconstruction and De-elop#ent ;IBRD? and its affiliated a%encies'
Obecti!es of WTO
I#portant o!*ecti-es of WTO are #entioned !elo.C
;i? to i#ple#ent t&e ne. .orld trade sste# as -isualised in t&e A%ree#entD
;ii? to pro#ote World Trade in a #anner t&at !enefits e-er countrD
;iii? to ensure t&at de-elopin% countries secure a !etter !alance in t&e s&arin% of t&e ad-anta%es resultin%
fro# t&e e<pansion of international trade correspondin% to t&eir de-elop#ental needsD
P
a
g
e
1
2
;i-? to de#olis& all &urdles to an open .orld tradin% sste# and us&er in international econo#ic
renaissance !ecause t&e .orld trade is an effecti-e instru#ent to foster econo#ic %ro.t&D
;-? to en&ance co#petiti-eness a#on% all tradin% partners so as to !enefit consu#ers and &elp in %lo!al
inte%rationD
;-i? to increase t&e le-el of production and producti-it .it& a -ie. to ensurin% le-el of e#plo#ent in
t&e .orldD
;-ii? to e<pand and utili6e .orld resources to t&e !estD
;-iii? to i#pro-e t&e le-el of li-in% for t&e %lo!al population and speed up econo#ic de-elop#ent of t&e
#e#!er nations'
WTO Structur
P
a
g
e
1
2
T&e Ministerial Conference ;MC? is at t&e top of t&e structured or%ani6ation of t&e WTO' It is t&e supre#e
%o-ernin% !od .&ic& ta+es ulti#ate decisions on all #atters' It is constituted ! representati-e ;usuall,
Ministers of Trade? all t&e #e#!er countries'
T&e 5eneral Council ;5C? is co#posed of t&e representati-es of all t&e #e#!ers' It is t&e real en%ine of
WTO .&ic& acts on !e&alf of t&e MC' It also acts as t&e Dispute $ettle#ent Bod as .ell as t&e Trade (olic
Re-ie. Bod'
T&ere are t&ree councils -i6 C t&e Council for Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual (ropert Ri%&ts
;TRI($? operatin% under t&e 5C' T&ese councils .it& t&eir su!sidiar !odies carr out t&eir specific
responsi!ilities'
Furt&er t&ere are t&ree co##ittee, -i6, t&e co##ittee on Balance of (a#ents Restrictions ;CBO(R? and
t&e co##ittee o Bud%et, Finance and Ad#inistration ;CFBA? .&ic& e<ecute t&e functions assi%ned to t&e# !
t&e WTO A%ree#ent and t&e 5C'
T&e Ad#inistration of t&e WTO is conducted ! t&e $ecretariat .&ic& is &eaded ! t&e Director 5eneral
;D5? appointed ! t&e MC for t&e tenure of four ears' Ee is assisted ! t&e four Deput Directors fro# different
#e#!er countries' T&e annual !ud%et esti#ates and financial state#ent of t&e WTO are presented ! t&e D5 to
t&e CBFA for rei-e. and reco##endations for t&e final appro-al ! t&e 5C'
IMF
Durin% t&e 5reat Depression of t&e 13@=s, countries
atte#pted to s&ore up t&eir failin% econo#ies ! s&arpl
raisin% !arriers to forei%n trade, de-aluin% t&eir currencies
to co#pete a%ainst eac& ot&er for e<port #ar+ets, and
curtailin% t&eir citi6ensF freedo# to &old forei%n e<c&an%e'
T&ese atte#pts pro-ed to !e self0defeatin%' World trade
declined s&arpl ;see c&art !elo.?, and e#plo#ent and
li-in% standards plu##eted in #an countries'
T&is !rea+do.n in international #onetar cooperation led
t&e IMFFs founders to plan an institution c&ar%ed .it&
o-erseein% t&e international #onetar sste#Gt&e sste# of e<c&an%e rates and international pa#ents
