Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus

What is it?
Type 1 diabetes is where the body stops producing insulin
because of autoimmune destruction of the beta cells in the
Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas.
Type 2 diabetes is where the body cells stop responding to
insulin, and so blood glucose levels are not controlled by
negative feedback.
Risk factors
A family history of type 1 diabetes
enetics
The incidence of type 1 diabetes tends to increase as distance
from the e!uator increases
"iral e#posure may trigger the autoimmune destruction of beta
cells
Low vitamin $ levels
%ther dietary factors e.g. low omega&' intake and nitrates in
drinking water.
(amily history of type 2 diabetes
%verweight or if waist is )'1.* inches for women, )'* inches for
Asian men and )'+ inches for white and black men.
,igh blood pressure or past heart attack-stroke.
.omen who have polycystic ovary syndrome and are
overweight are more at risk of diabetes.
/eople with impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting
glycaemia are at risk of diabetes.
estational diabetes in women
0evere mental health problems
Symptoms
(re!uent urination
Increased thirst
Increased hunger
(atigue
.eight loss
Treatments
Type 1 diabetes is treated by insulin replacement therapy1
usually insulin is in2ected into the body. Also patients must
carefully monitor their diet, carbohydrate intake, and blood
glucose levels.
In e#treme cases, pancreas transplantation can cure type 1
diabetes. ,owever the immunosuppression and the surgery
itself are both dangerous.
3eta cell transplantation is being investigated.
Type 2 diabetes can be managed by control of diet, increase in
e#ercise, and surgery, specifically gastric bypass. These all help
to control blood glucose and keep it near the set point.
Prealence !lobally
The incidence of type 1 diabetes is very low in 0outh America
and Asia, and very high in 4urope, especially 5orthern 4urope.
Type 2 diabetes is more prevalent, affecting 67&6*8 of the 90
diabetics.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is less common in non&.estern
countries, because the diet contains fewer calories. ,owever, as
people in these countries adopt .estern lifestyles, incidence of
type 2 diabetes is increasing.
"ffect on the body
$iabetes causes high blood pressure and so can contribute to coronary heart disease.
:idney failure can occur as a result of this increase in blood pressure.
,igh blood glucose levels can cause clots, leading to heart attacks and-or strokes, and general bad circulation.
$iabetes can cause nerve damage.
# comparison of type 1 and type 2 diabetes$