t&at ena!les countries and t&eir citi6ens to !u %oods and ser-ices fro# eac& ot&er' T&e ne. %lo!al
entit .ould ensure e<c&an%e rate sta!ilit and encoura%e its #e#!er countries to eli#inate e<c&an%e
restrictions t&at &indered trade'
The Bretton Woods agreement
T&e IMF .as concei-ed in 2ul 13AA, .&en representati-es of A4 countries #eetin% in t&e to.n of
Bretton Woods, Ne. Ea#ps&ire, in t&e nort&eastern United $tates, a%reed on a fra#e.or+ for
P
a
g
e
1
2
international econo#ic cooperation, to !e esta!lis&ed after t&e $econd World War' T&e !elie-ed t&at
suc& a fra#e.or+ .as necessar to a-oid a repetition of t&e disastrous econo#ic policies t&at &ad
contri!uted to t&e 5reat Depression'
T&e IMF ca#e into for#al e<istence in Dece#!er 13A4, .&en its first 93 #e#!er countries si%ned its
Articles of A%ree#ent' It !e%an operations on Marc& 1, 13AH' Later t&at ear, France !eca#e t&e first
countr to !orro. fro# t&e IMF'
T&e IMFFs #e#!ers&ip !e%an to e<pand in t&e late 134=s and durin% t&e 13:=s as #an African
countries !eca#e independent and applied for #e#!ers&ip' But t&e Cold War li#ited t&e FundFs
#e#!ers&ip, .it& #ost countries in t&e $o-iet sp&ere of influence not *oinin%'
"ar !alue s#stem
T&e countries t&at *oined t&e IMF !et.een 13A4 and 13H1 a%reed to +eep t&eir e<c&an%e rates ;t&e -alue
of t&eir currencies in ter#s of t&e U'$' dollar and, in t&e case of t&e United $tates, t&e -alue of t&e dollar
in ter#s of %old? pe%%ed at rates t&at could !e ad*usted onl to correct a Ifunda#ental diseBuili!riu#I in
t&e !alance of pa#ents, and onl .it& t&e IMFFs a%ree#ent' T&is par -alue sste#Galso +no.n as t&e
Bretton Woods sste#Gpre-ailed until 13H1, .&en t&e U'$' %o-ern#ent suspended t&e con-erti!ilit of
t&e dollar ;and dollar reser-es &eld ! ot&er %o-ern#ents? into %old'
Management Of Fund
T&e t.el-e #e#!er e<ecuti-e co##ittee #ana%es t&e affairs of IMF' Fi-e #e#!ers are t&e
representati-es of U'", U'$'A, C&ina, France and India' T&e re#ainin% are elected ! t&e ot&er
#e#!ers countries' Its &ead office in in U'$'A'
P
a
g
e
1
2
Source Of $MF
T&e initial capital of IMF .as J'4 !illion dollar .&ic& .as contri!uted ! t&e A3 #e#!ers' T&e Buota of
eac& #e#!er countr .as fi<ed in proportion to t&e national inco#e and -olu#e of forei%n trade' /-er
countr .as reBuired to pa in t&e for# of %old and do#estic currenc'
Obecti!es of the $MF%
In t&e first article of t&e FundKs C&arter t&ere &a-e !een descri!ed t&e si< o!*ecti-es of IMF' T&e are asC
1' To increase international cooperation ! pro-idin% consultanc ser-ices re%ardin% international
#onetar issues'
9' To assist in t&e !alanced %ro.t& of .orld trade, .&ic& .ill !e &elpful in raisin% t&e efficienc,
e#plo#ent and inco#e of t&e .orld'
@' To $ta!ili6e t&e e<c&an%e rate and discoura%e t&e tendenc of co#petiti-e de-aluation'
A' To a!olis& t&ose restrictions .&ic& are o!stacles in t&e .a of World Trade and create a #ulti0lateral
sste# of pa#ents'
4' T&e countries facin% deficit in t&eir !alance of pa#ents can !orro. fro# IMF to finance te#poraril'
:' To reduce t&e -olu#e and ti#e period of diseBuili!riu# ;deficit? in !alance of pa#ents'
F&'(T$O'S OF $MF F&'D
)* Merchant Of (urrencies%-
IMF #ain function is to purc&ase and sell t&e #e#!er countriesK currencies'
+* Helpful For The Debtor (ountries %-
If an countr is facin% ad-erse !alance of pa#ent and facin% t&e difficult to %et t&e currenc of
creditor countr, it can %et s&ort ter# credit fro# t&e fund to clear t&e de!t' T&e IMF allo.s t&e de!tor
countr to purc&ase forei%n currenc in e<c&an%e for its o.n currenc upto H4L of its Buota plus an
addition 94L eac& ear' T&e #a<i#u# li#it of t&e Buota is 9==L in special circu#stances'
,* Declared Of Scarce (urrenc# %-
If t&e de#and of an particular countr currenc increases and its stoc+ .it& t&e fund falls !elo. H4L
of its Buota, t&e IMF can declare it scare' But IMF also tries to increase its suppl ! t&ese #et&ods'
)* "urchasing C0 IMF purc&ases t&e scare currenc ! %old'
P
a
g
e
1
2
+* Borro-ing C0 IMF !orro.s fro# t&ose countries scare currenc .&o &as surplus a#ount'
,* "ermission C0 IMF allo.s t&e de!tor countries to i#pose restrictions on t&e i#ports of creditor
countr'
.* To promote e/change stabilit#C 0 T&e #ain ai# of IMF is to pro#ote e<c&an%e sta!ilit a#on% t&e
#e#!er countries' $o it ad-ises t&e #e#!er countries to conduct e<c&an%e transactions at a%reed rates'
On t&e ot&er &and one countr can c&an%e t&e parit of t&e currenc .it&out t&e consent of t&e IMF !ut
it s&ould not !e #ore t&an 1=L' If t&e c&an%es are on lar%e scale and IMF feels t&at accordin% t&e
circu#stances of t&e countr t&ese are essential t&en it allo.s' T&e countr can not c&an%e t&e e<c&an%e
rate if IMF does not allo.'
0* Temporar# aid for the de!alued currenc#C 0 W&en t&e de-aluation polic is indispensa!le or an
countr t&en IMF pro-ides loan to correct t&e !alance of pa#ent of t&at countr'
1* To a!oid e/change depreciation% - IMF is -er useful to a-oid t&e co#petiti-e e<c&an%e
depreciation .&ic& too+ place !efore .orld .ar 9'
Go!ernance Structure
T&e Board of 5o-ernors is t&e supre#e !od
of IMF, .&ic& is &eaded ! a 5o-ernor and
an alternate 5o-ernor .&o are appointed !
t&e #e#!ers of t&e Fund' T&e !oard of
5o-ernors deals .it& t&e entr of ne.
#e#!ers, deter#ination of Buotas and
distri!ution of $DRs' Board of 5o-ernors
consists of one 5o-ernor fro# eac& of its 1JA
#e#!ers' 9A of t&e 5o-ernors sit on
International Monetar and financial
co##ittee and #eet t.ice a ear' T&ere is an
annual #eetin% of t&e Fund .&ic& is &eld
once in a ear all #e#!ers participate in it'
T&e ot&er !i% aut&orit in t&e IMF is
M/<ecuti-e BoardN' It &as a Mana%in%
Director .&o is t&e C&air#an of t&e
e<ecuti-e !oard and controls da0to0da
#atters of t&e Fund' IMF &as t.o co##itteesC
;1? Interi# Co##ittee no. replaced ! IM FC,
P
a
g
e
1
2
;9? De-elop#ent Co##ittee' T&e Interi# Co##ittee deals .it& international liBuidit and .orld
#onetar arran%e#ents' Moreo-er t&is co##ittee analses t&e a#end#ents of t&e Articles of t&e
A%ree#ent' W&ere as t&e de-elop#ent co##ittee su%%ests t&ose #easures .&ere ! t&e real resources
could !e transferred to t&e de-elopin% countries' Till t&e end of 9==@ t&e total staffs of IMF .as 9J==
.&ic& .as fro# 1A1 countries' T&e Fund &as its &eadBuarters at Was&in%ton .it& its offices at (aris and
5enera'
P
a
g
e
1
2
IBRD
T&e
International Ban+ for Reconstruction and De-elop#ent ;IBRD?, co##onl referred to as t&e World
Ban+, is an international financial institution .&ose purposes include assistin% t&e de-elop#ent of its
#e#!er nationKs territories, pro#otin% and supple#entin% pri-ate forei%n in-est#ent and pro#otin%
lon%0ran%e !alance %ro.t& in international trade'
T&e World Ban+ .as esta!lis&ed in Dece#!er 13A4 at t&e United Nations Monetar and Financial
Conference in Bretton Woods, Ne. Ea#ps&ire' It opened for !usiness in 2une 13A: and &elped in t&e
reconstruction of nations de-astated ! World War II' $ince 13:=s t&e World Ban+ &as s&ifted its focus
fro# t&e ad-anced industriali6ed nations to de-elopin% t&ird0.orld countries'
Organi2ation and Structure%
T&e or%ani6ation of t&e !an+ consists of t&e Board of 5o-ernors, t&e Board of /<ecuti-e Directors and
t&e Ad-isor Co##ittee, t&e Loan Co##ittee and t&e president and ot&er staff #e#!ers' All t&e po.ers
of t&e !an+ are -ested in t&e Board of 5o-ernors .&ic& is t&e supre#e polic #a+in% !od of t&e !an+'
T&e !oard consists of one 5o-ernor and one Alternati-e 5o-ernor appointed for fi-e ears ! eac&
#e#!er countr' /ac& 5o-ernor &as t&e -otin% po.er .&ic& is related to t&e financial contri!ution of
t&e 5o-ern#ent .&ic& &e represents'
T&e Board of /<ecuti-e Directors consists of 91 #e#!ers, : of t&e# are appointed ! t&e si< lar%est
s&are&olders, na#el t&e U$A, t&e U", West 5er#an, France, 2apan and India' T&e rest of t&e 14
#e#!ers are elected ! t&e re#ainin% countries'
P
a
g
e
1
2
/ac& /<ecuti-e Director &olds -otin% po.er in proportion to t&e s&ares &eld ! &is 5o-ern#ent' T&e
!oard of /<ecuti-e Directors #eets re%ularl once a #ont& to carr on t&e routine .or+in% of t&e !an+'
T&e president of t&e !an+ is pointed ! t&e Board of /<ecuti-e Directors' Ee is t&e C&ief /<ecuti-e of
t&e Ban+ and &e is responsi!le for t&e conduct of t&e da0to0da !usiness of t&e !an+' T&e Ad-isor
co##ittees appointed ! t&e Board of Directors' It consists of H #e#!ers .&o are e<pects in different
!ranc&es of !an+in%' T&ere is also anot&er !od +no.n as t&e Loan Co##ittee' T&is co##ittee is
consulted ! t&e !an+ !efore an loan is e<tended to a #e#!er countr'
(apital 3esources of World Ban4%
T&e initial aut&ori6ed capital of t&e World Ban+ .as > 1=,=== #illion, .&ic& .as di-ided in 1 la+&
s&ares of > 1 la+& eac&' T&e aut&ori6ed capital of t&e Ban+ &as !een increased fro# ti#e to ti#e .it& t&e
appro-al of #e#!er countries' On 2une @=, 133:, t&e aut&ori6ed capital of t&e Ban+ .as > 1JJ !illion
out of .&ic& > 1J=': !illion ;3:L of total aut&ori6ed capital? .as issued to #e#!er countries in t&e
for# of s&ares' Me#!er countries repa t&e s&are a#ount to t&e World Ban+ in t&e follo.in% .asC
1' 9L of allotted s&are are repaid in %old, U$ dollar or $pecial Dra.in% Ri%&ts ;$DR?'
9' /-er #e#!er countr is free to repa 1JL of its capital s&are in its o.n currenc'
@' T&e re#ainin% J=L s&are deposited ! t&e #e#!er countr onl on de#and ! t&e World Ban+'
Obecti!es%
T&e follo.in% o!*ecti-es are assi%ned ! t&e World Ban+C
1' To pro-ide lon%0run capital to #e#!er countries for econo#ic reconstruction and de-elop#ent'
9' To induce lon%0run capital in-est#ent for assurin% Balance of (a#ents ;Bo(? eBuili!riu# and
!alanced de-elop#ent of international trade'
@' To pro-ide %uarantee for loans %ranted to s#all and lar%e units and ot&er pro*ects of #e#!er
countries'
A' To ensure t&e i#ple#entation of de-elop#ent pro*ects so as to !rin% a!out a s#oot& transference
fro# a .ar0ti#e to peace econo#'
4' To pro#ote capital in-est#ent in #e#!er countries ! t&e follo.in% .asD
;a? To pro-ide %uarantee on pri-ate loans or capital in-est#ent'
P
a
g
e
1
2
;!? If pri-ate capital is not a-aila!le e-en after pro-idin% %uarantee, t&en IBRD pro-ides loans for
producti-e acti-ities on considerate conditions'
FunctionsC
World Ban+ is plain% #ain role of pro-idin% loans for de-elop#ent .or+s to #e#!er countries,
especiall to underde-eloped countries' T&e World Ban+ pro-ides lon%0ter# loans for -arious
de-elop#ent pro*ects of 4 to 9= ears duration'
The main functions can be e/plained -ith the help of the follo-ing points%
1' World Ban+ pro-ides -arious tec&nical ser-ices to t&e #e#!er countries' For t&is purpose, t&e Ban+
&as esta!lis&ed MT&e /cono#ic De-elop#ent InstituteN and a $taff Colle%e in Was&in%ton'
9' Ban+ can %rant loans to a #e#!er countr up to 9=L of its s&are in t&e paid0up capital'
@' T&e Buantities of loans, interest rate and ter#s and conditions are deter#ined ! t&e Ban+ itself'
A' 5enerall, Ban+ %rants loans for a particular pro*ect dul su!#itted to t&e Ban+ ! t&e #e#!er
countr'
4' T&e de!tor nation &as to repa eit&er in reser-e currencies or in t&e currenc in .&ic& t&e loan .as
sanctioned'
:' Ban+ also pro-ides loan to pri-ate in-estors !elon%in% to #e#!er countries on its o.n %uarantee, !ut
for t&is loan pri-ate in-estors &a-e to see+ prior per#ission fro# t&ose counties .&ere t&is a#ount .ill
!e collected'
P
a
g
e
1
2
&nited 'ations (onference On Trade 5nd De!elopment 6&nctad7
United Nations Conference on Trade and De-elop#ent ;UNCTAD? is a 5ene-a !ased UN institution
esta!lis&ed in 13:A' Ea-in% a lon% &istor in t&e UN sste#, UNCTAD can !e seen as a product of
efforts of de-elopin% countries !e%an in earl 13:=Ks to de-elop a coalition to press for c&an%es in t&e
functionin% of t&e international econo#ic re%i#e ! esta!lis&in% a uni-ersal foru# to deal .it& all
de-elop#ent0related issues in a co#pre&ensi-e fas&ion'
1
Inte%ratin% de-elopin% countries into t&e .orld econo# ! ta+in% into consideration t&eir de-elop#ent
needs is t&e #ain o!*ecti-e of t&e UNCTAD' $ince its esta!lis&#ent, UNCTAD &as !eco#e a trul a
+no.led%e0!ased institution, s&apin% polic de!ates on de-elop#ent' T&e Conference &as 13A #e#!ers
as of 2ul 9=1@'
T&e t&ree +e functions of UNCTAD areC
0!ein% a foru# for inter%o-ern#ental deli!erationsD
0conductin% researc&, polic analsis and collectin% dataD and
0pro-idin% tec&nical assistance especiall for t&e Least De-eloped Countries ;LDCs?'
T&ese +e functions are #ainl underta+en ! t&e $ecretariat .&ic& can !e descri!ed as t&e e<ecuti-e
!od t&at pro-ides su!stanti-e and tec&nical ser-ices to t&e inter%o-ern#ental !odies of UNCTAD in
t&eir discussions and deli!erations' In pursuit of its tas+s, $ecretariat .or+s in close cooperation .it&
#e#!er %o-ern#ents and ot&er rele-ant or%ani6ations .it&in or outside t&e scope of t&e UN $ste#'
1
enerali2ed S#stem of "references 6GS"7
5enerali6ed $ste# of (references ;5$(? is one of t&e #ost i#portant ad-anta%es ena!led ! UNCTAD
for de-elopin% and least de-eloped countries'
T&e ai# of t&e 5$( is to increase t&e s&are of t&e de-elopin% countries in .orld trade' Accordin%l, 5$(
pro-ides t&e opportunit for de-elopin% countries and t&e LDCs to e<port certain products deter#ined
! t&e preference pro-idin% countries dut free or .it& lo.er dut rates'
Despite !ein% a de-elopin% countr, as a result of its Custo#s Union .it& t&e /U, Tur+e is !ot& a
preference %i-in% and preference recei-in% countr' Wit&in t&is fra#e.or+, Tur+e !enefits fro# t&e
5$( re%i#es of t&e U$, Canada, 2apan, Ne. Oealand, Russian Federation and "a6a+&stan' In order to
!e a!le to !enefit fro# t&e preferential re%i#e, so#e preference %i-in% countries de#and For# A
certificate, .&ic& is a tpe of rules of ori%in docu#ent, issued in accordance .it& t&e rules and
procedures deter#ined ! UNCTAD' Wit&in t&is fra#e.or+, t&e e<a#ples of t&e cac&et and seals of t&e
or%ani6ations aut&ori6ed to appro-e t&ese certificates are notified to UNCTAD, annuall, ! t&e
Ministr of /cono# ;5eneral Directorate of A%ree#ents? .it& t&e ai# of infor#in% rele-ant
aut&orities of preference %i-in% countr'
P
a
g
e
1
2
T&e $ecretariat also cooperates .it& #e#!er t&e pri-ate sector, includin% trade and industr
associations, researc& institutes and uni-ersities .orld.ide in perfor#in% its functions'
$ince $epte#!er 1, 9=1@, t&e $ecretar05eneral of UNCTAD is Dr' Mu+&isa "itui fro# "ena' T&e
UNCTAD $ecretariat &as a!out A:= staff #e#!ers and an annual re%ular !ud%et of appro<i#atel >H=
#illion and >@@ #illion of e<tra0!ud%etar tec&nical assistance funds'
T&e Buadrennial Conference is t&e &i%&est decision0#a+in% !od of UNCTAD' Durin% t&ese
conferences t&e #e#!er states e-aluate current trade and de-elop#ent issues, disscuss a-aila!le polic
options and de-elop %lo!al polic responses for t&e issues #ost pro#inent in %lo!al econo# for
de-elopin% countries .&ile at t&e sa#e ti#e re-ie.in% re%ular .or+ of t&e or%ani6ation' Follo.in% first
%at&erin% in 13:A, t&ere &a-e !een t&irteen Buadrennial conferences, t&e last of .&ic& too+ place in
Do&a, Patar, on 9109: April 9=19' T&e t&e#e of t&e last Conference .as MDe-elop#ent0centered
%lo!ali6ationC To.ards inclusi-e and sustaina!le %ro.t& and de-elop#ent'N
Inte%ration of de-elopin% countries, especiall t&e LDCKs, into t&e .orld econo# is an issue of
i#portance for Tur+e' UNCTAD is one of t&e !est appropriate fora to pus& for de-elop#ent friendl
policies in t&e international econo#ic order' Besides, Tur+e acti-el participates at e<pert le-el in
UNCTAD or%ani6ations and foru#s .&ere t&e de-elop#ent pro!le#s of t&e de-elopin% countries and
LDCKs are discussed and solutions are su%%ested'

Introduction To Economic Integration Organization

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Introduction To Economic Integration Organization

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

P

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen